Renewable Energy Systems

Module 3

Wind energy and small hydro plant

Module - 3
Wind Energy–Introduction–Wind Turbine Types (HAWT and VAWT) and their
construction- Wind power curve-Betz’s Law-Power from a wind turbine(Numerical
Problems)-Wind energy conversion system(WECS) – Fixed–speed drive scheme-
Variable speed drive scheme.-Effect of wind speed and grid condition(system
integration). Small hydro power: Classification as micro, mini and small hydro
projects -Basic concepts and types of turbines - Classification, Characteristics and
Selection
Introduction
Wind has been utilized as a source of power for thousands of years

For tasks such as propelling sailing ships, grinding grain, pumping water, and powering
factory machinery

The world’s first wind turbine used to generate electricity was built by a Dane, Poul la
Cour, in 1891

The cumulative capacity of installed wind power worldwide amounted to approximately

837 gigawatts in 2021

Onshore wind power accounted for the majority of total wind power capacity, at about
780 gigawatts that year.
Wind energy conversion systems (WECS)
• WECS convert wind energy into electrical energy.
• The principal component of WECS is the wind turbine. This is coupled to
the generator through a multiple-ratio gearbox.
• Usually induction generators are used in WECS.
• The main parts of a wind turbine are the tower, the rotor and the nacelle.
The nacelle accommodates the transmission mechanisms and the
generator.
Advantages of wind energy
• Environment friendly and pollution free
• Potential exists to harness wind energy
• Cost of generation decreases over a period of time
• Low Operation and Maintenance costs
• Mature turbine technologies
• Operational ease and feasibility of full automation
• Efficient and reliable
• Free and inexhaustible source of energy
Disadvantages of wind energy
• Intermittent availability of wind producing a variable energy output
• Low energy density, which requires a large area to obtain a reasonable
amount of energy from a wind farm.
• High initial start-up cost
• Noise pollution
Block diagram of Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS)

Fig. 2 Block diagram of Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS)

(a) Aerodynamic system:
 Converts wind energy into rotational mechanical energy
 It consists of turning the rotor blades
 They are spring operated and work even in case of power failure
 Requires pitch control and yaw control
(b) Mechanical Drive train
Connects the low speed shaft to the high speed shaft and increases the rotational speed
from about 30-60 rpm to about 1000-1800rpm. This is the rotational speed required by
most generators to produce electricity.
Control Mechanisms
Purpose is to
1. Optimise aerodynamic efficiency
2. Keeps the generator with its speed and torque limits and rotor and tower limits the
strength
3. Enable maintenance
4. Reduce noise
(c) Generator / Electromagnetic system
It produces 50 cycle AC electricity
Usually a Doubly fed induction generator(DFIG) or Permanent magnet
synchronous generator(PMSG)
The rotating mechanical energy of the gearbox is given to the generator through
the shaft
It works on the principle of ‘Faradays law of electromagnetic induction’
WEG components
anemometer
nacelle

hydraulics system

hub wind
gearbox vane
generator

cooling
unit

electronic controller
low speed shaft
tower yaw mechanism

high speed shaft with mechanical brake

• Tower
• The tower in most modern turbines is round tubular steel of a diameter of 3–4 m
(10–13 ft), with a height of 75–110 m (250–370 ft), depending on the size of the
turbine and its location.
• Rotor
• The rotor is the rotating part of a turbine; it consists of (mostly) three blades and
the central part that the blades are attached to, the hub. A turbine does not
necessarily have to have three blades; it can have two, four, or another number
of blades. But the three-blade rotor has the best efficiency and other advantages.
• An anemometer is an instrument that measures wind speed
• Hub
• The function of the hub is to hold the blades and make it possible for them to
rotate with respect to the rest of the turbine body.
• Nacelle
• The nacelle is housing on top of the tower that accommodates all the
components that need to be on a turbine top.
• A wind vane (also known as a weathervane) is an instrument that tells you
the wind direction. Specifically, a wind vane lets you know what direction the
wind is coming from
• The yaw mechanism is used to turn the wind turbine rotor against the wind.
• The yaw control mechanism comprises a motor and drive. The main purpose
of this arrangement is to move the nacelle and blades according to the wind
direction. It enables the wind turbine to capture the maximum available
wind.
 The type of wind turbine in which the axis of its rotation is
Types of Wind turbine parallel to the flow of air stream is known as horizontal
axis wind turbine or HAWT.
1. Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT)
Most commonly used wind turbine is HAWT

