TERM SCHEME OF WORK

WKS CONTENT

1. Woodwork machines

 Introduction to woodwork machines

 Types of woodwork machines
 Safety precaution taken

2. Woodwork machines

 Portable power tools

 Stationary woodwork machines
 Parts of woodwork machines

3. Metal work machine

 Introduction to metal work machine

 Types of metal work machine

4. Metal work machine

 Lather machine
 Drill press
 Care and maintainance of metal work machine

5. Gears

 Definition of gear
 Types of gear
6. Gear

 Uses of the different types of gears

 Determining gear ratios

7. Gear

 Describe the relationship between gear ratio and speed of rotation

 Functions of lubricant in gears
 Construct and use gears

8. Hydraulic and preumatics machine

 Identification of hydraulic and preumatic machine

 Name the component of each machine

9. Hydraulic and preumatic machines

 Explain the principle the working of preumaics devices

 State the uses of the machine

10. Revision

11. Examination
WOODWORK MACHINE

Woodwork machines are used in the work for cutting, planning, sewing, drilling e.t.c using hand
tools for woodwork alone limits the quality of finished wood products. When power tools are
introduced to the work the quality is improved in many instance and stationary machine tools are
used in woodwork to either complement or replace outrightly the use of hand tools.

TYPES OF WOODWORK MACHINES

We can classified wood work machine into two:

1. Portable power tools

2. Stationary woodwork machine

Portable power tools are electricity powered machine tools taken to the location of the job. They
are usually light enough to be carried about. Unlike the stationary power tools used which are
usually bulky.

Examples of portable power tools:

1. Hand drill – this is an electrically powered tool for drilling holes on wood plastic and
metals when using the hand drill, it is necessary to make sure that the power cord is long
enough to allow the user some degree of freedom. The spot to be drilled is marked before
commencing drilling: Note that wood drills are different from those use in drilling metals.
2. Sander – this is a power tool used to smoothen the surface of wood by abrasion with
sandpaper. The paper is attached to a rothling mechanism within a housing. The two by
an luternal electrical moto which devices the belt the paper can easily be replaced,
choosing either of fine or coarse grades of abrasives while using the sander a dust bag for
collecting dust waste should be fixcal to total tool the user must put on safety and must
avoid loose clothing.

Types of sander

Belt sander

Flap

Disc sander

Diagram

3. Portable circular saw: this is used for cutting woods and cramics. It has a circular saw
blade powered by an electric motor. The blade of this must rotate in a specific direction
lie on a way rotary motion for the teeth to abile into the wood.
Diagram

4. Nail gum machine: the total inches nail into the machine at a speed much faster than the
hammer. It full of drives nails into wood with ease and convenience and reloads nail by it
self after each successive nailing.

Diagram
5. Sabre (jig saw) are power tools used in placed if the curve cutting saw cogbow; coping
and fit saw, the powered tool has a blade driven by a reciprocating lie moving to and for
motor mechanism. The saw is moved up and down in a continuously repeated linear
motion. It is hold by a lowing device sabre saw usually come with a varietly of saw
blades which can be fixed to the loching devices. The user of the tool should always wear
safety goggles or a false shield sabre saw can make smooth contour cuts along or across
the again wood.

Diagram

STATIONARY WOOD WORK MACHINE

In terms of size and capacity, stationary power tools are bigger than the portable one. The
stationary woodwork machines are used on solid timber and manufactured boards of bigger sizes
than potable power tool can handle.

Examples of stationary woodwork machine

1. Circular saw: this machine is used to prepare or resaw timber into suitable sizes for
articles of journey, furniture and some other items made of wood. Cutting can be done
along or across the graine of wood.

PARTS OF CIRCULAR SAAW

1. A table resting on a column

2. A rewhing knife protruding above the table, which allow the wood to slide as the saw
cuts along the line which is marked on the wood.

SAFETY PRECAUTION

1. Don’t obstruct the rewling blade when in motion

2. Always use the correct types of saw blades as various types are available.

Diagram

2. Band saw: this is a machine that is used to cut curves and straight lines in both thick and
thin pieces of wood.

Parts of bud saw

1. Two pulleys

2. An endless saw blade toothed on one edge in the form of a band

3. The saw guides

Safety precautions

1. The band saw should not be used for any other purpose except that for which it is made.

2. Avoid improper fitting of saw blades for it can cause damage to the saw.

Diagram

3. Surface planer: this machine is used to removing mater and twists on the face of the
wood, there by producing flat surface and straight edges. A part from surfacing the
machine can be use for rebarting chamfering benching, tapering and tenoning.

Safety precautions

1. Avoid exposing the full length of the cutting when in operations

2. Use safety guards at all times with a push stick on the material being planned

3. The machine fence and guards should not be adjusted when running to avoid accident
4. Make sure the work is free when planning to avoid slipping off hands onto the rotating
knives.

