Steel Design, 6th Edition Segui
Chapter 2
Concepts in Structural
Steel Design
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Steel Design, 6th Edition Segui
Design Philosophies
• Fundamental Requirement:
Required Strength Available Strength
• Allowable Strength Design (ASD):
• A member is selected that has cross-sectional properties such as area and moment of inertia
that are large enough to prevent the maximum applied axial force, shear, or bending moment
from exceeding an allowable value
Required Strength Allowable Strength
Nominal Strength
Allowable Strength =
Safety Factor
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Steel Design, 6th Edition Segui
Design Philosophies
• Allowable Stress Design:
• Also referred to as “elastic design” or “working stress design”
Maximum Applied Stress Allowable Stress
• Plastic Design:
• A member is selected by using the criterion that the structure will fail (collapse or exhibit
extremely large deformations) at a load substantially higher than the working load
• Procedure:
• Multiply the working loads by the load factor (a factor of safety) to obtain the failure loads
• Determine the cross-sectional properties needed to resist failure under these loads
• Select the lightest cross-sectional shape that has these properties
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Design Philosophies
• Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD):
• A member is selected which is capable of resisting factored loads (loads with a factor of safety
applied)
Factored Load Factored Strength
or
(loads × load factors) (resistance resistance factor)
• Factor Loads:
• The factor load is greater than the total actual service load
• The factored loads bring the structure to its limit state (the point of fracture, yielding, or
buckling)
• American Institute of Steel Construction Specification (AISC):
• The AISC Specification is the standard by which virtually all structural steel buildings in America
are designed and constructed
• The current specification (AISC, 2016a) incorporates both LRFD and ASD design philosophies
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Factors and Combinations for LRFD
(loads × load factors) (resistance resistance factor)
The above generalized LRFD equation can be re-written more precisely as:
where
The product is called the design strength.
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Steel Design, 6th Edition Segui
Factors and Combinations for LRFD
This can be further re-written in the following form:
where
• Determining Load Factors and Combinations:
• First, use the load factors and combinations prescribed by the governing building code
• If the building code does not give them, then ASCE 7 should be used
• Determining Resistance Factors:
• Use the resistance factor given by AISC in the chapter dealing with that resistance, otherwise:
• Limit States with Yielding or Compression Buckling: Typically ϕ is 0.90
• Limit States with Rupture or Fracture: Typically ϕ is 0.75
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Factors and Combinations for ASD
Nominal Strength
Allowable Strength =
Safety Factor
The above generalized ASD equation can be re-written more precisely as:
where
and is also defined as the sum of the service loads or load effects
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Steel Design, 6th Edition Segui
Factors and Combinations for ASD
• Dividing the previous equation by either the area (in the case of axial load) or the section modulus
(in the case of bending moment), the relationship can be re-written as:
f F where
This formulation is called the allowable stress design (as opposed to the “allowable strength design”)
• Determining Load Factors and Combinations:
• Load combinations for ASD are also given in ASCE 7
• Determining Safety Factors:
• Limit States with Yielding or Compression Buckling: Typically Ω is 1.67
• Limit States with Rupture or Fracture: Typically Ω is 2.00
• Relationship Between Resistance (ϕ) and Safety (Ω) Factors:
• The factors yield the same results when the loading
consists of a dead load and a live load equal to 3 times the dead load
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Steel Design, 6th Edition Segui
Probabilistic Basis of Factors
• Experimental data can be represented in the form of a histogram (as shown below)
• If the graph is a relative frequency distribution, then each ordinate represents the
probability of that event occurring
Mean:
Variance:
Standard Deviation:
Coefficient of Variance:
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Steel Design, 6th Edition Segui
Probabilistic Basis of Factors
• Replacing the actual frequency distribution with a theoretical continuous function that
approximates the data, a probability density function is achieved (as shown below)
• As a result, the probability of an event between value a and value b is simply the area under
the curve between value a and value b
By derivation (pp. 31-33), it can be shown:
and β is the number of standard deviations from the mean value of the ratio of load effects and resistances
Table 2.1 in the text provides values for β based upon loading conditions
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AISC’s Steel Construction Manual
• The current version covers both ASD and LRFD design philosophies
• Contents:
• Part 1 – Dimensions and Properties
• Part 2 – General Design Considerations
• Part 3 – Design of Flexural Members
• Part 4 – Design of Compression Members
• Part 5 – Design of Tension Members
• Part 6 – Design of Members Subject to Combined Forces
• Parts 7-15 – Connections
• Part 16 – Specifications and Codes
• Part 17 – Miscellaneous Data and Mathematical Information
• Precision:
• Data given in the manual has been rounded to 3 significant figures
• In calculations, the result will be no more accurate than the least accurate number used in
the computation, and sometimes less due to round off error
• In general, final results should be expressed to one significant figure less than the
intermediate results of the calculation to account for round off error
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Steel Design, 6th Edition Segui
Summary
The fundamental requirement in structural steel design is that the required strength does not
exceed the available strength
For Allowable Strength Design (ASD), this fundamental requirement is expressed as:
Required Strength Allowable Strength
For Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), this same requirement is expressed as:
Factored Load Factored Strength
For ASD, the allowable strength is defined as:
Nominal Strength
Allowable Strength =
Safety Factor
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Steel Design, 6th Edition Segui
Summary
For LRFD, the factored load and factored strength relationship is further defined as:
Typical values for both the safety factor (ASD) and the resistance factor (LRFD) are as follows:
• Yielding or Compression Buckling: Typically Ω is 1.67 and ϕ is 0.90
• Rupture or Fracture: Typically Ω is 2.00 and ϕ is 0.75
These factors have the following relationship with one another:
These factors were determined from statistical analysis, resulting in the following expression:
The AISC’s Steel Construction Manual provides design specifications and reference material
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whole or in part. 13