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Diac Tutorial
The DIode AC switch, or Diac for short, is
another solid state, three-layer, two-
junction semiconductor device but unlike
the transistor the Diac has no base
connection making it a two terminal device,
labelled A1 and A2.
Diac’s have no control or amplification but act much like a bidirectional switching diode as
they can conduct current from either polarity of a suitable AC voltage supply.
In our tutorial about SCR’s and Triacs, we saw that in ON-OFF switching applications, these
devices could be triggered by simple circuits producing steady state gate currents as shown.
When switch, S1 is open no gate current flows and the lamp
is “OFF”. When switch S1 is closed, gate current IG flows and
the SCR conducts on the positive half cycles only as it is
operating in quadrant Ι.
We remember also that once gated “ON”, the SCR will only
switch “OFF” again when its supply voltage falls to a values
such that its Anode current, IA is less than the value of its
holding current, IH.
If we wish to control the mean value of the lamp current, rather than just switch it “ON” or
“OFF”, we could apply a short pulse of gate current at a pre-set trigger point to allow
conduction of the SCR to occur over part of the half-cycle only. Then the mean value of the
lamp current would be varied by changing the delay time, T between the start of the cycle
and the trigger point. This method is known commonly as “phase control”.
But to achieve phase control, two things are needed. One is a variable phase shift circuit
(usually an RC passive circuit), and two, some form of trigger circuit or device that can
produce the required gate pulse when the delayed waveform reaches a certain level. One
such solid state semiconductor device that is designed to produce these gate pulses is the
Diac.
The diac is constructed like a transistor but has no base connection allowing it to be
connected into a circuit in either polarity. Diacs are primarily used as trigger devices in
phase-triggering and variable power control applications because a diac helps provide a
sharper and more instant trigger pulse (as opposed to a steadily rising ramp voltage) which
is used to turn “ON” the main switching device.
The diac symbol and the voltage-current characteristics curves of the diac are given below.
Diac Symbol and I-V Characteristics
We can see from the above diac I-V characteristics curves that the diac blocks the flow of
current in both directions until the applied voltage is greater than VBR, at which point
breakdown of the device occurs and the diac conducts heavily in a similar way to the zener
diode passing a sudden pulse of voltage. This VBR point is called the Diacs breakdown voltage
or breakover voltage.
In an ordinary zener diode the voltage across it would remain constant as the current
increased. However, in the diac the transistor action causes the voltage to reduce as the
current increases. Once in the conducting state, the resistance of the diac falls to a very low
value allowing a relatively large value of current to flow. For most commonly available diacs
their breakdown voltage typically ranges from about ±25 to 35 volts.
This action gives the diac the characteristic of a negative resistance as shown above. As the
diac is a symmetrical device, it therefore has the same characteristic for both positive and
negative voltages and it is this negative resistance action that makes the Diac suitable as a
triggering device for SCR’s or triacs.
Diac Applications
As stated above, the diac is commonly used as a triggering device for other semiconductor
switching devices, mainly SCR’s and triacs. Triacs are widely used in applications such as
lamp dimmers and motor speed controllers and as such the diac is used in conjunction with
the triac to provide full-wave control of the AC supply as shown.
Diac AC Phase Control
As the AC supply voltage increases at the beginning of the cycle, capacitor, C is charged
through the series combination of the fixed resistor, R1 and the potentiometer, VR1 and the
voltage across its plates increases. When the charging voltage reaches the breakover voltage
of the diac (about 30 V), the diac breaks down and the capacitor discharges through the diac,
producing a sudden pulse of current, which fires the triac into conduction. The phase angle
at which the triac is triggered can be varied using VR1, which controls the charging rate of
the capacitor.
Once the triac has been fired into conduction, it is maintained in its “ON” state by the load
current flowing through it, while the voltage across the resistor–capacitor combination is
limited by the “ON” voltage of the triac and is maintained until the end of the present half-
cycle of the AC supply.
At the end of the half cycle the supply voltage falls to zero, reducing the current through the
triac below its holding current, IH turning it “OFF” and the diac stops conduction. The supply
voltage then enters its next half-cycle, the capacitor voltage again begins to rise (this time
in the opposite direction) and the cycle of firing the triac repeats over again.
Triac Conduction Waveform
Then we have seen that the Diac is a very useful device which can be used to trigger triacs
and because of its negative resistance characteristics this allows it to switch “ON” rapidly
once a certain applied voltage level is reached. However, this means that whenever we want
to use a triac for AC power control we will need a separate diac as well. Fortunately for us,
some bright spark somewhere replaced the individual diac and triac with a single switching
device called a Quadrac.
The Quadrac
The Quadrac is basically a diac and triac fabricated together within a single package and as
such are also known as “internally triggered triacs”. This all in one bi-directional device is
gate controlled using either polarity of the main terminal voltage which means it can be
used in full-wave phase-control applications such as heater controls, lamp dimmers, and
AC motor speed control, etc.
Like the triac, quadracs are a three-terminal semiconductor switching device
labelled MT2 for main terminal one (usually the anode), MT1 for main
terminal two (usually the cathode) and G for the gate terminal.
The quadrac is available in a variety of package types depending upon their
voltage and current switching requirements with the TO-220 package being
the most common as it is designed to be an exact replacement for most triac devices.
Diac Tutorial Summary
In this diac tutorial we have seen that the diac is a two-terminal voltage blocking device that
can conduct in either direction. Diacs posses negative resistance characteristics which
allows them to switch “ON” rapidly once a certain applied voltage level is reached.
Since the diac is a bidirectional device, it makes it useful for the triggering and firing of
triacs and SCR’s in phase control and general AC circuits such as light dimmers and motor
speed controls.
Quadracs are simply triacs with an internally connected diac. As with triacs, quadracs are
bidirectional AC switches which are gate controlled for either polarity of main terminal
voltage.
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V V S Joglekar
I need to know why a DIAC is being used in power supply board of Sony STR. There was an accident in
which 220 v was applied to the 120 v appliance and it has blown the DIAC 106ZA. How do I replace it ?
What rating?
Posted on December 25th 2016 | 11:42 am Reply
Wayne Storr