Diagram

4. Thicknesser: a thicknessing machine is a woodwork machine used for planning timber to

a specific thickness. This is achieved by setting the cutter to the desired size in order to
give the correct thickness after cutting. Cutters blocks of the thicknessor are usually
circular with provision made for two or four blades. The safety measures to be observed
are similar to those for the surface planer.
5. Drill press: the drill press into a useful machine used in drilling toles in wood. It can
adapted to carry out other speration such as mortising shaping sandney and boring.

There are four main parts of drills press irrespective of the design e.g

1. the head

2. the column

3. the base

The size of a drill press is determined by the distance from the boring point to the column.

Safety precaution

1. Clamp down the word to be drilled very well

2. The rotating part of the machine should be protected with a guard

3. Please wear a goggle or eye shield when drilling

Diagram
6. Wood lathe: the main function of the wood lathe is to rotate or turn wood. Two common
methods of turning wood in a lathe are

1. Turning between centres

2. Turning on the face plate both inside and outside

Parts of the lathe machine

Head stock, tool rest live and tail stoch, centre. Others are the face plates, steady rest and turning
tools.

Turning tools includes: skew chisel, round nose, scraper chisel, guage, panting tools hook chisel
deamand pont chisel, caliper (inside and outside) and side chisel.

Diagram
METAL WORK MACHINE

Metal work machines are those machines that are used to make metal products such machine and
their functions are

1. Power track saw: the power track saw is a metal cutting machine. It is used for cutting
sizes of metal to be used for the production of items.

The major operation of the power tracksaw is the cutting operation. It can cut circular
rectangular triangular and texagonal shapes of metal rode.

Safety precaution

i. Keep the tands away from the moving power blade

ii. Before operating the machine make sure you know where to switch if off

iii. Oil and greese should be kept away from the floor of the workshop

Diagram
2. Grinder

Grinders are used for sharpening tools and grinding surface. They are used to cut off
excess metal or unwanted metal to bring the component to the desired shape.

Types of grinder

1. Bench grinder – is always mounted on a bench in thee workshop. The grinding operation
of a bench grinder is reffered to as a off hand. This is because the work piece is brought
into contact with the abrasive wheel by a free hand.

ii. Pedestal grinder – it is usually bigger than the bench grinder because of its length. It is
always mounted on a base of its own, which is bolted to the floon.

iii. Off hand grinder – in an off hand grinding operation, the tool is held firmly in the tool
rest and bought in contact with the wheel surface.

Diagram
3. Drilling machine – the drilling machine used proching cylindrical holes of different
character is metal.

Types of drilling machines

i. Sensitive drilling machine – is used to drill holes of up to 19mm in diameter. It is of two

bench and from types.

ii. Pillar drilling machine – it is generally larger more powerful and drill bigger diameter
holes. It is of two types. The column of round section and the column of bone section.

iii. Hand drill and portable electric drill

Diagram

4. Milling machine (miller) – the milling machine is a machine tools like a lathe machine
which cuts metals. However in the case of the milling machine, it cut metals with a
multiple tooth cutting tool called the milling cutters.

Two direction of cut are normally arranged for on the milling machine they are up cut down cut
milling.

Types of milling machine

1. the plan of horizontal milling machine

2. The vertical milling machine

3. The universal milling machine

Diagram

5. The shaper: is a single cutting machine tool which is very similar to the bit of a lathe. It
is used primarily for machining (ie trimming down) flat surface which may be horizontal
or vertical groves, slots and key way can be machined by the shaper. Always wear goggle
while operating a shaper.

Diagram
6. Centre lathe: is a power operated machine designed to produce a geemetrical surface to a
high level of accuracy.

Parts of the centre lathe include

1. Lathe bed

2. The head stock

3. The tail stock

4. The carriage: on the carriage we have seddle cross slide, compound rest, top slide and
apron.

Common operation on the center lathe

Facing: this is the generation of plane surface on the lath.

Diagram

2. Plain turning: this is the process of generating a cylindrical surface on the lathe.
Diagram

3. Stepped turning: is the same as plain turning but with two different diameter.

Diagram
4. Taper turning: is the process of generating taper i.e conical surfaces on the lathe

Diagram

5. Knurling: is the process where by patterns or deformations are made on a part of a work
piece. It allows for better gripping of a component.

GEARS

A gear is a wheel with toothed edges

Types of gear

1. Spur gears

Used for transmitting drive between parallel shaft

Diagram
2. Benel gear

Used for transmitting power/drive between shaft at angles. Benel gears have covical cross
– section to help them achieve their purpose.

Diagram

3. Rack and opinion – used for converting rotary motion of the pinion to linear motion of
the rack.

Diagram

Generally gears are used in clock, wrist watches bicycles, motorcycles, when two gears mesh,
one is the driver gear because the power to driven. A gear is a driver gear because the power to
drive the system is generated by it while the other is driven because it is only being driven and
does not produce the power or energy.

Diagram
USES OF GEAR

1. To transmit power energy or motion from one shaft to another

2. To change the speed of shaft to either high or low speed

3. To change the direction of rotation or direction of running shaft

Gearing – is the process where two gears are made to work together. Gears engaging or meshing
must move in opposite to direction and the gear teeth spacing must be equal or the same.

