IIT Indore MA 204N – Numerical Methods

Indian Institute of Technology Indore

MA 204N: Numerical Methods
Tutorial Sheet–2: Numerical Integration
Solutions

March 20, 2026

Problem 1. Quadrature Formula Coefficients and Error Term

Problem. Determine the coefficients a, b, c in the quadrature formula
Z x1
f (x) dx = h(af0 + bf1 + cf2 ) + R,
x0

where fi = f (xi ), xi = x0 + ih, i = 0, 1, 2. Prove that the error term R has the form
R = kf (n) (ζ), x0 < ζ < x1 , and determine k and n.
Solution.

Step 1: Method of Undetermined Coefficients

We require the formula to be exact for f (x) = 1, x, x2 (three basis functions, three
unknowns). Without loss of generality set x0 = 0 so that x1 = h and x2 = 2h. After
finding a, b, c we translate back.
Case f (x) = 1:
Z h
1 dx = h =⇒ h(a + b + c) = h =⇒ a + b + c = 1.
0

Case f (x) = x: Here f0 = 0, f1 = h, f2 = 2h.

Z h
h2 h2 1
x dx = =⇒ h(0 · a + h · b + 2h · c) = =⇒ b + 2c = .
0 2 2 2
Case f (x) = x2 : Here f0 = 0, f1 = h2 , f2 = 4h2 .
Z h
h3 h3 1
x2 dx = =⇒ h(0 + h2 b + 4h2 c) = =⇒ b + 4c = .
0 3 3 3
Solving the system:
a + b + c = 1,
b + 2c = 12 ,
b + 4c = 13 .

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IIT Indore MA 204N – Numerical Methods

1 1
Subtracting the second from the third: 2c = 3
− 2
= − 61 , so

1
c=− .
12
1 1 1 1
Then b = 2
− 2(− 12 )= 2
+ 6
= 23 , so

2
b= .
3

And a = 1 − b − c = 1 − 23 + 1
12
= 5
12
, so

5
a= .
12

Hence the formula reads

Z x1  
5 2 1
f (x) dx = h f0 + f1 − f2 + R.
x0 12 3 12

Step 2: Degree of Precision and Error Term

Check f (x) = x3 (set x0 = 0):
h
h4
Z
x3 dx = .
0 4
5 4
· 0 + 23 h3 − 12
1
· 8h = h 23 − 23 h3 = 0 ̸= h4 .
3




RHS = h 12
So the formula is not exact for f (x) = x3 ; hence its degree of precision is 2.
To find the error term, expand f in a Taylor series about x0 :

(x − x0 )2 ′′ (x − x0 )3 ′′′
f (x) = f0 + (x − x0 )f0′ + f0 + f0 + · · ·
2! 3!
Integrate term by term over [x0 , x0 + h]:
Z x1
h2 h3 h4
f (x) dx = hf0 + f0′ + f0′′ + f0′′′ + · · ·
x0 2 6 24

Also expand f1 = f (x0 + h) and f2 = f (x0 + 2h):

h2 ′′ h3 ′′′ h4 (4)
f1 = f0 + hf0′ + f + f0 + f0 + · · · ,
2 0 6 24
2 3
4h 8h 16h4 (4)
f2 = f0 + 2hf0′ + f0′′ + f0′′′ + f + ··· .
2 6 24 0
5
Now compute h(af0 + bf1 + cf2 ) with a = 12 , b = 23 , c = − 12
1
:
Coefficient of f0 : h(a + b + c) = h · 1 =
h. ✓
Coefficient of f0′ : h · h(b + 2c) = h2 23 − 12 2
= h2 · 12 . ✓
2 3 3 3
Coefficient of f0′′ : h · h2 (b + 4c) = h2 32 − 124
= h2 · 31 = h6 . ✓


3 4
h4
Coefficient of f0′′′ : h · h6 (b + 8c) = h6 23 − 128
= 6 · 0 = 0.

