IP Routing and Routing

Table

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 Foreword
 Route technology is the key point that internet is
running continuously. Route is a very interesting and
complex task, and eternal topic.

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 Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Know the concept of route

 Know the classification of routing protocol

 Understand the routing process of data packet in the

network

 Understand the structure of routing table

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What’s The Route?
 A route is the path information to guide IP packets
to be transferred.

Destinatio
n
E0/1
RTC network N
E0/0 S0/0
RTB

RTA
Other networks

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 IP Routing Process

E1 E0 E0 E1 E0 E1
[Link] [Link]/24 [Link]/24 [Link]
.1 .2 .1 .2
RTA RTB RTC

destination Next hop interface destination Next hop interface destination Next hop interface

[Link] [Link] E0 [Link] [Link] E0 [Link] [Link] E0

[Link] [Link] E0 [Link] [Link] E0 [Link] [Link] E0

[Link] [Link] E1 [Link] [Link] E0 [Link] [Link] E0

[Link] [Link] E0 [Link] [Link] E1 [Link] [Link] E1

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The Key Function of Router
 Check the destination of the data packet

 Confirm the information resource

 Discover possible route

 Select best route

 Validate and maintain route information

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Routing Table Establishment

10.1.1.
0
E0/0
192.168.2
E1/0
.0

protocol destination
interface
DIRECT [Link]
E0/0

OSPF [Link]
E1/0

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Routes—Discovered by Data
Link Layer
[Link]/30
RTB RTA
.1 .2
.1
[Link]/24

[RTB]display ip routing-table
Routing Tables: Public
Destinations : 8 Routes : 8
.2
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost NextHop Interface
[Link]/30 Direct 0 0 [Link] Serial0/0/0
RTC [Link]/32 Direct 0 0 [Link] InLoopBack0
……
[Link]/32 Direct 0 0 [Link] InLoopBack0
[Link]/32 Direct 0 0 [Link] Serial0/0/1
[Link]/8 Direct 0 0 [Link] InLoopBack0
[Link]/32 Direct 0 0 [Link] InLoopBack0

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Routes—Static Route
RTA RTB
[Link]/30
.1 .2
Configure static route towards [Link]/32
destination network [Link]/32
[RTA] display ip routing-table
Routing Tables: Public
Destinations : 8 Routes : 8
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost NextHop Interface
[Link]/32 Static 60 0 [Link] Ethernet0
[Link]/30 Direct 0 0 [Link] Serial0
[Link]/32 Direct 0 0 [Link] InLoopBack0
[Link]/32 Direct 0 0 [Link] Serial0
[Link]/8 Direct 0 0 [Link] InLoopBack0
[Link]/32 Direct 0 0 [Link] InLoopBack0

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 Routes—Discovered by Dynamic
Routing Protocol
[Link]/32

[Link]/24 RTC

.2
OSPF
[RTB]display ip routing-table
RTA RIP .1
Routing Tables: Public
[Link]/8
Destinations : 10 Routes : 10
.2 .1
[Link]/24 RTB Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost NextHop Interface
[Link]/30 Direct 0 0 [Link] Serial0/0/0
[Link]/32 Direct 0 0 [Link] Serial0/0/0
……
[Link]/32 Direct 0 0 [Link] InLoopBack0
[Link]/32 OSPF 10 1563 [Link] Serial0/0/1
[Link]/24 RIP 100 1 [Link] Serial0/0/0

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Static and Dynamic Route

Static route Dynamic route

 The route that router gets

 The route configured
from other routers via
manually by network
routing protocol
administrator
 When network topological
 When network topological is changed, routers will
is changed, administrator update route information
need to update static route automatically

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Routing Protocol
 Routing protocol is like language that used to exchange information

between routers, routers shares network status and network reachable

information via routing protocol.

 The communication peers must run same protocols that used to exchange

routing information.

 Routing protocol define a set of rules about communication between the

routers

 Routing protocol maintains routing table and provide the best

forwarding path.
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Routing Protocols
Classification—Working Area
IGPs：RIP OSPF ISIS
EGPs：BGP

AS100 AS200

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Routing Protocols
Classification—Protocol
Algorithm
 According to protocol algorithm

 Distance-Vector routing protocol

 It includes RIP and BGP. Thereinto, BGP is also called

Path-Vector routing protocol.

