Examples- AM

Communications Principles
(EE 322)

Dr. Mohamed Ouda

Electrical Engineering Department
College of Engineering
Al-Majmaa University
Example 1

An audio signal 15 sin(2π 1500 t) amplitude modulate a

carrier=60 sin(2π 100,000 t)
a) Sketch the audio signal
b) Sketch the carrier
c) Construct the modulated signal
d) Determine the modulation index Percent modulation
e) What are the frequencies of the audio signal and the carrier
f) What frequencies would show up in a spectrum analysis of
the modulated wave?
 Example 1 Solution
a) audio signal
b) the carrier
c) the modulated signal
d) Modu. index Am
m  15 / 60  0.25
Ac
e) percentage of modulation
=m*100%=25%
f) fm=1500Hz
fc=100,000Hz
a) fc, fc+fm, fc-fm
=100kHz, 101.5KHz,
98.5KHz
Example 2
For a conventional AM modulator with a carrier freq of
fc = 100 kHz and the maximum modulating signal
frequency of fmmax = 5 kHz, determine:
a) Freq limits for the upper and lower sidebands.
b) Bandwidth.
c) Upper and lower side frequencies produced when the
modulating signal is a single-freq 3-kHz tone.
d) Draw the output freq spectrum.
Example 2 Solution
• Given fc = 100 kHz and fm(max = 5 kHz:
Freq limits for the upper and lower sidebands.
Fupper= fc+ fm(max)= 100 kHz + 5 kHz= 105 kHz
Flower= fc- fm(max)= 100 kHz - 5 kHz= 95 kHz
Bandwidth.
B=2*fm(max)=10 kHz
Upper and lower side frequencies produced when the modulating signal is a single-
freq 3-kHz tone.
Fupper= fc+ fm= 100 kHz + 3 kHz= 103 kHz
Flower= fc- fm= 100 kHz 1 - 3 kHz= 97 kHz
Draw the output freq spectrum.

97 100 103
 Example 3
• Suppose that Vmax value read on an oscilloscope screen is 4.6 divisions
and Vmin is 0.7 divisions. Calculate the modulation index (modulation
sensitivity) and percentage of modulation.
• Solution A
m m 
Ac
1 1
Am  ( Amax  Amin ) ( Amax  Amin )
2 ( A  Amin )
m 2  max
( Amax  Amin ) ( Amax  Amin )
1 1
Ac  ( Amax  Amin )
2 2
( 4 .6  0 .7 )
m  0.735
( 4 .6  0 .7 )
• percentage of modulation =m*100%=73.5%
Example 4
• How many AM broadcast station can be a accommodated in a 100-khz
bandwidth if the highest frequency modulated carrier is 5 kHz.
Solution
• number of stations= total bandwidth/ 2*BW
=(100*103)/(10*103)=10 stations
 Example 5
• For the AM waveform shown in Figure below, determine
a) Peak amplitude of the upper and lower side frequencies.
b) Peak amplitude of the unmodulated carrier.
c) Peak change in the amplitude of the envelope.
d) Modulation index.
e) Percent modulation.

+Vmax = Ec + Eusb + Elsb

+Vmin = Ec – Eusb – Elsb
-Vmax = -Ec - Eusb - Elsb
-Vmin = -Ec + Eusb + Elsb
Example 6
Determine the power content of the currier and each of the sidebands for
an AM signal having a percentage modulation of 80% and a total power of
2500 W.
Solution 2 2
m m
Pt  Pc  Pc  Pc
4 4
(0.8) 2
2500  Pc  ( Pc )  1.32 Pc
2
Pc  1898.3W

Pusb+plsb=2500-1898.3=606.1W
Pusb=plsb=303.05W
 Example 7
Verify that the message signal
m(t) is recovered from DSB
signal by first multiplying it
by a local sinusoidal and
then passing the resultant signal through a lower-pass filter in a
time domain and in the frequency domain.
Solution
 Example 8
Evaluate the effect of a phase error
in the local oscillator on synchronous DSB demodulation as shown.
Solution
Let the phase error be ϕ, then the local carrier is expressed as 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + ∅).
Now

then

𝜋
The output is completely lost when ∅ = ±
2
 Example 9

Show that a synchronous demodulator can demodulate an AM signal 𝑥𝑎𝑚 𝑡 =

𝐴 + 𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡
Solution
From the fig.

Hence after the low pass filter

A blocking capacitor will suppress the direct-current term (A/2).

 Example 10

• A SSB signal contains 1KW. How much power is contained in the

sidebands and how much at the carrier frequency?

Solution
In a SSB transmission, the carrier and one of the sidebands eliminated.
Therefore, all the transmitted power is transmitted at one of the sidebands
regardless of the percent modulation. Thus
Pssb=1Kw
Pc=0W
Example 11
For an AM DSBFC wave with a peak unmodulated carrier voltage Vc =
10 Vp, frequency of 100kHz, a load resistor of RL = 10 , frequency
of modulating signal of 10kHz and m = 1,
a) determine the following
i) Powers of the carrier and the upper and lower sidebands.
ii) Total power of the modulated wave.
iii) Bandwidth of the transmitted wave.
iv) Draw the power and frequency spectrum.

b) For the same given values, determine questions (ii)-(iv) for a AM

DSB-SC, AM SSB-FC and AM SSB-SC systems. Determine also the
percentage of power saved in each of the system design.
Example 11..cont’d
 Solution for DSBFC;
i)
2
(V / 2 ) V (10) 2 2

P c
  5W c

2 R 2 10
c
R
mP 2

P P 
usb lsb
 1.25W c

ii)
4
m m 2 2

P P 
t c
P P c c
4 4
1 12 2

 5  (5)  (5)  7.5W

4 4
iii) Bandwidth=2xfmmax=2(10kHz)=20kHz
Example 11..cont’d

• Solution : For DSB-SC

Power  7.5W  2.5W
ii) m 2
m 2
saved

P 
t
P c
P c  5W
4 4
2
1 1 2
5W
 (5)  (5)  2.5W % Power  x100%
4 4 saved
7.5W
 66.67%
iii)Bandwidth=2xfmmax=2(10kz)=20kHz

iv)

90kHz 110kHz
Example 11..cont’d

• Solution: For SSB-FC

m  7.5W  6.25W
2
ii) P P P
Powersaved

 1.25W
t c c
4
12

 5  (5)  6.25W 1.25W

4 % Power saved
 x100%
7.5W
iii)Bandwidth=fmmax=10kHz  16.67%

iv)

fc-fm 100kHz 110kHz

Example 11..cont’d
Solution : For SSB-SC
ii) m 2
Power  7.5W  1.25W
P  P saved

 6.25W
t c
4
12

 (5)  1.25W 6.25W

4 % Power saved
 x100%
7.5W
iii) Bandwidth=fmmax=10kHz  83.33%

iv)

fc-fm 110kHz
fc
Example 12
• An AM standard broadcast receiver is to be designed having an
intermediate frequency (IF) of 455 kHz.
• A) calculate the required frequency that the local oscillator should be at
when the receiver is tuned to 540KHz it the local oscillator tracks above
the frequency of the receiver signal
• B) Repeat (a) if the local oscillator tracks below the frequency of the
receiver signal.

Solution
• Given fIF= 455 kHz, fc=540kHz
a) Solving for the upper side
fIF=fc – fLO fLO =fIF+fc = 455 kHz + 540kHz
= 995 kHz
b) Solving for the lower side
fIF=fc –fLO = 540kHz- 455 kHz= 85 kHz