DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, NIT CALICUT
[Link]., MA2003E Mathematics III
Tutorial Sheet-7
1. Classify the following second order PDE and state the nature:
• xu xx − yuyy + ( x + 3)uyy = 0; x > 0, y > 0
• u xx + 2u xy + 4uyy = 0
• z xx + 4z xy + 4zyy = 0
• (1 − x )u xx + 2yu xy + (1 + x )uyy = 0
2. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x = 0 and x = L is initially at rest in its
equilibrium position. If it is set vibrating giving to each of its points a velocity λx ( L–x ),
using the Fourier transform find the displacement of the string at any distance x from one
end and at any time t.
3. Solve the boundary value problem:
utt = 4u xx , u(0, t) = u(5, t) = 0, u( x, 0) = 0, ut ( x, 0) = 3 sin(2πx ) − 5 sin(5πx ).
4. Solve the following problems using the Laplace transform:
(i) u x + ut = x, x > 0, t > 0; with u(0, t) = 0, t > 0 and u( x, 0) = 0, x > 0.
(ii) u x + ut + u = 0, x > 0, t > 0; with u(0, t) = 0, t > 0 and u( x, 0) = sin x, x > 0.
(iii) ut = u xx , 0 < x < 2, t > 0; u(0, t) = 0, u(2, t) = 0, u( x, 0) = 3 sin(2πx ).
(iv) u xx − u = 0.
5. Consider the one dimensional wave equation utt = c2 u xx , −∞ < x < ∞ with u( x, 0) =
f ( x ), ut ( x, 0) = 0. Use the Fourier transform to show that u( x, t) = (1/2)[ f ( x − ct) + f ( x +
ct)].
√ 2
6. Show that u( x, t) = (1/ 4πt)e−( x /4t) satisfies the pole ut = u xx , −∞ < x < ∞, t >
0; u( x, 0) = δ( x ), where δ( x ) is the Dirac delta function.
7. Show that the solution to the problem
ut = u xx , x ∈ [0, ∞), t > 0; u( x, 0) = f ( x ), x ∈ [0, ∞); u x (0, t) = 0, t > 0;
R∞ 2
is u( x, t) = (1/π ) −∞ Fc (w)ew t cos(wx )dw, where Fc (w) is the Fourier cosine transform of
f ( x ).
8. What are typical boundary and initial conditions required when using Laplace transforms
to solve PDE, and how do they influence the solution?
9. Solve the 1-D damped wave equation utt + 2γut = c2 u xx , −∞ < x < ∞, t > 0, where
u( x, t) is the displacement, c is the wave speed, γ is the damping coefficient, subject to
u( x, 0) = g( x ), ut ( x, 0) = h( x ), g( x ) and h( x ) are initial displacement and velocity dis-
tributions.
10. Solve the 1-D advection diffusion equation
ut + Cu x = Du xx , −∞ < x < ∞, t > 0,
where u( x, t) represents the concentration of a substance, C is the constant advection speed,
D is the diffusion coefficient subject to u( x, 0) = f ( x ).
11. Solve for ϕ( x, y) in the domain a × b, where the potential ϕ( x, y) is governed by the Laplace
equation ϕxx + ϕyy = 0, 0 < x < a, 0 < y < b, along with the conditions ϕ(0, y) =
v0 , ϕ( a, y) = 0, ϕy ( x, b) = ϕy ( x, 0) = 0.
12. Using the Laplace transform solve the followings:
(i) u x = ut subject to u( x, 0) = x, u(0, t) = t.
(ii) u x − ut = 1 − e−t , 0 < x < 1, t > 0; u( x, 0) = x.
(iii) An infinite long string having one end x = 0 is initially at rest on the x-axis. The end
x = 0 undergoes a periodic transverse displacement given by α sin(nt), t > 0. Find the
displacement of any point on the string at t > 0.
13. Using the Fourier transform solve the followings:
(i) An elastic string of length l, which is fastened at its ends x = 0 and x = 4, is released from
its horizontal position (zero initial displacement) with initial velocity g( x ) given by
(
x, 0 < x < 2,
g( x ) =
0, 2 < x < 4.
Find the displacement of the string at any instant of time.
(ii) Find the solution of the heat equation ut = c2 u xx , 0 < x < π, t > 0, under the boundary
conditions that both ends of the rod are insulated, i.e., u x (0, t) = 0 = u x (t, π ), t > 0 and the
initial conditions u( x, 0) = T, 0 < x < π.
14. Simulate and solve the flow of an incompressible fluid in 2D channel of width W and length
L. Fluid enters the channel with a parabolic velocity profile. The governing equations are
the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations
ut + (u · ∇)u = −∇ρ + v∇2 u, with ∇ · u = 0,
(u = velocity vector, ρ = pressure, v = kinetic viscosity),
BC/IC: Inlet velocity u( x, 0) = U0 (1 − (u/w)2 ), No slip condition at walls u(0, y) = u( L, y) =
0, zero velocity at the outlet.
15. Consider a rectangular plate with dimensions a × b. The steady state temperature distribu-
tion u( x, y) across the plate is governed by the Laplace equation u xx + uyy = 0, 0 < x <
a, 0 < y < b, where u( x, y) is the temperature at a point ( x, y) on the plate.
BC: The left boundary (x = 0) is maintained at a fixed temperature u(0, y) = T0 .
The right boundary (x = a) is kept at another fixed temperature u( a, y) = T1 .
The top (y = b) and bottom (y = 0) boundaries are insulated, so uy ( x, 0) = 0 and uy ( x, b) =
0.
Solve for u( x, y) across the entire plate.
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