These turbines use airfoils (aerodynamic blades) which

are connected to a rotor by positioning in upwind or
downwind

These are available either in two-bladed or three-

bladed and operate at high speed

HAWTs can be used in any direction of wind

(a) Upwind Turbine
In an upwind wind turbine, the rotor is arranged at the upside of the
tower.
At present, this design is used in most HAWTs because it is flexible &
arranged at some distance from the tower.
(b) Downwind Turbine
In a downwind turbine, the rotor is arranged at the downside of the tower.
In this turbine, firstly the wind is faced toward the tower, then to the
blades of the rotor.
This wind turbine faces some differences within wind power because of
the passage of the rotor through the wind shade of the tower.
Here, the rotor is behind the nacelle of the tower which causes
fluctuations within wind power.
Construction of HAWT
Foundation
For any wind turbine, the foundation gives support to
the tower because the wind turbine includes different
parts which weigh in tonnes.
Tower
A tower is used to give support to the rotor hub and
nacelle on the top of the window turbine. The
materials used to make this are concrete, tubular steel,
or steel lattice.
Wind Turbine Blades
These blades are mainly used to remove the kinetic
energy (KE) of wind & change it to mechanical energy.
These turbines include a minimum of one and
maximum multiple blades depending on the design.
Nacelle
The nacelle includes different components which are used to operate the wind
turbine efficiently like the gearbox, brakes, controller, low & high-speed shafts &
generator. It is arranged at the top of a tower & a wind vane is arranged on the
nacelle.
Hub
A rotor hub is used to connect a shaft and rotor blade of the wind turbine. The hub
includes blade bearings, bolts, internals & a pitch system.
Gear Box
In wind turbines, a gearbox is used to change high toque power with low-speed
which is received from a rotor blade to low torque power with high speed. This
power is used for the generator.
Generator
The rotating mechanical energy of the gearbox is given to the generator through the
shaft.
Advantages and Disadvantages of HAWT
Advantages Disadvantages
High output power as compared to Large in size.
the vertical wind turbine. Weight is high.
A tall tower gets stronger winds once We cannot move easily.
the wind shear alters.
Installation is difficult.
High efficiency.
High noise.
It is not expensive as compared to
vertical type turbine. To design this wind turbine, large
machinery is needed.
It has high reliability.
Its maintenance is difficult as
Its rotational speed is high. compared to other wind turbines.
It is more consistent.
These turbines are self-starting.
Applications
1. These are the most frequently used wind turbines for commercial
and industrial purposes due to their large power output and high
efficiency.
2. These are mostly used in wind farms
3. Horizontal axis wind turbines achieve better power output &
higher energy efficiency, so used in large-scale wind power plants
& also for electricity generation.
4. In industrial plants, large-scale wind farms, or national projects,
these wind turbines are most frequently seen. So they are the
perfect solution for the production of mass electricity.
[Link] axis wind turbines (VAWT)
The type of wind turbine in which the axis of rotation of the turbine and the flow of air
stream are perpendicular to each other is known as vertical axis wind turbine or VAWT.
The Vertical Axis Wind Turbine is a type of wind turbine and it is most frequently used for
residential purposes to provide a renewable energy source to the home.
This turbine includes the rotor shaft and two or three blades where the rotor shaft
moves vertically.
this turbine movement is related to the spinning of coins on the edge.
In this turbine, the generator is placed at the bottom of the tower whereas the blades
are covered around the shaft.
The vertical axis wind turbine working principle is that, the rotors in the turbine revolve
around a vertical shaft by using vertically oriented blades.
Vertical axis wind turbine components are blade, shaft, bearing, frame & blade support.
The vertical axis wind turbines are available in two types like Savonius Wind Turbine &
Darrieus Wind Turbine.
 (a)Darrieus Wind Turbine