Gear speed – if the driver gear has none teeth them the driven gear, the driven gear will turn
faster than the driver gear. If the driver gear has fewer teeth than the driven gear, the driven gear
will turn slower than the driver gear.

The speed of the two gear wheel are inversely proportional to the number of teeth in the gear
wheel.

Speed of gear A = No of teeth on gear B

Speed of gear B No of teeth on gear A

Two gears are moving together such that gear A makes 20 revolution when gear B make 40
revolution if gear A has 50 teeth how many teeth has gear B.

Solution

Speed of gear A = No of teeth on gear B

Speed of gear B No of teeth on gear A

20 = B

40 50

40B = 50 x 20

B = 50 x 20

40

B 50 = 25teeth

Gear ration: gear ratio is defined as the ratio of the number of teeth on the driver and the driven
gear.

The number of teeth on each of the two gears determine their ratio. Gear ratio is used in clockers
and watches to move their second minutes and hair hands.

Gear ratio = Driven

Driver

Example:

1. If the number of teeth on the driver is 30 on the driven is 60 the gear ratio is:

Solution

60 . 6 2

30 . 3 1 2:1
2. A gear with 20 teeth drives a gear with 40 teeth, calculate the gear ratio (which of the
gear rotates

Solution

Driven = 40

Driver 20 = 2:1

3. Calculate the gear ratio of the following

a. 25 teeth driver and 75 teeth driven

b. 96 teeth driver and 12 teeth driver

solution

Driven = 75

Driver 25 = 3:1

b. Driven = 12

Driver 18 = 1:8

4. A driver gear with 30 teeth drives a gear with 50 teeth calculate the gear ratio

Solution

Driven 50

Driver 30 = 5:3
Relationship Between gear ratio and speed of rotation

From the examples on have to calculate gear ratio we can get an insight into the relationship
between gear ratio and speed of rotation. Before that let us see how the speed of a gear relate
with the number of gear teeth. The speed of rotation of a gear is indirectly proportional to the
number of teeth in other words the more the number of teeth the slower the speed of rotation.

Lubricant

A lubricant is a substance used to reduced friction between moving surface oil grease e.t.c

Function of lubriants in gear

1. Keep moving points apart

2. Reduce friction

3. Transfer heat

4. Carry away contamination

5. Transit power

6. Protect against wear

7. Prevent erosion

8. Prevent rust

9. Step the risk of smoke and fire

HYDRAULIC MACHINE

A hydraulic machine or tool uses liquid (oil) to transmit power from one point to the other so that
work can be done. The liquid being transmitted is pressurized because it means through a tube
pipe or rose, the basic idea behind hydraulic system is that a force that is applied at one point is
transmitted to another point using fluid (liquid) that cannot be compressed. The source of power
in a hydraulic machine in the oil.

Example of hydraulic machine

1. Force pump: A pump is a device that move fluids (liquid) by mechanical action.
Mechanical group serve in a wide range of application such as pupping water from well,
pupping oil, or natural gas from the reservoir e.t.c. the force pump can be used to pump
water into the tanker or the bathroom or used as an ordinary pump. The bicycle works on
the principle of the force pump.

2. Contrifigal pump: is a group that focus on impeller to move water and other fluids an
impeller is a rotating component made of iron, steel, bronze, brass e.t.c. which transfer
energy from the motion that drives the pump to the fluid being pumped. Many hydraulic
system make use of centrifugal, pump to make fluid through piping system.

A pipping system transportation fluids from one point to another.

3. Garden sprinkler: this is a device for applying water into the garden by spraying water
into the air so that you break up into small water drop which falls to the drop of water
which falls to the group water is distributed through a system of pipes usually by
pumping.
4. Hydraulic jack: a jack is a device that uses forces to life loads in a hydraulic jack a small
portion pressure through the oil to large piston known as power pisson through a clerk
value resulting in the weight being life.

5. Water wheel: this is a machine use for converting energy free flowering or falling water
into useful soron of power. A typical water consist of a large wooden or metal wheel with
a number of blade or bucket arranged on the outside with rain providing the drilling
force.

6. Reaction turbines: these are the most common types of turbines. They generate power by
taking the advantage of the on coming flow of water as the turbin of propeller blades
absorbs the energy from the moving water.

PNEMATIC MACHINE

Penumatic machine make use of gas to transfer power from one point to another. Pneumatic
deals with the study and application of pressujrized gas to produce mechanical motion.
Pneumatic power is used when machines are plumbed for compressed air.

Examples of pneumatic machines are

1. Air compressor: an air compressor pumps in and lato strong, steel, trank, where it is
compressed and stored at a high pressure. The compressed air is delivered to the point a
place where it is required to do work like inflating tyres, inflatable chairs and mattress
etc.

2. Bicycle pump: when the air inside the pump is compressed it enters the bicycle get the
tube inflated.