Category Examples

Red dinoflagellates Gonyaulax

Euglenoids Euglena

Amoeboid protozoans Amoeba, entamoeba

Flagellated protozoans Trypanosoma

Ciliated protozoans Paramecium

Sporozoans Plasmodium (malarial parasite)

Phycomycetes Mucor, Rhizopus, albugo (parasi c fungus on mustard)

Penicillium, yeast, aspergillus, Claviceps, neurospora,

Ascomycetes
morels and truffels

Agaricus (mushroom), us lago (smut), Puccinia (rust

Basidiomycetes
fungus)

Deuteromycetes Alternaria, Colletotrichum and trichoderma

Colonial algae Volvox

Filamentous algae Ulothrix and spirogyra

 Category Examples

• Flagellated and similar in size – ulothrix

Isogamous reproduc on

• Non-flagellated but similar in size - spirogyra

Anisogamous reproduc on Eudorina

Oogamous reproduc on Volvox, fucus

Marine algae used as food Porphyra, laminaria and sargassum

Algae producing
hydrocolloids (water holding Algin (brown algae) and carageen (red algae)
substance)

Unicellular algae rich in

protein used as food
Chlorella
supplements by space
travellors

Chlorophyceae Chlamydomonas, volvox, Ulothrix, spirogyra and chara

Phaeophyceae Ectocarpus, dictyota, laminaria, sargassum and fucus

Rhodophyceae Polusiphonia, porphyra, gracilaria and gelidium

 Category Examples

Liverworts (bryophytes) Marchan a

Mosses (bryophytes) Funaria, polytrichum and sphagnum

• Psilopsida: Psilotum

• Lycopodium: selaginella, lycopodium

Pteridophyte classes

• Sphenopsida: equisetum

• Pteropsida: Dryopteris, pteris, adiantum

Pteriodophytes having
Selaginella
microphylls

Pteridophytes having
Ferns
macrophylls

Pteridophytes having strobili

Selaginella, equisetum
or cones

Heterosporous pteridophytes Selaginella and salvinia

Unbranched stem Cycas

 Category Examples

Branched stem Pinus, cedrus

Bisexual gymnosperm Pinus

Unisexual gymnosperm Cycas

Annelids, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms,

Coelomates
hemichordates and chordates

Pseudocoelomates Aschelminthes

Acoelomates Platyhelminthes

Sycon (scypha), Spongilla (fresh water sponge) and

Phylum - Porifera
euspongia (bath sponge)

Meandrina (brain coral), physalia (Portuguese man of war),

Phylum – Coelentrata
adamsia (sea anemone), pennatula (sea pen), gorgonia (sea
(Cnidaria)
fan)

Phylum - Ctenophora Pleurobrachia and ctenoplana

Phylum – Platyhelminthes Taenia (tapeworm)

Ascaris (roundworm), wuchereria (filaria worm),

Phylum – Aschelminthes
ancyclostoma (hookworm)
 Category Examples

Nereis, phere ma (earthworm) and hirudinaria (blood

Phylum – Annelida
sucking leech)

• Economically important insects – Apis (honey bee),

bombyx (silkworm), laccifer (lac insect)

• Vectors – anopheles, culex and aedes (mosquitoes)

Phylum - Arthropoda

• Gregarious pest – locusta (locust)

• Living fossils – limulus (king crab)

Pila (apple snail), Pinctada (pearl oyster), sepia (cu lefish),

Phylum – Mollusca loligo (squid), octopus (devil fish), aplysia (sea-hare),
dentalium (tusk shell) and chaetopleura (chiton)

Asterias (star fish), echinus (sea urchin), antedon (sea lily),

Phylum - Echinodermata
cucumaria (sea cucumber) and ophiura (bri le star)

Phylum - Hemichordata Balanoglossus and saccoglossus

Urochordata Ascidia, salpha, doliolum

Cephalochordata Branchiostoma, amphioxus or lancelet

 Category Examples

Cyclostomata Petromyzon (lamprey), myxine (hag fish)

Scoliodon (dog fish), pris s (saw fish), carcharodon (great

Chondrichthyes
white shark), trygon (s ng ray)

• Marine: Exocoetus (flying fish), hippocampus (sea horse)

Osteichthyes • Fresh water: Labeo (rohu), catla (katla), clarius (magur)

• Aquarium: Be a (figh ng fish), pterophyllum (angel fish)

Bufo (toad), rana (frog), hyla (tree frog), Salamandra

Ambhibia
(salamander), ichthyophis (limbless amphibia)

Chelone (turtle), testudo (tortoise), chameleon (tree lizard),

Rep lia calotes (garden lizard), crocodilus (crocodile), alligator
(alligator), hamidactylus (wall lizard)