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IIT Indore MA 204N – Numerical Methods

So the formula is exact through f0′′′ terms as well (degree 3 coefficient vanishes). Check
(4)
f0 :
(4) 4 5
h5 2
5
Coeff of f0 : h · h24 (b + 16c) = h24 23 − 16
12
= 24 − 3 = − h36 .
h5 (4) h5
Exact integral contributes f
120 0
(from 5!
).
Error:
h5 (4)
 5
13h5 (4)
 
h (4) 5 (4) 1 1 (4) 3 + 10
R= f0 − − f0 = h f0 + = h5 f0 · = f (ζ).
120 36 120 36 360 360
Wait — let us redo this carefully. The error is:
Z x1
R= f dx − h(af0 + bf1 + cf2 ).
x0

Leading error term at order h5 :

 5
h 1 h5 2

(4)
R= · − (− 3 ) f0 + O(h6 )
4! 5 24
Z h
(x − x0 )4 (4) h5 (4) h5 (4)
Exact: f0 dx = f0 = f .
0 4! 5 · 4! 120 0
5 (4) 5 (4) 5 (4)
Formula gives h24 (b + 16c)f0 = h24 · (− 23 )f0 = − h36 f0 .
Therefore:
13h5 (4)
 
1 1 3 + 10 5 (4)
R= + h5 f (4) (ζ) = h f (ζ) = f (ζ), x0 < ζ < x1 .
120 36 360 360

13h5
Hence n = 4 and k = .
360

Problem 2. Generalized Trapezoidal Rule

Problem. Obtain a generalized trapezoidal rule
Z x1
h
f (x) dx = (f0 + f1 ) + ph2 (f0′ − f1′ ).
x0 2
Find p, the error term, and deduce the composite rule over [a, b].
Solution.

Step 1: Determine p by Exactness Condition

Require exactness for f (x) = x3 (set x0 = 0, x1 = h).
Z h
h4
LHS: x3 dx = .
0 4
h h4
RHS: (0 + h3 ) + ph2 (0 − 3h2 ) = − 3ph4 .
2 2
h4 h4 1 1 1 1
Setting equal: = − 3ph4 =⇒ 3p = − = =⇒ p = .
4 2 2 4 4 12
Check with f (x) = 1, x, x2 :

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IIT Indore MA 204N – Numerical Methods

• f = 1: LHS= h, RHS= h2 (2) + 0 = h.✓

h2 h2 h2
• f = x: LHS= 2
, RHS= h2 (0 + h) + 12
(1 − 1) = 2
.✓
h3 h2 h3 h3 h3
• f = x2 : LHS= 3
, RHS= h2 (0 + h2 ) + 12
(0 − 2h) = 2
− 6
= 3
.✓
• f = x3 : Exact by construction.✓
h5 h2 h5 h5 h5 h5
• f = x4 : LHS= 5
, RHS= h2 h4 + 12
(0 − 4h3 ) = 2
− 3
= 6
̸= 5
.
Degree of precision is 3.

Step 2: Error Term

Using Taylor expansions about x0 with t = x − x0 :
t2 ′′ t3 ′′′ t4 (4)
f (x) = f0 + tf0′
+ f0 + f0 + f0 + · · ·
2! 3! 4!
Z h
h2 ′ h3 ′′ h4 ′′′ h5 (4)
f dt = hf0 + f0 + f0 + f0 + f + ···
0 2 6 24 120 0

h2 ′′ h3 ′′′ h4 (4)
 
h h ′
(f0 + f1 ) = 2f0 + hf0 + f0 + f0 + f0 + · · ·
2 2 2 6 24
h2 h3 h4 h5 (4)
= hf0 + f0′ + f0′′ + f0′′′ + f0 + · · ·
2 4 12 48

h2 ′′′ h3 (4)
 
f0′ − f1′ f0′ ′ ′′
= − f0 + hf0 + f0 + f0 + · · ·
2 6
2 3
h h (4)
= −hf0′′ − f0′′′ − f0 − · · ·
2 6
So:
h2 ′ h3 h4 h5 (4)
(f0 − f1′ ) = − f0′′ − f0′′′ − f0 − · · ·
12 12 24 72
Adding:
h2 ′ h2 ′
   
h ′ 1 1 3 ′′ 1 1
(f0 + f1 ) + (f0 − f1 ) = hf0 + f0 + − h f0 + − h4 f0′′′
2 12 2 4 12 12 24
 
1 1 (4)
+ − h5 f0 + · · ·
48 72
h2 h3 h4 h5 (4)
= hf0 + f0′ + f0′′ + f0′′′ + f + ···
2 6 24 144 0
Error:
Z x1
h2 ′
   
h ′ 1 1 (4)
R= f dx − (f0 + f1 ) + (f0 − f1 ) = − h5 f0 + O(h6 ).
x0 2 12 120 144
1 1 144 − 120 24 1
− = = = .
120 144 120 · 144 17280 720

h5 (4)
R= f (ζ), x0 < ζ < x1 .
720
1
This is the Euler–Maclaurin based generalized trapezoidal rule with p = 12
.

