INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS TESTING
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS TESTING
Materials testing can be classified according to different factors as follows:
1. With respect to objective of use
a. Commercial tests: to supply routine information on the quality of a product
b. Research tests: to develop better information on a known material or to
develop new materials
c. Scientific tests: to obtain accurate measurements of the fundamental
properties
2. With respect to place of testing
a. Field tests b. Laboratory tests
3 With respect to general method of attack
a. Tests on full size structure: members or parts
b. Tests on models of structures: members or parts
c. Tests on specimens: cut from finished part
d. Tests of samples of raw materials
MATERIALS TESTING
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS TESTING
4 With respect to usability of the material after test
a. Destructive tests: testing the material to failure
b. Non-destructive tests: for finished products
5. With respect to rate of load application
a. Static tests: If the load is applied over a relatively short time (ranging from
few minutes to several hours) and gradually
b. Dynamic tests: If the load is applied very rapidly in a very short time
c. Long term tests: If the load is sustained over a long period, say months or
even years
6 With respect to number of time of load application
a. A single application of load b. The load is applied many times
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Class Property Class Property
Density Strength
Porosity Stiffness
Physical Mechanical
Moisture content Ductility
microstructure hardness
Oxide composition Specific heat
Chemical Acidity or alkalinity Thermal Expansion
Resistance to corrosion Conductivity
Sound transmission Color
Acoustical Optical
Sound reflection Light reflection
Water absorptivity Electrical and Conductivity
Physico-chemical
Shrinkage and swell magnetic Galvanic action
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
SPECIFICATIONS OF MATERIALS
Specifications are the statements, which define the qualities of a
material necessary to serve most efficiently for a given use. The
specifications must define the following:
1. Method of manufacture
2. Form dimensions and finishes
3. Desired physical, mechanical and chemical properties
4. Limits of undesired constituents
5. Method of sampling
6. Method of testing and inspection
The advantages of specifications are
1. Represent the combined knowledge of the product and consumer
2. They give the manufacture a standard for production
3. They permit the designer to select a good material
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Mechanical properties can be defined as the properties related to the
behavior of materials when subjected to loads.
The fundamental mechanical properties are:
Stress: Stress: A force that attempts to deform an object. defined as force per
unit area of cross section.
Strain: It refers to the proportional deformation produced in a material
under the effect of stress; i.e. the ratio of change in a dimension that takes
place with a material under stress.
Strength: A metal's ability to resist outside forces that are trying to break or
deform the metal.
Hardness: A material's ability to resist penetration, indentation, or
scratching. Hard materials tend to be very wear resistant.
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Ductility: A metal's ability to be drawn, stretched, or formed without
breaking.
Tensile strength: A material's ability to resist forces that attempt to pull it
apart or stretch it.
Toughness: The amount of energy a material can absorb before it breaks.
Yield strength: The point on the stress-strain curve where there is a sudden
increase in strain, but no increase in stress. It is at this point that a metal is
about to permanently deform.
Shear strength: A material's ability to resist forces that attempt to cause
the internal structure of the material to slide against itself.
Modulus of elasticity: A variable that describes the relationship of stress to
strain within the elastic region. The modulus of elasticity describes a
material's stiffness.
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Plastic deformation: Deformation that is permanent. Plastic deformation
occurs after excessive elastic deformation.
Elasticity: The ability of materials to return to its original dimensions after
load release.
Stiffness: The resistance of material to elastic deformation.
Malleability: The property of a material which enables it to be fattened
without rupture.
Brittleness: It the property of a material which makes it fractures before
any noticeable deformation.
Resilience: The amount of energy which the material absorbed in the elastic
region and can be recovered after load release.
Endurance: The number of cycles to failure at any stress level.
Endurance or fatigue limit: The maximum fluctuating stress below which
the material can sustain an infinite numbers of cycles without failure.
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