These turbines include curved & long wings where

each end of these wings is connected to the top &
base of the rotor shaft.
These types of wind turbines use the aerodynamic
force of the lift to revolve.
By flowing around the construction, the wind will
create suction on the front face of the wind turbine to
drive the wings to revolve.
These turbines do not experience as much drag due
to the shape of wings.
Once the revolution begins, these turbines will go
faster to rotate faster than the speed of the wind.
 (b) Savonius Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine
• The Savonius vertical-axis wind turbine
uses cups, called scoops, instead of
blades to capture wind power.
• Figure shows an example of a Savonius
vertical-axis wind turbine.
• When the wind blows, it creates a
positive force in the scoop and a
negative force on the back side of the
scoop. This difference in force pushes
the turbine around.
• In a typical Savonius turbine, the wind
comes from the front of the cylinder,
causing rotation.
• However, wind also strikes the back of
the other scoops, tending to slow the
roto
 Advantages and Disadvantages of VAWT

Advantages Disadvantages
Safety for manpower. They can generate As compared to HAWT, the efficiency level will
be decreased because of the drag that
electricity in any direction of the wind. happens in the blades when they rotate.
It doesn’t require a strong supporting These are very hard to arrange on towers
tower because the gearbox, generator & because they are connected on bases like
other components are arranged on the buildings or ground.
ground. The efficiency of rotation is low.
As compared to horizontal axis turbines, Lower accessible wind speed.
these are cheaper to design. Low efficiency.
Installation is easy as compared to other Self-Starting mechanism.
types. Some animals or birds may interrupt its
rotation because it is arranged in an open
These are portable so we can simply area.
move from one location to another. They produce noise pollution
Applications of VAWT
Used in small wind projects
Used in residential applications
These turbines are used to generate power even in not stable weather conditions
like gusty wind & turbulence.
 Basis of Difference Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
Definition A horizontal axis wind turbine is the one whose axis of A wind turbine is called a vertical axis wind
rotation is horizontal. turbine if its axis of rotation is vertical.
Abbreviated name HAWT is the abbreviation used for horizontal axis wind VAWT is the abbreviation used to denote the
turbine. vertical axis wind turbine.
Axis of rotation with respect to For the horizontal axis wind turbine, the axis of rotation For the vertical axis wind turbine, the axis of
wind stream of turbine is parallel to the wind stream. rotation of the turbine is perpendicular to the
wind stream.
Location of electric generator In the horizontal axis wind turbine, the electric In the vertical axis wind turbine, the
generator is installed at the top of the tower. generator is installed on the ground.
Location of gearbox In HAWT, the gearbox is installed at the top of the In VAWT, the gearbox is installed at the
turbine tower. bottom of the turbine.
Need of yaw mechanism In the horizontal axis wind turbine, the yaw mechanism The vertical axis wind turbine does not
is required to orient the turbine in the direction of require yaw mechanism because it receives
wind. wind from all directions.
Self-starting Horizontal axis wind turbine is self-starting. Vertical axis wind turbine is not self-starting,
hence a starting mechanism is required to
start it from stationary position.
Design and installation The design and installation of a horizontal axis wind The design and installation of a vertical axis
turbine is complex. wind turbine is comparatively simple.
Operation space of blades Horizontal axis wind turbine requires large space for Vertical axis wind turbine requires small space
blade’s operation. for blade’s operation.
Dependency on wind direction The operation of horizontal axis wind turbine is The operation of vertical axis wind turbine is
dependent on wind direction. independent of the wind direction because it
receives wind from all directions.
Height from ground The height of the horizontal axis wind turbine The vertical axis wind turbine is installed at
from ground is large. comparatively smaller distance from the
ground.
Need of nacelle In case of horizontal axis wind turbines, a There is no need of nacelle in case of vertical
heavy nacelle is installed at the top of the axis wind turbines.
tower.
Power coefficient Horizontal axis wind turbine has a high power Vertical axis wind turbine has a low power
coefficient. coefficient.
Tip speed ratio (TSR) Horizontal axis wind turbine has high tip speed Vertical axis wind turbine has considerably low
ratio. tip speed ratio.
Noise produced The operation of horizontal axis wind turbine Vertical axis wind turbines produce
is noisy. comparatively less noise.
Efficiency The ideal efficiency of horizontal axis wind The ideal efficiency of vertical axis wind
turbine is around 50% to 60 %. turbine is usually more than 70%.