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IIT Indore MA 204N – Numerical Methods

Step 3: Composite Rule

Partition [a, b] with xi = a + ih, h = (b − a)/n. Apply the rule on each [xi−1 , xi ]:
Z xi
h h2 ′ ′ h5 (4)
f dx = (fi−1 + fi ) + (fi−1 − fi ) + f (ζi ).
xi−1 2 12 720

Summing over i = 1, . . . , n:
Z b " n−1
# n−1
h X h2 ′ ′ h2 X ′
f dx = f0 + 2 fi + fn + (f0 − fn ) + (fi−1 − fi′ )|telescoping + O(h4 ).
a 2 i=1
12 12 i=1

The derivative terms telescope:

n
X h2 ′ h2 ′
(fi−1 − fi′ ) = (f − fn′ ).
i=1
12 12 0

" n−1
#
b
h2
Z
h X
f (x) dx ≈ f0 + 2 fi + fn + (f0′ − fn′ ),
a 2 i=1
12

(b − a) 4 (4)
with composite error E = − h f (η), a < η < b.
720

Problem 3. Step Length for Composite Trapezoidal Rule

0.2
x2
Z
Problem. For dx, find the largest step length of the form 10−k , 2 × 10−k , 5 ×
0.1 cos x
10−k , 8 × 10−k such that the composite trapezoidal error < 10−6 .
Solution.

Step 1: Error Formula

For the composite trapezoidal rule:

(b − a)h2
|ET | = max f ′′ (x) , a = 0.1, b = 0.2.
12 x∈[a,b]

We need |ET | < 10−6 .

Step 2: Compute f ′′ (x)

x2
Let f (x) = .
cos x
2x cos x + x2 sin x
f ′ (x) = .
cos2 x
d 2x cos x + x2 sin x
 
′′
f (x) = .
dx cos2 x

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IIT Indore MA 204N – Numerical Methods

Using the quotient rule (numerator u, denominator v = cos2 x):

u = 2x cos x + x2 sin x,
u′ = 2 cos x − 2x sin x + 2x sin x + x2 cos x = 2 cos x + x2 cos x,
v = cos2 x, v ′ = −2 cos x sin x = − sin 2x.

′′ u′ v − uv ′ (2 + x2 ) cos x · cos2 x + (2x cos x + x2 sin x) · 2 cos x sin x

f (x) = = .
v2 cos4 x
(2 + x2 ) cos x + 2(2x cos x + x2 sin x) sin x
= .
cos3 x

Step 3: Bound |f ′′ (x)| on [0.1, 0.2]

Since x ∈ [0.1, 0.2] is small, cos x ≈ 1 and sin x ≈ x. Evaluate at x = 0.2 (worst case as
x increases):

cos(0.2) ≈ 0.98007, sin(0.2) ≈ 0.19867.

Numerator ≈ (2 + 0.04)(0.98007) + 2(0.4 · 0.98007 + 0.04 · 0.19867)(0.19867)
≈ 2.04 × 0.98007 + 2(0.39203 + 0.00795)(0.19867)
≈ 1.99934 + 2(0.39998)(0.19867)
≈ 1.99934 + 0.15891 ≈ 2.158.
Denominator = (0.98007)3 ≈ 0.94137.

2.158
|f ′′ (0.2)| ≈ ≈ 2.294.
0.941
So we take M2 = max |f ′′ | ≈ 2.3 (conservative).

Step 4: Required Step Size

(b − a)h2 12 × 10−6 12 × 10−6
M2 < 10−6 =⇒ h2 < = ≈ 5.217 × 10−5 .
12 (0.1)(2.3) 0.23
√
h < 5.217 × 10−5 ≈ 7.22 × 10−3 .

Step 5: Select Largest Valid Step

We test values of the form α × 10−k :

Step h Value ≤ 7.22 × 10−3 ?

8 × 10−3 0.008 No (> 7.22 × 10−3 )

5 × 10−3 0.005 Yes
2 × 10−3 0.002 Yes
−3
10 0.001 Yes

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IIT Indore MA 204N – Numerical Methods

h = 5 × 10−3
is the largest step length of the given form satisfying the error requirement.
Verification: With h = 5 × 10−3 :

(0.1)(25 × 10−6 ) 5.75 × 10−6

|ET | ≤ (2.3) = ≈ 4.79 × 10−7 < 10−6 .✓
12 12
With h = 8 × 10−3 :
(0.1)(64 × 10−6 )
|ET | ≤ (2.3) ≈ 1.23 × 10−6 > 10−6 .×
12

Problem 4. Gaussian-Type Quadrature with Weight Function

Problem. Find a quadrature formula
Z 1
dx
f (x) p = α1 f (0) + α2 f (1/2) + α3 f (1)
0 x(1 − x)
Z 1
dx
exact for polynomials of highest possible degree. Apply it to √ .
0 x − x3
Solution.