Corvus (crow), columba (pigeon), psi acula (parrot),

Aves Struthio (ostrich), pavo (peacock), Aptenodytes (penguin),
neophron (vulture)

• Oviparous – ornithorhynchus (platypus)

Mammalia
 Category Examples

• Viviparous – Macropus (kangaroo), Pteropus (flying fox),

camelus (camel), macaca (monkey), ra us (rat), canis (dog),
felis (cat), elephas (elephant), equus (horse), delphinus
(common dolphin), Balaenoptera (blue whale), panthera
gris ( ger), panthera leo (lion)

Taproot system Dicot plants (Mustard)

Fibrous root system Monocot plants (wheat)

Adven ous root system Grass, monstera and the banyan tree

Prop roots Banyan tree

S lt roots Maize, sugarcane

Pneumatophores Rhizophora

Modified stem Potato, ginger, turmeric, zamikand, colocasia

Modified root Sweet potato

Pinnately compound leaf Neem

Palmately compound leaf Silk co on

 Category Examples

Alternate phyllotaxy China rose, mustard and sunflower

Opposite phyllotaxy Calotropis and guava plants

Whorled phyllotaxy Alstonia

Ac nomorphic Mustard, datura, chili

Zygomorphic Pea, gulmohar, bean, cassia

Hypogynous flower, superior

Mustard, china rose, brinjal
ovary

Perigynous flower, half

Plum, peach, rose
inferior ovary

Epigynous flower, inferior

Guava, cucumber
ovary

Valvate aes va on Calotropis

Twisted aes va on China rose, lady’s finger and co on

Imbricate aes va on Cassia and gulmohar

 Category Examples

Vexillary aes va on Pea and bean flowers

Monoaldephous androecium China rose

Dialdephous androecium Pea

Polyaldephous androecium Citrus

Apocarpous gynoecium Lotus and rose

Syncarpous gynoecium Mustard and tomato

Marginal placenta on Pea

Axile placenta on China rose, tomato and lemon

Parietal placenta on Argemone and mustard

Free central placenta on Dianthus and primrose

Basal placenta on Sunflower and marigold

Pigments Carotenoids, anthocyanins

 Category Examples

Alkaloids Morphine, codeine

Terpenoids Monoterpenes, diterpenes

Essen al oils Lemon grass oil

Toxins Abrin, ricin

Lec ns Concanavalin A

Drugs Vinblas n, curcumin

Polymeric substance Rubber, gums, cellulose

Respira on by simple
diffusion (over en re body Lower invertebrates like sponges, coelenterates, flatworms
surface)

Cutaneous respira on Earthworms

Tracheal respira on Insects

Branchial respira on (gills) Most of aqua c arthropods and molluscs

Pulmonary respira on Amphibians, rep les, birds and mammals

 Category Examples

2-chambered heart Fishes

3-chambered heart Amphibians and rep les (except crocodiles)

4-chambered heart Birds and mammals

Ammonotelic animals Many bony fishes, aqua c amphibians and aqua c insects

Ureotelic animals Mammals, many terrestrial amphibians and marine fishes

Uricotelic animals Rep les, birds, land snails and insects

• Protonephridia or flame cells – flatworms (planaria),

ro fers, some annelids and the cephalochordates –
amphioxus

• Nephridia – earthworms and other annelids

Excretory structures

• Malphigian tubules – most of the insects including

cockroaches

• Antennal glands or green glands – crustaceans like

prawns
 Category Examples

Amoeboid movement Amoeba

Coordinated movement of cilia in trachea, passage of ova

Ciliary movement
through the female reproduc ve tracts

Muscular movement Movement of our jaws, limbs, tongue

Swimming of spermatozoa, canal system of sponges,

Flagellar movement
locomo on of protozoans like euglena

Fibrous joints Sutures of skull

Car laginous joints Between the adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column

• Ball and socket joints – between humerus and pectoral

girdle

• Hinge joint – knee joint

Synovial joints
• Pivot joint – between atlas and axis

• Gliding joint – between the carpals

 Category Examples

• Saddle joint – between carpal and metacarpal of thumb

Mul polar neurons In cerebral cortex

Bipolar neurons Re na of eye

Unipolar neurons Usually in the embryonic stage

Pep de, polypep de, protein Insulin, glucagon, pituitary hormones, hypothalamic
hormones hormones

