Chapter Summary

1. Antiderivative
A function F (x) is called an antiderivative of f (x) on an interval I if

F ′ (x) = f (x), for all x ∈ I.

2. Indefinite Integral
The set of all antiderivatives of a function f (x) is called the indefinite integral:
Z
f (x) dx

Here,
ˆ
R
is the integral sign
ˆ f (x) is the integrand
ˆ x is the variable of integration
Z
f (x) dx = F (x) + c

d
[F (x) + c] = f (x)
dx
Here, c is the constant of integration.
3. General Laws of Integration
1.
Z Z Z Z
[f1 (x) ± f2 (x) ± · · · ± fn (x)] dx = f1 (x) dx ± f2 (x) dx ± · · · ± fn (x) dx

2. Z Z
kf (x) dx = k f (x) dx (k constant)

3.
Z Z Z Z
[k1 f1 (x)±k2 f2 (x)±· · ·±kn fn (x)] dx = k1 f1 (x) dx±k2 f2 (x) dx±· · ·±kn fn (x) dx

4. Fundamental Integrals
xn+1
R
1. xn dx = n+1
+ c (n ̸= −1)
1
R
2. x
dx = ln |x| + c
emx
R
3. emx dx = m
+c
amx
R
4. amx dx = m ln a
+c
sin(mx)dx = − cos(mx)
R
5. m
+c
R sin(mx)
6. cos(mx)dx = m
+c

1
 R tan(mx)
7. sec2 (mx)dx = m
+c
csc2 (mx)dx = − cot(mx)
R
8. m
+c
R sec(mx)
9. sec(mx) tan(mx)dx = m
+c
csc(mx) cot(mx)dx = − csc(mx)
R
10. m
+c

1. Substitution Rule: If u = g(x) is a differentiable function whose range lies in an

interval I, and f is continuous on I, then
Z Z
′
f (g(x)) g (x) dx = f (u) du.

2. The expression
df (x) = f ′ (x) dx
is called the differential of f (x).

3. In the method of substitution, while evaluating an integral, we try to substitute the

variable in such a way that the integral becomes simpler.

Fundamental Integrals / Standard Integrals

To evaluate integrals, we often use known standard forms.

4. Z
f (ax + b) dx, let ax + b = z

5. Z
(f (x))n f ′ (x) dx, (n ̸= −1)

Let f (x) = z, then

(f (x))n+1
= +c
n+1
6.
f ′ (x)
Z
dx
f (x)
Let f (x) = z, then
= ln |f (x)| + c

7. Z
ex [f (x) + f ′ (x)] dx = ex f (x) + c

8. Z
tan x dx = ln | sec x| + c

9. Z
cot x dx = ln | sin x| + c

2
 10. Z
sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x| + c

π x
= ln tan + +c
4 2
11. Z x
csc x dx = ln | csc x − cot x| + c = ln tan +c
2

Chapter Summary
1. Standard Integrals
1. Z
dx 1 −1 x
 
= tan +c
a2 + x 2 a a
2.
x−a
Z
dx 1
= ln + c, (|x| > |a|)
x2 − a 2 2a x+a
3. Z
dx 1 a+x
= ln + c, (|a| > |x|)
a2 −x 2 2a a−x
4. Z
dx √
√ = ln x + x2 + a2 + c
x2 + a 2
5. Z
dx √
√ = ln x + x2 − a2 + c
x2 − a 2
6. Z
dx x
√ = sin−1 +c
a2 − x 2 a
—

3
2. Some Special Forms of Integrals
Z Integral Working Rule
dx
2
Complete square: (px + q)2 ± r2
Z ax + bx + c
lx + m d
2
dx Write as k1 dx (ax2 + bx + c) + k2
Z ax + bx + c
dx p
√ Use (px + q)2 ± r2
Z ax2 + bx + c
lx + m
√ dx Split into derivative form
Z ax2 + bx + c
dx
√ Substitute cx + d = z 2
Z (ax + b) cx + d
dx 1
p Substitute ax + b = z
(ax +s b) px2 + qx + r
Z
ax + b
dx Multiply numerator and denominator
px + q
Z
dx
p Use substitution px2 + q = z 2
(ax 2 + b) px2 + q
Z
dx
m n
Substitute x − a = z(x − b)
Z (x − a) (x − b)
dx
p Substitute ax + b = z 2 or px + q = z 2
(ax + b)(px + q)