Hindrance for birds Horizontal axis wind turbines cause high Vertical axis wind turbines cause less
obstruction for birds. hindrance for birds.
Cost Horizontal axis wind turbines are more Vertical axis wind turbines are less expensive
expensive due their complex design and because their design and installation is quite
installation. simple.
Wind Power Curve
Fig. shows the relationship between wind speed
and power for a typical wind turbine
Turbines are designed to operate within a
specific range of wind speeds. The limits of the
range are known as the cut-in speed and cut-out
speed.
The cut-in speed is the point at which the wind
turbine is able to generate power.
Between the cut-in speed and the rated speed,
where the maximum output is reached, the
power output will increase cubically with wind
speed.
The cut-out speed is the point at which the turbine must be shut down to avoid damage
to the equipment.
It is the maximum wind speed at which the generator is designed to produce usable
power.
Betz’s Law
Betz: law says that you can only convert less
than 16/27 (or 59.3%) of the kinetic energy
in the wind to mechanical energy using a
wind turbine.
The factor 16/27 (0.593) is known as Betz's
coefficient.
𝑷𝒎
The "power coefficient" 𝑪𝒑 =
𝑷𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅

is dimensionless ratio of the extractable

power 𝑷𝒎 to the kinetic power 𝑷𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅
available in the wind.
• Proof
• [Link]

Wind turbine
[Link]

[Link]
Power from a wind turbine
Consider a “packet” of air with mass m moving at a speed v. Its kinetic energy
K.E.,
1
𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2

Since power is energy per unit time, the power represented by a mass of air
moving at velocity v through area A will be
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 1 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
Power through area A = = 𝑣2
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 2 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

The mass flow rate ˙dm/dt, through area A, is the product of air density ρ, speed
v, and cross-sectional area A:

Therefore, power from a wind turbine is given by

𝑃𝜔 - power in the wind (watts), 𝜌 − air density (kg/m3), A - cross-sectional area
through which the wind passes (m2), 𝑣 - wind speed normal to A (m/s).

The extractable power from the wind is given by:

1
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣 3 𝐶𝑝
2
where, 𝐶𝑝 is the power coefficient.
Example 1
Determine the power in the wind if the wind speed is 20 m/s and blade length is 50 m.
Solution:
Given: Wind speed v = 20 m/s, Blade length l = 50 m, Air density ρ = 1.23 kg/m.
The area is given by, Area formula
A = π × 𝑟 2 = 𝜋 ×2500 = 7850 m
The wind power formula is given as,

P = 38622 kW
Q2: Calculate the power density of wind for a speed of 8m/s

Power Density= Pw/A = (½)ρv3

= (1/2) 1.23x8x8x8

= 314.88 w/m2
Q3: Calculate Betz limit for a HAWT whose blade sweeps a circular area of
diameter 80 m and wind speed 12 m/s.

Pmax= 3167664.913 W = 3.167 MW

Q4: Blade length 52 m, wind speed 12m/s, air density 1.23 kg/m3 and power
coefficient 0.4. Find power converted to rotational energy.

3611065.82 W

Q5: A 50 kW wind turbine operates at a peak efficiency when the wind blows at a
speed of 26 miles/hour. At this rate it reaches 62% of betz limit. What is the
coefficient of power for this wind turbine.
0.3674
Q6: Wind turbine produces 1000 watts at a certain wind speed. Theoretical
power for this speed is 3900 watts. What is the coefficient of power for this
turbine.

0.26

Q7: Wind turbine has 3 blades that are 1m long each, you live at sea level so air
density is 1.23 kg/m3. Wind is blowing with a velocity 12m/s. What is the
theoretical power output in this wind? A multimeter is connected and the power
output is 392 watts. Calculate coefficient of power of the turbine.