Step 1: Compute Moments

1
The weight function is w(x) = p . Using the substitution x = sin2 θ, dx =
p x(1 − x)
2 sin θ cos θ dθ, x(1 − x) = sin θ cos θ:
1 π/2 π/2
xk sin2k θ
Z Z Z
µk = p dx = · 2 sin θ cos θ dθ = 2 sin2k θ dθ.
0 x(1 − x) 0 sin θ cos θ 0

Using the Wallis formula:

2k
π/2


π (2k − 1)!!
Z
2k π k
sin θ dθ = · = · k .
0 2 (2k)!! 2 4

π
µ0 = 2 · = π,
2
π 1 π
µ1 = 2 · · = ,
2 2 2
π 1·3 3π
µ2 = 2 · · = ,
2 2·4 8
π 1·3·5 5π
µ3 = 2 · · = .
2 2·4·6 16

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IIT Indore MA 204N – Numerical Methods

Step 2: Exactness Conditions

f (x) = 1: α1 + α2 + α3 = π.
f (x) = x: 0 · α1 + 12 α2 + α3 = π2 .
f (x) = x2 : 0 · α1 + 41 α2 + α3 = 3π
8
.
From the second and third equations:
1 π 1 3π
α2 + α 3 = , α2 + α3 = .
2 2 4 8
Subtracting: 41 α2 = π8 =⇒ α2 = π2 .
Then α3 = π2 − 12 · π2 = π2 − π4 = π4 .
And α1 = π − π2 − π4 = π4 .

π π π
α1 = , α2 = , α3 = .
4 2 4

Step 3: Check Degree of Precision

f (x) = x3 : 0 + 18 · π
2
+ π
4
= π
16
+ π
4
= 5π
16
= µ3 . ✓
1 π 35π 9π 36π
f (x) = x4 : Formula gives 0+ 16 · 2 + π4 = 32
π
+ 8π
32
= 9π
32
. Exact: µ4 = ̸= = .
128 32 128
Not equal. So degree of precision is 3.
The quadrature formula is:
Z 1  
dx π π 1 π
f (x) p = f (0) + f + f (1).
0 x(1 − x) 4 2 2 4

Step 4: Application
1 1 1
Note that √ =p =p . Rewrite:
x − x3 x(1 − x2 ) x(1 − x)(1 + x)
Z 1 Z 1
dx 1 dx
√ = √ ·p .
0 x − x3 0 1+x x(1 − x)
1
So f (x) = √ .
1+x
Apply the formula:
Z 1
dx π π
π π π 1 π 1
√ ≈ f (0) + f 12 + f (1) = · 1 + · p + ·√ .
0 x−x 3 4 2 4 4 2 3/2 4 2
r
π π 2 π π π π
= + · + √ = +√ + √ .
4 2 3 4 2 4 6 4 2
Numerically:
π
≈ 0.7854,
4
π 3.14159
√ ≈ ≈ 1.2825,
6 2.44949
π 3.14159
√ ≈ ≈ 0.5554.
4 2 5.65685

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IIT Indore MA 204N – Numerical Methods

Approximate value ≈ 0.7854 + 1.2825 + 0.5554 = 2.6233.

Exact value: Using x = sin2 θ:
Z 1 Z π/2
dx dθ
√ =2 √ ,
0 x − x3 0 1 + sin2 θ
which is an elliptic integral 2K(−1) (complete elliptic integral of first kind with parameter
−1) ≈ 2 × 1.3111 = 2.6221.
The approximate value 2.6233 is very close to the exact value 2.6221, confirming
accuracy.

R2
Problem 5. Composite Simpson’s Rule for 1 dx/x
Z 2
dx
Problem. Evaluate using the composite Simpson’s rule accurate up to 10−3 .
1 x
Solution.

Step 1: Error Bound

For composite Simpson’s rule:

(b − a)h4
|ES | = max |f (4) (x)|.
180 x∈[a,b]

For f (x) = 1/x: f (4) (x) = 24/x5 . On [1, 2], max |f (4) | = 24 (at x = 1).