 Link-State routing protocol

 It is also called the shortest path first routing protocol,

includes OSPF and IS-IS.

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Routing Protocols
Classification—Service
Application
 According to service application, routing

protocol can be divide into the following types:

 Unicast Routing Protocol: includes RIP、OSPF、BGP

and IS-IS and so on.

 Multicast Routing Protocol : includes DVMRP、PIM-

SM、PIM-DM and so on.

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Routing Table

[Quidway] display ip routing-table

Routing Tables:
Destination/Mask proto pref Metric Nexthop Interface
[Link]/0 Static 60 0 [Link] Serial0/0
[Link]/8 RIP 100 3 [Link] Serial0/1
[Link]/8 OSPF 10 50 [Link] Ethernet0/0
[Link]/16 RIP 100 4 [Link] Serial0/0
[Link]/8 Static 60 0 [Link] Serial0/1
[Link]/8 Direct 0 0 [Link] Ethernet0/2
[Link]/32 Direct 0 0 [Link] LoopBack0

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Preference of Routing Protocol
 If there are multiple routes, the route with higher
preference (the smaller value, the higher preference)
will be used to guide IP packet to be transferred.

RIP OSPF

[Link] R0 [Link]
R1
[Link] R1
Routing table

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Preference of Routing Protocol
 The default route preference on VRP platform
is shown in the following table

Routing protocol Preference

DIRECT 0
OSPF 10
IS-IS 15
STATIC 60
RIP 100
OSPF ASE 150
IBGP 255
EBGP 255
Untrustworthy 255

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Route Metric
 There are two routes from router A to D :
 Path1： A→B→C→D ，the total route metric is 9
 Path2： A→E→F→C→D ， the total route metric is 12
 The router first selects the smaller metric route, and take it into the
routing table.

B C D
5 2
A 2
1

6
F
3
E

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Equal Cost Multi-Path (ECMP)
 Equal Cost Multi-Path
 There are several routes towards the same destination with same
route metric, if the route preference is same, these routes are all
added into the routing table, IP packet will be transferred over
these link by turns.

 Two equal cost multi-path from A to D:

 A→B→C→D，total metric 5+5+8=18
B
 A→C→D， total metric 10+8=18

5 5
A C D
8
10

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Equal Cost Multi-Path
[RTB] display ip routing-table
Routing Tables: Public
Destinations : 13 Routes : 15
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost NextHop Interface
[Link]/24 Direct 0 0 [Link] Serial2
[Link]/32 Direct 0 0 [Link] Serial2
[Link]/32 Direct 0 0 [Link] InLoopBack0
[Link]/32 Static 60 0 [Link] Serial0
Static 60 0 [Link] Serial1
Static 60 0 [Link] Serial2
[Link]/32 Direct 0 0 [Link] InLoopBack0
[Link]/8 Direct 0 0 [Link] InLoopBack0
[Link]/32 Direct 0 0 [Link] InLoopBack0

Equal Cost Multi-Path

realizes load-balance

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The Longest Match

Lookup routing table

Destination makes
logical AND operation
with mask

Compare the destination

match
Select the longest
address in the routing table matched route

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The Example of Longest Match
 The data packet of destination [Link] will match the route
[Link]/16
[Quidway] display ip routing-table
Routing Tables:
Destination/Mask proto pref Metric Nexthop Interface
[Link]/0 Static 60 0 [Link] Serial0/0
[Link]/8 RIP 100 3 [Link] Serial0/1
[Link]/8 OSPF 10 50 [Link] Ethernet0/0
[Link]/16 RIP 100 4 [Link] Serial0/0
[Link]/8 Static 60 0 [Link] Serial0/1
[Link]/8 Direct 0 0 [Link] Ethernet0/2
[Link]/32 Direct 0 0 [Link] LoopBack0

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Routing Loop
 Routing LOOP: the data packet is transferred between

the two or more routers circularly until TTL decrease to

0, then it will be discarded.

RTB

TTL-1
TTL-1
RTA Network N

TTL-1
Packet towards RTC RTD
network N

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Summary
 How many types of routing protocol? What’s the
characteristic of each?

 What’s the classification of dynamic routing

protocol?

 What factor does routing table include?

 What’s equal cost multi-path?

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Thank you
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