COMPUTER SECURITY
1. Definition of Computer Security
Computer security refers to the protection of computer systems, data, and
information from theft, damage, unauthorised access, or misuse.
👉 In simple terms:
It is the way we keep computers and information safe from harm.
2. Importance of Computer Security
Protects sensitive information (e.g., passwords, personal data)
Prevents unauthorised access
Avoids data loss or damage
Ensures privacy and confidentiality
Maintains system performance
Protects against cybercrime
3. Types of Computer Security Threats
a) Malware (Malicious Software)
Software designed to harm or disrupt a computer.
Examples:
Virus – attaches to files and spreads
Worm – spreads across networks automatically
Trojan Horse – disguises itself as useful software
Spyware – secretly collects user information
Ransomware – locks files and demands payment
Types of Viruses
Boot Sector Virus – attacks the boot area of a computer
👉 It infects the part of the disk that helps the computer start, so it loads
every time the computer boots.
File/Program Virus – infects executable files
👉 It attaches itself to programs (like .exe files) and spreads when the
program is opened or run.
Macro Virus – spreads through documents (e.g., Word files)
👉 It uses macros (small instructions) inside documents and spreads when the
file is opened.
Multipartite Virus – infects both files and boot sectors
👉 It is more dangerous because it can spread in multiple ways, making it
harder to remove.
Resident Virus – stays in memory and infects files continuously
👉 It remains active in the computer’s memory and can infect files
automatically without user action.
Effects of Viruses
Loss or corruption of data
Slow system performance
Frequent system crashes
Unauthorised access to information
Deletion of important files
Increased security risks
b) Unauthorised Access
When someone gains access to a computer without permission
Can lead to data theft or damage
c) Phishing
Fake messages or emails used to trick users into giving personal information
d) Hacking
Breaking into computer systems illegally
e) Physical Threats
Theft of devices
Fire, water damage, or power surges
4. Difference Between a Virus and a Worm
Virus
Worm
Requires a host file to spread
Does not need a host file
Spreads when a file is opened
Spreads automatically over networks
Slower in spreading
Spreads very fast
Needs user action to activate
Does not need user action
Infects files and programs
Mainly affects networks
5. Types of Computer Security
a) Physical Security
Protecting the physical devices.
Examples:
Locks and keys
Security guards
CCTV cameras
b) Software Security
Protecting systems using programs and applications.
Examples:
Antivirus software
Firewalls
Encryption
c) Network Security
Protecting data and systems connected through networks.
Examples:
Secure Wi-Fi
Password protection
Network monitoring
6. Security Measures (Ways to Protect Computers)
1. Use Strong Passwords
Combine letters, numbers, and symbols
Avoid easy passwords
2. Install Antivirus Software
Detects and removes harmful programs
3. Use Firewalls
Blocks unauthorised access to your system
4. Regular Updates
Keep software and systems updated to fix security gaps
5. Backup Data
Save copies of important data to avoid loss
6. Avoid Suspicious Links
Do not open unknown emails or attachments
7. Use Encryption
Protects data by converting it into unreadable form
7. Backing Up of Data
Definition
Data backup is the process of creating copies of important data and storing
them in a safe place.
👉 In simple terms:
It is making a duplicate copy of your files in case the original is lost.
Devices Used in Data Backup
External hard drives
USB flash drives
Memory cards
CDs and DVDs
Cloud storage (online storage)
Importance of Data Backup
Prevents permanent loss of data
Helps recover files after virus attacks
Protects against accidental deletion
Ensures business continuity
Saves time and effort in recreating data
Provides peace of mind
8. How to Handle a Computer Properly
Keep the computer clean and dust-free
Avoid eating or drinking near the computer
Handle devices gently (keyboard, mouse, monitor)
Use a surge protector to prevent damage from power fluctuations
Shut down the computer properly
Keep liquids away from the system
Ensure proper ventilation to avoid overheating
9. Common Security Terms
Authentication: Verifying a user’s identity (e.g., login)
Authorisation: Giving permission to access resources
Encryption: Converting data into a secure form
Decryption: Converting encrypted data back to normal
10. Effects of Poor Computer Security
Loss of data
Financial loss
Identity theft
System damage
Loss of privacy
Reduced productivity
11. Advantages of Computer Security
Protects information
Prevents cyber attacks
Ensures safe communication
Builds user trust
Improves system reliability
Safeguards organisations
12. Disadvantages (Challenges) of Computer Security
Can be expensive to implement
Requires regular updates
May slow down system performance
Needs user awareness and training
Complex to manage in large systems
Risk of human error
Summary (Exam Style)
Computer security is the protection of computer systems and data from
unauthorised access, damage, or theft. It includes measures such as
antivirus software, backups, and proper handling of devices to prevent
threats like viruses, worms, and hacking.