(1)h4 180 × 10−3

(24) < 10−3 =⇒ h4 < = 7.5 × 10−3 =⇒ h < (7.5 × 10−3 )1/4 .
180 24
(7.5 × 10−3 )1/4 = (0.0075)0.25 ≈ 0.2943.
So h ≤ 0.25 (and n must be even). Choose h = 0.25, n = 4 (even). ✓

Step 2: Set Up Nodes

a = 1, b = 2, h = 0.25, n = 4.

x0 = 1, x1 = 1.25, x2 = 1.5, x3 = 1.75, x4 = 2.

2 4
f0 = 1, f1 = 0.8, f2 = 3
≈ 0.666, f3 = 7
≈ 0.57143, f4 = 0.5.

Step 3: Apply Simpson’s Rule

Z 2
dx h
≈ [f0 + 4f1 + 2f2 + 4f3 + f4 ].
1 x 3
0.25
= [1 + 4(0.8) + 2(0.66) + 4(0.57143) + 0.5].
3
0.25
= [1 + 3.2 + 1.3333 + 2.28571 + 0.5].
3
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IIT Indore MA 204N – Numerical Methods

0.25 0.25 × 8.31905 2.07976

= × 8.31905 = = ≈ 0.69325.
3 3 3
Exact value: ln 2 ≈ 0.69315.
Error: |0.69325 − 0.69315| = 0.00010 < 10−3 . ✓
Z 2
dx
≈ 0.6933 (exact: ln 2 ≈ 0.6931).
1 x

Problem 6. Error Formula for Simpson’s Rule via Taylor Expan-

sion
Problem. Derive the error formula for Simpson’s rule using the Taylor expansion tech-
nique given in the problem.
Solution.
Simpson’s rule (over [x0 , x2 ], two subintervals of width h) states:
Z x2
h
f (x) dx = (f0 + 4f1 + f2 ) + RS ,
x0 3

where x1 = x0 + h, x2 = x0 + 2h.

Step 1: Expand the Exact Integral

Using the Taylor series technique from problem statement (with g ′ = f ):
Z x2
(2h)2 ′ (2h)3 ′′ (2h)4 ′′′ (2h)5 (4)
f dx = 2hf0 + f + f + f + f + ···
x0 2! 0 3! 0 4! 0 5! 0

4h3 ′′ 2h4 ′′′ 4h5 (4)

= 2hf0 + 2h2 f0′ + f + f + f + ···
3 0 3 0 15 0

Step 2: Expand f0 , f1 , f2

f0 = f0 ,
h2 ′′ h3 ′′′ h4 (4)
f1 = f0 + hf0′ + f + f0 + f0 + · · · ,
2 0 6 24
3
4h 2h4 (4)
f2 = f0 + 2hf0′ + 2h2 f0′′ + f0′′′ + f + ···
3 3 0

h4 (4)
f0 + 4f1 + f2 = 6f0 + 6hf0′ + 3h2 f0′′ + h3 f0′′′ + f0 + · · ·
4
h2
(Coefficient details: constant: 1 + 4 + 1 = 6; f0′ : 4h + 2h = 6h; f0′′ : 4 · 2
+ 2h2 =
2h + 2h2 = 4h2 ... let me redo carefully.)
2

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IIT Indore MA 204N – Numerical Methods

h2
f0 + 4f1 + f2 = (1 + 4 + 1)f0 + (0 + 4h + 2h)f0′ + (0 + 4 · 2
+ 2h2 )f0′′
h3 3 4 2h4 (4)
+ (0 + 4 · 6
+ 4h3 )f0′′′ + (0 + 4 · h24 + 3
)f0 + · · ·
3 3 4 2h4 (4)
= 6f0 + 6hf0′ + (2h2 + 2h2 )f0′′ + ( 2h3 + 4h3 )f0′′′ + ( h6 + 3
)f0 + ···
4 (4)
= 6f0 + 6hf0′ + 4h2 f0′′ + 2h3 f0′′′ + 5h6 f0 + · · ·
Hence:
h 2 ′ 4h3 ′′ 2h4 ′′′ 5h5 (4)
(f0 + 4f1 + f2 ) = 2hf0 + 2h f0 + f + f + f + ···
3 3 0 3 0 18 0

Step 3: Compute the Error

Z x2
h
RS = f dx − (f0 + 4f1 + f2 )
3
x0 5 5

4h 5h (4)
= − f0 + O(h6 )
15 18
 
5 4 5 (4)
=h − f + O(h6 )
15 18 0
 
5 24 − 25 (4)
=h f0 + O(h6 )
90
5
h (4)
= − f0 + O(h6 ).
90
By the mean value theorem for integrals:
h5 (4)
RS = − f (ζ), x0 < ζ < x2 .
90
This confirms that Simpson’s rule has a local error of order h5 and degree of precision
3.