Ptot = 3338. 63 W

392/3338.63 = 0.1174
Question:
A propeller wind machine has rotor diameter of 40 m. It is operating at location
having wind speed of 35kmph and rotating at 20 rpm. Calculate theoretically the
power which the machine can extract from the wind considering both wake rotation
and effect of drag. Assume ξ=.012.
63948x209.3= 13384316.4MWh

= 13384. 32 GWh

Plant capacity factor = 0.479

Tip Speed Ratio (TSR)
 Tip Speed Ratio (TSR)

The Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) is an extremely important

factor in wind turbine design. TSR refers to the ratio
between the wind speed and the speed of the tips
of the wind turbine blades
Fixed-Speed Wind Energy Conversion Systems
• In fixed-speed WECSs, wind turbine generator is connected to the grid through a soft-
starter and a transformer.
• A squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) is solely used in a fixed-speed WECS where
rotational speed of the generator is determined by the gear ratio, grid frequency and
number of the stator poles
120𝑓 120∗50
• 𝑁𝑠 = = = 1500 rpm
𝑃 4
• As the wind speed changes, rotational speed of the fixed-speed WECS system varies
within 1% of the rated speed.
• Since the rotational speed varies within a small range, this type of WECS is referred to
fixed-speed WECS.
• A gearbox is utilized to adjust the speed difference between wind turbine and the
generator so that generator can output rated power at the rated speed of the generator.
• During the startup of the SCIG, a high inrush current is produced which in turn causes the
grid voltage to drop.
• Therefore, a soft-starter is employed to minimize the inrush current during the start-up.
• Once generator reaches the rated speed, soft-starter is bypassed by a switch, and a
three-phase capacitor bank is connected at the SCIG terminal to minimize the reactive
power drawn from the grid by the generator.
• A fixed-speed WECS is less expensive.
Disadvantages
• However, as the wind speed changes, power delivered by the WECS fluctuates and
disturbances are introduced into the grid.
• Also, in SCIG, generator is locked to the power system frequency and cannot speed up
when there is a change in wind speed.
• Therefore, a large amount of force is developed that causes mechanical damage to the
system when power grid pushes back.
• Therefore, this type of WECS requires a strong and solid built mechanical design to absorb
the stresses due to fluctuating wind speed.
• Furthermore, it has low energy conversion efficiency as rated power is delivered to the
grid at a fixed speed of the wind turbine, leading to low energy conversion at other wind
speed.
Variable-Speed Wind Energy Conversion Systems
• In variable-speed WECSs, rotational speed of the generator changes with the wind speed
to track the maximum power point.
• A frequency converter is utilized to adjust the frequency to the desired grid frequency.
• Compared to the fixed-speed WECSs, variable-speed WECSs have a number of advantages.
• For example, it increases the energy efficiency as it captures more power at variable
wind speed.
• Mechanical stress caused by the wind is reduced due to adaptable speed capability of the
generator in accordance with the wind speed.
• Also, variable-speed WECS allows the construction of larger wind turbines.
• The major drawback of the variable-speed WECS is it requires a power converter to
control the rotational speed of the generator which makes it more expensive and complex
than the fixed-speed WECS.
• The most commonly used variable-speed WECS is the doubly fed induction generator
(DFIG) which has a number of advantages over traditional induction generator.
• A typical configuration of the DFIG WECS is shown in Figure.
• The configuration of DFIG WECS is similar to the WRIG except that in DFIG rotor circuit is
replaced by a voltage source converter (VSC) and it doesn’t require the soft-starter and
capacitor bank for reactive power compensation.
• In this configuration, stator is directly connected to the grid, whereas, rotor is connected
to the grid through a back-to-back voltage source converter (VSC).
• The VSC controls the rotor circuit and the induction generator is able to deliver or absorb
reactive power from the grid.

PSFC define the speed range

(typically 30% of
synchronous speed).
Aseem K/APEE/LBS
• DFIG can provide grid voltage support during an extreme disturbance event, for example
enhances low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability during a power system fault.
• In addition, as wind speed changes, DFIG can remain synchronized to the grid controlling
the rotor voltage and current by the VSC.
• DFIG is also more cost effective than other variable-speed WECSs, since only a fraction of
the mechanical power, usually 25-30% is delivered to the grid though the VSC, and
remaining power is delivered to the grid through stator.
• Therefore, smaller VSC is necessary that reduces the cost of DFIG WECS.
PMSG based WECS
• In this configuration, a wind turbine generator is connected to the grid through a full-
scale frequency converter.
• Permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) can be utilized in this kind of WECSs
with a power rating up to several megawatts.
• The generator is decoupled from the grid via power converter and can operate in full
speed range.
• The converter power rating is usually same as the generator power rating.
• Power converter controls both active and reactive power for smooth grid connection.
• The major drawback of this type of WECS is complexity and higher cost compared to
other types of WECSs owing to large power converter.
Types of WECS