Steroids Cor sol, testosterone, estradiol, progesterone

Iodothyronines Thyroid hormones

Amino-acid deriva ves Epinephrine

Hormones with membrane-

Protein hormones
bound receptors

Hormones with intracellular

Steroid hormones, iodothyronines
receptors

Mul carpellary, syncarpous

Papaver
pis l
 Category Examples

Mul carpellary, apocarpous

Michelia
gynoecium

Presence of one ovule in an

Wheat, paddy, mango
ovary

Presence of many ovules in

Papaya, watermelon, orchids
an ovary

Autogamy Viola (common pansy), oxalis and commelina

Abio c agents of pollina on Wind and water

Animals [bees, bu erflies, beetles, wasp, ants, moths, birds

(sunbird and humming birds), bats, some primates (lemurs)
Bio c agents of pollina on
and arboreal (tree dwelling) rodents, rep les (gecko lizard
and garden lizard)]

Wind pollina on Grasses

• Algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes

Water pollina on • Vallisnaria and hydrilla (grow in fresh water)

• Zostera (grow in marine water)

 Category Examples

Insect or wind pollina on Water hyacinth and water lily

Endosperms completely
consumed by developing
Pea, groundnuts, beans
embryo before seed
matura on

Persistent endosperm Castor and coconut

Albuminous seed Wheat, maize, barley, castor, sunflower

Non-albuminous seed Pea and groundnut

True fruits Most of the fruits

False fruits Apple, strawberry, cashew

Parthenocarpic fruits Banana

Apomixis Asteraceae and grasses

Polyembryony Citrus fruits

• hCG, hPL, Estrogens, Progestogens (by placenta)

Hormones released during
pregnancy
 Category Examples

• Relaxin (by ovary)

• During pregnancy levels of estrogens, progestogens,

cor sol, prolac n, thyroxine are also increased in maternal
blood

• Periodic abs nence

Natural methods of
• Withdrawl or coitus interruptus
contracep on

• Lacta onal amenorrhea

Barrier methods of
Condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults
contracep on

• Non medicated IUDs – Lippes loop

IUDs • Copper releasing IUDs – Cut, Cu7, mul load 375

• Hormone releasing IUDs – Progestasert and LNG-20

Incomplete dominance Dog flower (snap dragon or an rrhinum species)

 Category Examples

Co-dominance ABO blood grouping

Mul ple allelism ABO blood grouping

Pleiotropy Phenylketonuria

Male heterogamety Humans and drosophila (XY)

Female heterogamety Birds (ZW)

Point muta on Sickle cell anemia

Haemophilia, cys c fibrosis, sickle cell anemia,

Mendelian disorders
colourblindness, phenylketonuria, thalassemia

Down’s syndrome, klinefelter’s syndrome, turner’s

Chromosomal disorders
syndrome

Purines Adenine and guanine

Pyrimidines Cytosine, uracil and thymine

• Forelimbs of whales, bats, cheetah, and humans

Homologous structures
(Divergent evolu on)
 Category Examples

• Vertebrate hearts or brains

• Thorns and tendrils of bougainvillea and cucurbita

• Wings of bu erfly and birds

Analogous structures
• Eye of octopus and mammals
(convergent evolu on)

• Flippers of penguins and dolphins

Root modifica on Sweet potato

Stem modifica on Potato

• Darwin finches

Adap ve radia on

• Australian marsupials

Placental mammals Mole, anteater, mouse, lemur, flying squirrel, bobcat, wolf

Marsupial mole, numbat (anteater), marsupial mouse,

Australian mammals spo ed cuscus, flying phalanger, tasmanian ger cat,
tasmanian wolf
 Category Examples

Passive immunity Colostrum, injec on in case of snake bites

Primary lymphoid organs Bone marrow and thymus

Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, peyer’s patches of small

Secondary lymphoid organs
intes ne and appendix

Preda on Prickly pear cactus and cactus feeding predator (a moth)

• Life cycle of human liver fluke

Parasi sm • Malarial parasite

• Cuscuta

Brood parasi sm Cuckoo (koel) and the crow

• Barnacles growing on the back of whale

Commensalism • An orchid growing on as an epiphyte on a mango branch

• Ca le egret and grazing ca le

 Category Examples

• Sea anemone and clown fish

• Lichens – mutualis c rela onship between a fungus and a

photosynthesizing algae or cyanobacteria

Mutualism

• Mycorrhizae – associa on between fungi and roots of

higher plants

Pollina on Between fig tree and wasp

Plants with hallucinogenic

Erythroxylum coca, atropa belladona and datura
proper es

Between superior barnacle balanus and smaller barnacle

Compe on
chathamalus

In situ conserva on Biosphere reserves, na onal parks, wildlife sanctuaries

Ex situ conserva on Zoological parks, botanical gardens and wildlife safari parks