� 1) BASIC ELECTRONICS – 20 Important Ques�ons
1. What is a semiconductor?
A material whose conduc�vity lies between conductor and insulator. Example: Silicon.
2. What is P-type semiconductor?
Formed by adding trivalent impurity; majority carriers are holes.
3. What is N-type semiconductor?
Formed by adding pentavalent impurity; majority carriers are electrons.
4. What is PN junc�on?
Junc�on formed by joining P-type and N-type materials.
5. What is barrier poten�al?
Voltage required to overcome deple�on region (Si ≈ 0.7V).
6. What is a diode?
Two-terminal device allowing current in one direc�on.
7. What is Zener diode used for?
Voltage regula�on.
8. What is rec�fier?
Circuit conver�ng AC to DC.
9. What is ripple?
Unwanted AC component in rec�fier output.
10. What is transistor?
Three-terminal device used for amplifica�on and switching.
11. Regions of BJT?
Cutoff, Ac�ve, Satura�on.
12. What is current gain (β)?
β = Ic / Ib.
13. Difference between BJT and FET?
BJT → current controlled; FET → voltage controlled.
14. What is MOSFET?
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor.
15. What is Ohm’s Law?
V = IR.
16. What is RMS value?
Equivalent DC value of AC (Vrms = Vmax/√2).
17. What is amplifier?
Device that increases signal strength.
18. What is Op-Amp?
High gain differen�al amplifier IC like IC 741.
19. What is logic gate?
Circuit performing Boolean opera�on.
20. Why CE amplifier is widely used?
High voltage gain and moderate impedance.
� 2) ANALOG ELECTRONICS – 20 Important Ques�ons
1. What is cut-in voltage?
Minimum voltage required for diode conduc�on.
2. What is Zener breakdown?
Breakdown in heavily doped diode at low voltage.
3. What is ripple factor?
Ra�o of AC component to DC component.
4. What is thermal runaway?
Increase in temperature causing increase in collector current leading to damage.
5. What is Q-point?
Opera�ng point (Ic, Vce) without input signal.
6. Most stable biasing method?
Voltage divider bias.
7. What is Early effect?
Base width varia�on due to collector voltage.
8. What is pinch-off voltage?
Voltage where FET current saturates.
9. What is transconductance (gm)?
gm = Ic / Vt.
10. What is bandwidth?
Difference between upper and lower cutoff frequency.
11. What is -3dB frequency?
Gain becomes 0.707 of maximum.
12. What is nega�ve feedback?
Feeding part of output back to input to improve stability.
13. Advantages of nega�ve feedback?
Reduced distor�on, increased bandwidth.
14. What is oscillator?
Circuit genera�ng AC signal without input.
15. State Barkhausen criterion.
Loop gain = 1 and phase shi� = 0°/360°.
16. What is CMRR?
Common Mode Rejec�on Ra�o.
17. What is slew rate?
Max rate of change of output voltage.
18. Classes of power amplifier?
Class A, B, AB, C.
19. Which class has highest efficiency?
Class C.
20. What causes distor�on?
Improper biasing and non-linearity.
� 3) DIGITAL ELECTRONICS – 20 Important Ques�ons
1. What is binary number system?
Base 2 number system.
2. What is 2’s complement?
1’s complement + 1 (used for nega�ve numbers).
3. What is universal gate?
NAND and NOR.
4. State De Morgan’s theorem.
(A+B)’ = A’B’, (AB)’ = A’+B’.
5. What is K-map?
Graphical method for simplifying Boolean expressions.
6. What is combina�onal circuit?
Output depends only on present input.
7. What is sequen�al circuit?
Output depends on present input and previous state.
8. What is flip-flop?
1-bit memory element.
9. Types of flip-flops?
SR, JK, D, T.
10. What is race condi�on?
Occurs in JK FF when J=K=1.
11. What is register?
Group of flip-flops.
12. What is counter?
Circuit that counts pulses.
13. Difference between synchronous and asynchronous counter?
Synchronous uses same clock; asynchronous uses ripple clock.
14. What is setup �me?
Minimum �me input stable before clock edge.
15. What is hold �me?
Minimum �me input stable a�er clock edge.
