Module 4: Intelligent Transport System
Introduction to Intelligent Vehicular Communication –
Evolution, Vehicular Networks and ITS, Vehicular
Communication Standards/ Technologies – DSRC, IEEE
802.11p WAVE, IEEE 1609, IEEE 802.15.7 - Visible Light
Communication (VLC), 4G/5G-Device to Device (D2D), 6G
Cellular Networks and Connected Autonomous Vehicles,
Operational Scenario – Collision Avoidance.
Modes of transport
ROAD. RAIL.
AIR SEA.
Intelligent
Transport
System:
Intelligent Transport System
As per Wikipedia
“An intelligent transportation system is an advanced
application which aims to provide innovative services
relating to different modes of transport and traffic
management, and enable users to be better informed and
make safer, more coordinated, and 'smarter' use of transport
networks.”
Vehicular communication technologies
In-vehicle communication: between the components onboard
Vehicle to vehicle communication(V2V): share information between
vehicles
Vehicle to infrastructure communication(V2I): share information
between vehicle and road side units/internet on the band 5.9 GHz
Vehicle to everything(V2X): to share important data like emergency
conditions to other vehicles, infrastructure, public, etc.
Connected Autonomous Vehicles(CAV): involves V2X, V2V and V2I
Onboard components example
A modern car has nearly 1500 meters of cable and several wireless communication
channels
Instrument cluster, warning lights, lighting, Airbags, MCU, Engine control, fuel control, air-
conditioning control, air purifier, seat control, infotainment systems, mirror control, gear and
transmission control, power steering, power window, wiper control, suspension system,
Automated Braking System, crash detector, Parking sensors, rain sensing, light sensors,
speed sensor, GPS and Navigation system, etc.
Adaptive and cooperative cruise control, power train, battery charging controller, etc.
Keyless entry, mobile phone connectivity, mobile charging, tire pressure, remote control, etc.
Advanced Driver Assistance System, Pedestrian and Road/traffic condition monitoring,
Autonomous driving, etc.
Vehicular Communication Protocols
Wired: USB, CAN, Ethernet, local interconnect network (LIN)
Wireless: Bluetooth, Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment(IEEE 802.11p , IEEE
1609, IEEE 802.15.7 Visible Light Communication (VLC),
V2V: Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET), 4G/5G-Device to Device (D2D), 6G Cellular
Networks
Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE)
Major applications of communication in Challenges in WAVE
vehicular environment is to
1. Noise from engine, motors, spark plug, etc.
Ensure safety
2. Varying Doppler shift and multipath
Intelligent traffic management 3. Channel is frequency and time selective
Improve user comfort 4. Quick channel estimation required
5. Require highly reliable channel with
Between V2V, V2I and V2X minimum latency
6. Fast channel access requirement
Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE)
In 1992, United States started to research the Dedicated Short Range Communication
(DSRC).
From 2004, the concentration of DSRC has been migrating to the IEEE 802.11 standard
group.
DSRC standard is based on the Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) architecture
WAVE is an approved amendment to the IEEE 802.11 standard which is described as
IEEE802.11p
Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE)
Besides the IEEE 802.11p, WAVE also contains the standard IEEE 1609, which
is the upper layer standard.
IEEE 1609 completes the WAVE by standards like
◦ IEEE 1609.2 standard which is responsible for the communication security;
◦ IEEE 1609.3 standard covers the WAVE connection setup and management.
◦ IEEE 1609.4 standard is based on the IEEE 802.11p Physical (PHY) layer and Medium Access Control
(MAC) layer.
LED-Enabled Visible Light Communications
(IEEE TG 802.15.7)
Enables Visual light based communication between
traffic signal lights, vehicle lights
LEDs can be modulated at high switching speed to make the signalling invisible to
human eye
IR-LED can be used in day time
4G/5G network for D2D communication
4G/5G Mobile networks has special feature to enable device to device communication
which offers
Low latency highly reliable, high speed networks capable of connecting devices with
internet and suitable for autonomous driving systems
Use of mobile network for D2D, V2V, V2I eliminates the need of expensive road side
units for communication
The data collected can be processed and shared among stake holders for informed
intelligent decision making
Application of 4G/5G networks for Device to Device Communication
Information sources in 4G/5G based framework
Smartphone/Tablet and/or On-Board Device Vehicle/OBD-II
(ADAS)
• Current and average speed, acceleration,
• MNO-related info, such as (a) Cell-id, LAC, and throttle/boost, coolant temperature
Radio Access Technology (RAT) currently utilized,
(b) Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) • Timings (0–60 Km/h, 0–100 Km/h, 0–1000 m,
and/or Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) etc.)
from the serving Base Stations and/or from the
neighboring ones, etc. • Current and average CO 2 emissions (trip,
overall)
• Information from motion sensors, environmental
sensors, and position sensors, such as • Current and average consumption (trip, overall)
accelerometers, gravity sensors, gyroscopes and
rotational vector sensors, barometers, • Tank level, etc.
photometers, and thermometers, orientation, and
MNO Data
magnetometers sensors.
• Location of Base Stations
• Location and time information (from GPS)
• RAT supported per Base Station (GSM, UMTS,
HSPA, HSPA+, 4G)
Vehicle and fleet
management
systems,
architecture
Benefits of 4G/5G based framework
10–20 % resulting reduced energy >50 % reduced latency
footprint .
Easy integration (availability) . With
20–30 % increased reliability and such a solution , drivers, businesses,
robustness . and public service providers will have
the possibility to communicate with each
30 % increased security, privacy and
other and share useful information.
confidentiality.
30–40 % increased cost-efficiency.
Use case in collision avoidance
Sudden braking of one
vehicle to be communicated
to the vehicle behind
Minimum latency required
In GSM >600ms, 3G >60ms
4G LTE system, car to Car
<20ms using X2 AP protocol
In 5G <10ms
6G Network Features
Key performance indicators (KPIs) for 6G include 1 Tbps peak data
rate, 0.1 ms radio latency, max 1 out million outage reliability, 10
times more energy efficiency, 20 years battery life time, and 100
devices per square meter density.
Key Technologies in 6G
According to the reported 6G programs and technical roadmaps, THz, reconfigurable
intelligent surface (RIS), ISTN, AI and distributed computing have been tipped to be the
most promising candidate technologies for 6G.
THz carrier has very short wavelength and allows dense antenna arrays in small area.
Precise positioning of devices within 1 m without GPS.
Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technology for allowing access to large
number of devices with low latency and high reliability
Key Technologies in 6G
Cell free communication:
Cell sizes will be few tens of meters due to losses. Frequent handover in mobility will be challenging.
In cell free communication large number of access points will be distributed with a central processing
station to serve the mobile devices in large area.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Edge Intelligence (EI): AI tools will be used for resource management,
network control and automation. Heavy computing requirement for CAV and IoT will be offloaded to
Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) for analytics and fast decision making.
Major challenges are in range and transceiver design
Architecture of Connected Autonomous Vehicles in 6G era.
Surface CAV and CUAV s provide a
platform to extend 6G infrastructure
These devices can be converted to CAV
mobile base stations (CBS) and deployed
to provide wider coverage
Connected Autonomous Vehicles in 6G Network Architecture
Thank you