WT-IG WT-DFIG

WT-PMSG WT-VSIG

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Constant speed wind turbines
• These operate at almost constant speed as predetermined by the generator design and
gearbox ratio.
• Constant speed wind turbine operating systems have the following advantages:
(1) They have a simple, robust construction and are electrically efficient.
(2) They are highly reliable due to fewer parts.
(3) No current harmonics are generated as there is no frequency conversion.
(4) They have a lower capital cost as compared to variable speed wind turbines
• Disadvantages
(1) They are aerodynamically less efficient.
(2) They are prone to mechanical stress and are more noisy.

64
 Variable speed wind turbine system
• Controlling the turbine operation, viz. speed changes and blade pitch changes.
• The control strategies usually employed are (i) power optimisation strategy and (ii)
power limitation strategy.
• Power optimisation strategy is employed when the wind speed is below the rated
value.
• Power limitation strategy is used for wind speeds above the rated value. This strategy
limits the output power to the rated value by changing the blade pitch to reduce the
aerodynamic efficiency.

65
Variable speed wind turbine system

66
• Variable speed wind turbine systems have the following advantages:
(1) They have high energy capture capacity and are subjected to less mechanical stress.
(2) They are aerodynamically efficient and have low transient torque.
(3) No mechanical damping systems are required as the electrical system can effectively
provide the damping.
(4) They do not suffer from synchronisation problems or voltage sags due to stiff
electrical controls.
• However, they have the following disadvantage as compared to constant speed
turbines:

(1) They are more expensive and sometimes require complex control strategies.

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Small Hydropower Plants

The hydropower plants having capacity below 10MW are classified as small
hydropower plants.
They have small generation capacity, there is no need for large reservoir or dam
to store water.
These plants can meet the power requirements of most of the hill areas.
Depending on the capacities, small hydropower plants can be classified as
1. Microhydel plants
• The plants generating power upto 100KW
2. Mini hydel plants
• The plants generating power above 100KW but less than 1000KW
3. Small hydel plants
• The plants generating power in the range of 1-10MW
Hydro Category Power Range No. of Homes
Powered
Pico 0 kW – 5 kW 0–5
Micro 5 kW – 100 kW 5 – 100
Mini 100 kW – 1 MW 100 – 1,000
Small 1 MW – 10 MW 1,000 – 10,000
Medium 10 MW – 100 MW 10,000 – 100,000
Large 100 MW+ 100,000+
Type of turbines

medium head low head

Type high head

•cross-flow
•Pelton
impulsive turbines •cross-flow
•multi-jet Pelton
•Turgo
•Turgo
•propeller
reaction turbines •Francis
•Kaplan
 [Link]
1. Impulse turbines
It have a low value of specific speeds and are
suitable to work under high head and large
discharge conditions.
Specific speeds of these turbines vary from 8 to
50.
The entire pressure of water is converted into
kinetic energy in a nozzle and the velocity of the
jet drives the wheel.
In the impulse turbine, the turbine runner operates in air
and is turned by one or multiple jets of water which make
contact with the runner blades. On the other side in a
reaction turbine, the turbine runner is fully immersed in
water
The specific speed of a centrifugal pump is defined as the speed of a geometrically similar pump which
would deliver one cubic metre of liquid per second against a head of one metre.
 [Link]

2. Reaction turbines
Reaction turbines are used for low and medium
heads.
In a reaction turbine, water enters the runner
partly with pressure energy and partly with
velocity head.
(a) Francis turbine Reaction turbine (Francis)
• Specific speeds varying from 51 to 225
• They are suitable to work under moderate head
and discharge conditions
(b) Kaplan turbines
• High specific speeds varying from 250 to 850
• They are suitable to work under low head and
large discharge conditions
Reaction turbine (Kaplan)