16. What is propaga�on delay?
Time for output to respond.
17. What is ADC?
Analog to Digital Converter.
18. What is DAC?
Digital to Analog Converter.
19. What is FPGA?
Field Programmable Gate Array (e.g., Xilinx Spartan-6).
20. What is fan-out?
Number of gates driven by one output.
� 4) COMMUNICATION SYSTEM – 20 Important Ques�ons
1. What is communica�on system?
System transferring informa�on from sender to receiver.
2. What is modula�on?
Varying carrier according to message signal.
3. Why modula�on required?
Increase range, reduce antenna size.
4. What is AM?
Amplitude varies with message.
5. Bandwidth of AM?
BW = 2fm.
6. What is FM?
Frequency varies with message.
7. Carson’s rule?
BW = 2(Δf + fm).
8. Advantage of FM over AM?
Less noise.
9. What is SNR?
Signal-to-Noise Ra�o.
10. What is Nyquist rate?
Minimum sampling rate = 2fm.
11. What is PCM?
Pulse Code Modula�on.
12. Steps in PCM?
Sampling, Quan�za�on, Encoding.
13. What is ASK?
Amplitude Shi� Keying.
14. What is PSK?
Phase Shi� Keying.
15. What is QAM?
Quadrature Amplitude Modula�on.
16. What is Shannon capacity?
C = B log₂(1+S/N).
17. What is mul�plexing?
Mul�ple signals over single channel.
18. What is cellular system?
Area divided into cells.
19. What is 5G?
Ultra-low latency high-speed network.
20. What is geosta�onary satellite?
Satellite rota�ng with Earth (e.g., ISRO satellites).
� 5) MICROCONTROLLER & EMBEDDED – 20 Important Ques�ons
1. What is microcontroller?
Single-chip system with CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O.
2. Difference between microprocessor & microcontroller?
Microcontroller has built-in peripherals.
3. What is 8051?
8-bit MCU developed by Intel.
4. RAM in 8051?
128 bytes.
5. What is interrupt?
Signal that halts CPU to execute ISR.
6. What is PIC?
Programmable Interface Controller by Microchip Technology.
7. What is RISC?
Reduced Instruc�on Set Computer.
8. What is ARM?
Advanced RISC Machine architecture.
9. What is embedded system?
System for dedicated func�on.
10. What is real-�me system?
System responding within fixed �me.
11. What is UART?
Serial communica�on protocol.
12. What is SPI?
Full duplex master-slave protocol.
13. What is I2C?
Two-wire communica�on protocol.
14. What is CAN?
Automo�ve communica�on protocol.
15. What is PWM?
Pulse Width Modula�on.
16. What is watchdog �mer?
Resets MCU if program hangs.
17. What is bootloader?
Program that loads firmware.
18. What is JTAG?
Debugging interface.
19. Why pull-up resistor used?
Avoid floa�ng input.
20. What is RTOS?
Real-Time Opera�ng System.
� 6) NETWORKING & TELECOM – 20 Important Ques�ons
1. What is LAN?
Local Area Network.
2. What is OSI model?
7-layer reference model by Interna�onal Organiza�on for Standardiza�on.
3. What is IP address?
Logical address of device.
4. IPv4 vs IPv6?
32-bit vs 128-bit.
5. What is MAC address?
48-bit physical address.
6. What is TCP?
Reliable transport protocol.
7. What is UDP?
Connec�onless fast protocol.
8. What is HTTP?
HyperText Transfer Protocol.
9. What is DNS?
Domain to IP conversion.
10. What is router?
Connects different networks.
11. What is switch?
Connects devices in same network.
12. What is ARP?
Maps IP to MAC.
13. What is Wi-Fi?
Wireless LAN based on IEEE 802.11.
14. What is firewall?
Filters network traffic.
15. What is VPN?
Secure virtual network.
16. What is NAT?
Network Address Transla�on.
17. What is OFDM?
Orthogonal Frequency Division Mul�plexing.
18. What is MIMO?
Mul�ple Input Mul�ple Output.
19. What is spectrum alloca�on?
Frequency band assignment regulated by Telecom Regulatory Authority of India in India.
20. What is QoS?
Quality of Service.