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Module 4 Part 3

The document discusses Automatic Generation Control with a focus on load frequency control in steam turbines. It explains the dynamic response of a steam turbine influenced by factors such as entrained steam and reheater storage, and presents a power balance equation for generator-load systems. Additionally, it outlines the modeling of the turbine and generator in a block diagram representation for load frequency control in isolated power systems.

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7 views10 pages

Module 4 Part 3

The document discusses Automatic Generation Control with a focus on load frequency control in steam turbines. It explains the dynamic response of a steam turbine influenced by factors such as entrained steam and reheater storage, and presents a power balance equation for generator-load systems. Additionally, it outlines the modeling of the turbine and generator in a block diagram representation for load frequency control in isolated power systems.

Uploaded by

vismayaps0123
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Module 4 Part 3

Automatic Generation Control:


Load frequency control

Muhammad Farooque EK
AP, GEC Palakkad
• Related the dynamic response of a steam turbine in
terms of changes in power output to changes in
steam valve opening
• Figure shows a two stage steam turbine with a reheat
unit.

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• The dynamic response largely influenced by
two factors,
(i) entrained steam between the inlet steam
valve and first stage of the turbine
(ii) the storage action in the reheater which
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causes the output of the low pressures stage to
lag behind that of the high pressure stage
• Thus the turbine transfer function is characterized
by two time constants.
• For ease of analysis it will be assumed here that the
turbine can be modeled to have single equivalent
time constant.
• Figure shows the transfer function model of a steam
turbine.

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• Typically the time constant lies in the range of 0.2
to 2.5 seconds.
Generator Load Model
• The increment in power input to the generator-
load system is

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This increment in power input to the system is accounted for
in two ways :
(i) Rate of increase of stored kinetic energy in the generator rotor.
At scheduled frequency (f 0 ),
the stored energy is
Wke0 = H  Pr kW
Pr = kW rating of the turbo - generator
H = inertia constant

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The kinetic energy being proportional to square of speed (frequency), the
kinetic energy at a frequency of (f 0 + f ) is given by
2
 f + f 
0
Wke = Wke0  0

 f 
 2f 
 HPr 1 + 0 
 f 
Rate of change of kinetic energy is therefore
d
(Wke ) = 2 HP0
r d
(f )
dt f dt
(ii) As the frequency changes, the motor load changes
being sensitive to speed, the rate of change of load
with respect to frequency, i.e. PD can be regarded
f
as nearly constant for small changes in frequency f
and can be expressed as
 PD
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f = Bf
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  
 f 
Writing the power balance equation

PG − PD = 0
2 HPr d
(f ) + Bf
f dt
Dividing throughout by Pr , and rearranging,

PG ( pu ) − PD ( pu ) = 0
2H d
(f ) + B( pu )f
f dt
Taking the Laplace transform, we can write F(s) as
PG ( s ) − PD ( s )
F(s) =
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B+ 0 s
2H
f
 K ps 
PG ( s) − PD ( s)  

 1 + T ps s 
2H
Tps = 0 = power system time constant \
Bf
1
K ps = = power system gain
B
 K ps 
PG ( s) − PD ( s)  

 1 + Tps s 

• This can be represented in block diagram form


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Complete Block Diagram Representation of
Load Frequency Control of an Isolated Power
System

• Combining the block diagrams of Turbine, Generator,


Governor and Load.

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