Hafiz Mohammad Afzaal
SAMPLING 1 PRACTICAL
Practical
Simple Random Sampling
1. Population (N = 45)
We have marks (out of 100) for 45 students. Assign each student an ID 1...45.
ID: Marks
ID Marks ID Marks ID Marks
1 58 16 66 31 89
2 72 17 88 32 57
3 81 18 73 33 62
4 69 19 59 34 78
5 77 20 76 35 86
6 84 21 82 36 56
7 63 22 65 37 91
8 90 23 71 38 69
9 55 24 60 39 72
10 68 25 85 40 68
11 74 26 54 41 73
12 79 27 67 42 59
13 61 28 80 43 87
14 83 29 75 44 66
15 70 30 64 45 70
Sampling plan
Method: Simple Random Sampling (SRS) without replacement.
Sample size: 𝑛 = 12
Chosen sample IDs (example reproducible selection)
3, 15, 18, 19, 22, 24, 25, 29, 35, 37, 43, 44
Corresponding sample marks
81, 70, 73, 59, 65, 60, 85, 75, 86, 91, 87, 66
Hafiz Mohammad Afzaal
SAMPLING 1 PRACTICAL
Step-by-step calculations
Step 1
Sum and sample mean
Compute the sum of the sample values:
Sum =81 + 70 + 73 + 59 + 65 + 60 + 85 + 75 + 86 + 91 + 87 + 66 = 898
Sample size 𝑛 = 12
Sample mean
∑ 𝑥̄ 898
𝑥̄ = = = 74.833333 … ≈ 74.8333
𝑛 12
Step 2
Deviations from mean and squared deviations
For each sample value 𝑥̄𝑖 compute deviation 𝑑𝑖 =𝑥̄𝑖 − 𝑥̄ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖2
𝒙𝒊 𝒅𝒊 =𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝒅𝟐𝒊 (rounded)
81 (81 - 74.8333 = 6.1666667) 38.02778
70 -4.8333333 23.36111
73 -1.8333333 3.36111
59 -15.8333333 250.69444
65 -9.8333333 96.69444
60 -14.8333333 220.02778
85 10.1666667 103.36111
75 0.1666667 0.02778
86 11.1666667 124.69444
91 16.1666667 261.36111
87 12.1666667 148.02778
66 -8.8333333 78.02778
Hafiz Mohammad Afzaal
SAMPLING 1 PRACTICAL
Now sum the squared deviations:
12
∑ 𝑑𝑖2 = 1347.66666777(𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑)
𝑖=1
Step 3
Sample variance and sample standard deviation
Sample variance (unbiased estimator) uses 𝑛 − 1in the denominator
2 ∑ 𝑑𝑖2 1347.6666667
𝑠 = = = 122.1515151 …
𝑛−1 11
Sample standard deviation:
𝑠 = √𝑠 2 = √122.515151 ≈ 11.0686563
Step 4
Standard error of the mean (SE)
𝑠 11.0686563 11.0686563
𝑆𝐸 = = = ≈ 3.1952458
√𝑛 12 3.4641016
Step 5
95% t-confidence interval for the population mean
With small sample size we use the t-distribution. Degrees of freedom 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1 = 11
From t-tables (two-sided 95%): 𝑡0.975,11 ≈ 2.20099
Compute margin of error:
𝑀𝐸 = 𝑡0.975,11 × 𝑆𝐸 ≈ 2.20099 × 3.1952458 ≈ 7.032689
Thus the 95% CI for the population mean is:
𝑥̄̅ ± 𝑀𝐸 = 74.8333 ± 7.0327
𝐶𝐼 ≈ (67.8006,81.8660)
Round as appropriate for presentation, e.g. (67.80, 81.87)
Hafiz Mohammad Afzaal
SAMPLING 1 PRACTICAL
Interpretation
From this SRS of 12 students, we estimate the average mark in the population to be about 74.83.
With 95% confidence, the true population mean lies roughly between 67.80 and 81.87. Note the
interval width with a small sample the CI is fairly wide; increasing 𝑛 would narrow it.
R Code SRS with 45 Observations
Hafiz Mohammad Afzaal
SAMPLING 1 PRACTICAL
Explanation of Code
1. marks — defines the population of 45 student marks.
2. 𝑛 < − 12 — sample size.
3. set. Seed (123) — ensures reproducible random selection.
4. Sample (marks, n) — draws 12 random students from population.
5. Mean () and Sd () — compute sample mean and standard deviation.
6. SE — standard error of the mean.
7. qt (0.975, d f = n-1) — t-critical value for 95% confidence interval.
8. 𝐶𝐼_95 — final 95% t-confidence interval for population mean.
Hafiz Mohammad Afzaal
SAMPLING 1 PRACTICAL
Question 2
A simple random sample of 10 students was selected from a population of 40 students’ marks using
the random sampling method. Each student had an equal chance of selection. Using Simple
Random Sampling (SRS) without replacement, Compute the sample mean and sample standard
deviation of the selected marks. Calculate the standard error of the mean (SE). Construct a 95%
confidence interval for the population mean using the t-distribution. Interpret the obtained
confidence interval in the context of the population. And also write a program
Population (N = 40)
Marks of 40 students:
ID Marks ID Marks ID Marks
1 72 16 78 31 86
2 65 17 66 32 57
3 80 18 73 33 69
4 68 19 70 34 72
5 77 20 79 35 74
6 84 21 64 36 65
7 59 22 88 37 87
8 71 23 60 38 71
9 63 24 76 39 78
10 82 25 81 40 80
11 55 26 67
12 69 27 62
13 74 28 83
14 61 29 75
15 85 30 68
Hafiz Mohammad Afzaal
SAMPLING 1 PRACTICAL
Question 3
Using the marks of 50 students given in the population, select a simple random sample (SRS) of
12 students without replacement. Compute the sample mean and sample standard deviation of the
selected marks. Calculate the standard error (SE) of the sample mean. Construct a 95% confidence
interval for the population mean using the t-distribution. Interpret the confidence interval in the
context of the population of 50 students.
ID Marks ID Marks ID Marks ID Marks ID Marks
1 58 11 62 21 55 31 85 41 71
2 69 12 79 22 73 32 59 42 80
3 72 13 85 23 60 33 88 43 66
4 65 14 74 24 70 34 65 44 72
5 80 15 90 25 68 35 69 45 76
6 77 16 88 26 76 36 75 46 69
7 68 17 66 27 81 37 78 47 74
8 74 18 75 28 67 38 82 48 83
9 71 19 79 29 72 39 90 49 88
10 83 20 84 30 63 40 87 50 70