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RECTIFIER

The most important blocks of this system

1. Transformer
2. Rectifier
3. Filter
4. Regulator

Transformer: The transformer is a device that transfers the electrical energy from one circuit to another circuit by changing the voltage level.
Here, in this circuit, a step-down transformer is used that is used to step down the voltage. Generally, it takes the 220V supply as input and provides
12V, 24V, or 6V as the output according to the circuit output requirement. By changing the turns ratio of the transformer, the output voltage can be
changed.

Rectifier Circuit: The rectifier is an electrical or electronic circuit made of PN Junction Diodes. The main function of the rectifier cir-
cuit is to convert the AC supply into a DC supply. It takes the Alternating current or AC power supply as input and gives the direct current
or DC

Filter Circuit: The output of the rectifier circuit cannot provide the pure DC supply. There are some ripple or AC components available in the
DC power supply. To remove those ripples or make the DC supply pure, a filter circuit is used. The output of the rectifier is connected to the input
of the filter circuit

Regulator Circuit: It is the last and most important block of the regulated power supply. The regulator actually does the regulation. Zener diode
can regulate voltage by just connecting it in reverse bias. It always provides a constant DC voltage as its output.
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 Ripple Factor (γ)

v
1. The output (O/P) voltage contains both AC and DC components. The AC component
present in the output is called ripple.
2. Basically, the ripple factor measures the purity of the DC output of a rectifier.
3. The ripple factor measures the percentage of the AC component at the rectifier
output.
4. It is defined as the ratio of the RMS value of the AC (ripple) component to the DC
(average) output.

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 W hat is PIV?

Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) is the maximum reverse voltage that a diode must withstand when it
is reverse- biased is applied in a rectifier circuit.
If the applied reverse voltage exceeds the diode’s PIV rating, the diode may break down and get
damaged. .

1. [Link]- Wave Rectifier

In a half- wave rectifier, the diode conducts during the positive half- cycle and blocks during the
negative half- cycle. During the negative half- cycle, the entire input
peak voltage () appears across the diode in reverse bias.
✅ PIV =Peak Inverse Voltage of half- wave rectifier is equal to maximum input voltage.)
P
IV
=
U
M

2. Full- Wave Rectifier (Center- Tap Transformer) : It's Uses two diodes and
a center- tapped transformer. In each half- cycle, one diode conducts while the other is
reverse biased. The reverse- biased diode sees the entire secondary voltage across it (which
is 2 × V_m, because each half winding can supply up to ).
✅ PIV = 2 per diode =2Vm

3. Bridge Rectifier
Uses 4 diodes in a bridge connection. In each half- cycle, two diodes conduct and two remain
reverse- biased. The reverse- biased diodes only need to block the input peak voltage , not
double.
✅ PIV =
V
m
#
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