Problem 7. Deducing Trapezoidal and Simpson’s Rules via New-

ton’s Forward Divided Difference Formula
Problem. Using Newton’s forward divided difference formula, deduce the trapezoidal
and Simpson’s rules.
Solution.

Newton’s Forward Difference Interpolation

x − x0
With equally spaced nodes xi = x0 + ih and t = , dx = h dt:
h
t(t − 1) 2 t(t − 1)(t − 2) 3
f (x) ≈ P (t) = f0 + t∆f0 + ∆ f0 + ∆ f0 + · · ·
2! 3!
Integrating from x0 to x0 + nh (i.e., t from 0 to n):
Z x0 +nh Z n
f dx = h P (t) dt.
x0 0

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IIT Indore MA 204N – Numerical Methods

Trapezoidal Rule (n = 1)
Integrate from t = 0 to t = 1, keeping terms up to ∆f0 :
Z 1    
1 f1 − f 0 h
h (f0 + t∆f0 ) dt = h f0 · 1 + ∆f0 · = h f0 + = (f0 + f1 ).
0 2 2 2
Z x1
h
f dx ≈ (f0 + f1 ).
x0 2

Simpson’s Rule (n = 2)
Integrate from t = 0 to t = 2, keeping terms up to ∆2 f0 :
Z 2 
t(t − 1) 2
h f0 + t∆f0 + ∆ f0 dt.
0 2
Compute each integral:
Z 2
1 dt = 2,
0
Z 2
t dt = 2,
0
Z 2
1 2 2
 
t(t − 1)
Z
1 8 1 2 1
dt = (t − t) dt = −2 = · = .
0 2 2 0 2 3 2 3 3
So: Z x2  
1 2
f dx ≈ h 2f0 + 2∆f0 + ∆ f0 .
x0 3
Now substitute ∆f0 = f1 − f0 , ∆2 f0 = f2 − 2f1 + f0 :
 
1
= h 2f0 + 2(f1 − f0 ) + (f2 − 2f1 + f0 )
3
 
f2 2f1 f0
= h 2f0 + 2f1 − 2f0 + − +
3 3 3
 
f0 4f1 f2
=h + +
3 3 3
h
= (f0 + 4f1 + f2 ).
3
Z x2
h
f dx ≈ (f0 + 4f1 + f2 ).
x0 3

Problem 8. Volume of a Solid of Revolution

Problem. A solid of revolution is formed by rotating the curve through the given points
about the x-axis. Estimate the volume using composite Simpson’s rule.
Solution.

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IIT Indore MA 204N – Numerical Methods

Step 1: Setup
Volume of solid of revolution about the x-axis:
Z 1
V =π [y(x)]2 dx.
0

The data:
x 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
y 1.0000 0.9896 0.9589 0.9089 0.8415
Compute y 2 :
x 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
y 2 1.00000 0.97929 0.91950 0.82608 0.70812
Let us verify:
y02 = (1.0000)2 = 1.00000,
y12 = (0.9896)2 = 0.97929,
y22 = (0.9589)2 = 0.91950,
y32 = (0.9089)2 = 0.82608,
y42 = (0.8415)2 = 0.70812.

Step 2: Apply Composite Simpson’s Rule

h = 0.25, n = 4 (even):
Z 1
h 2
y 2 dx ≈ [y0 + 4y12 + 2y22 + 4y32 + y42 ].
0 3

0.25
= [1.00000 + 4(0.97929) + 2(0.91950) + 4(0.82608) + 0.70812]
3
0.25
= [1.00000 + 3.91716 + 1.83900 + 3.30432 + 0.70812]
3
0.25
= × 10.76860
3
0.25 × 10.76860
=
3
2.69215
=
3
= 0.89738.

Step 3: Compute Volume

Z 1
V =π y 2 dx ≈ π × 0.89738 ≈ 3.14159 × 0.89738 ≈ 2.820.
0

V ≈ 2.820 cubic units (to three decimal places).

Note: The function y = sin x/x satisfies
R 1 the given data (since sin(0)/0 is taken as 1
2
by L’Hôpital), and the exact volume π 0 (sin x/x) dx ≈ 2.819 confirms our answer.

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