REVIEWER IN RPH (MIDTERM) Reason: It was a Sunday during Lent when the Gospel
and liturgical Office focused on St. Lazarus (John 11), the
MODULE 6 story of Lazarus being raised from the dead.
Renaming of Homonhon:
THE FIRST CATHOLIC MASS IN THE PHILIPPINES
Magellan renamed the island as the “Watering Place of
Date: March 31, 1521 (Easter Sunday).
Good Omen” because of the fresh water springs and the
Administrator: Father Pedro de Valderrama. positive signs of wealth.
Historical Significance: ● historian believe that Butuan was not the site of
first mass in the Philippines because Butuan is a
- Marks the birth of Roman Catholicism in the
riverine settlement, situated on the Agusan
Philippines.
River.
- Considered the birthplace of the Church in the
Philippines. R.A. No. 2733 declared Barangay Magallanes in
Limasawa, Southern Leyte as the site of the first mass
Historians have differing accounts about the exact
location: MODULE 7
1. Limasawa, Southern Leyte
THE 1872 CAVITE MUTINY AND THE MARTYRDOM OF
2. Masao, Butuan City GOMBURZA IS HISTORIC EVENT IN THE PHILIPPINE
HISTORY
TWO PRIMARY SOURCES THAT HISTORIANS REFERRED
TO IN IDENTIFYING THE SITE OF THE FIRST MASS The Cavite Mutiny:
Francisco Albo's Logbook: ▪ A revolt by Filipino troops and workers at the
Who: A pilot of Magellan’s ship, Trinidad. Cavite arsenal.
▪ Albo was one of the 18 survivors who returned Reason for Uprising:
to Spain with Sebastian Elcano aboard the ▪ Removal of privileges such as exemption from
Victoria.
tribute and forced labor.
▪ His logbook provides a recorded account of the
▪ The mutiny was quickly suppressed by Spanish
voyage, including information about the first
authorities.
Mass.
The Martyrdom of GOMBURZA:
Antonio Pigafetta’s Account (Primo viaggio intorno al
mondo - First Voyage Around the World):
▪ Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto
Who: An Italian chronicler and member of Magellan’s Zamora — Filipino priests advocating for
expedition. reforms and equality for the clergy.
▪ A detailed eyewitness account of the journey, ▪ They were prominent Filipino priest charged
including descriptions of the first Mass. with TREASON AND SEDITION.
▪ Considered the more comprehensive source Why They Were Executed:
compared to Albo's log.
▪ Accused of conspiring with the mutineers,
NAMING OF THE ARCHIPELAGO: despite a lack of concrete evidence.
Ferdinand Magellan named the islands “Islands of Saint ▪ executed by garrote.
Lazarus.” • Witness:
▪ The execution was allegedly witnessed by a ▪ is a public statement made about an earlier
young Jose Rizal, profoundly shaping his statement that withdraws, cancel, refutes, or
nationalist sentiments. reverse the original statement or ceases and
desist from publishing the original statement.
Execution Date:
MORENO
February 17, 1872.
- (NAP Manuscript A-6, Doc. 1) presents another
eyewitness account of what transpired in Rizal’s
PARDO DE TAVERA prison cell before he was executed.
- The most serious and obvious discrepancy is
▪ A Filipino scholar and researcher who wrote a that Moreno never mentioned Fr. Balaguer in
Filipino version of the bloody incident in Cavite. his report.
- Moreno also reported that minutes before
▪ He also said that the incident was merely a RIZAL was brought to Luneta, he heard Mass,
mutiny (defiance) by the native Filipino soldiers confessed to Fr. March, received Holy
and laborers of the Cavite arsenal who turned Communion, and kissed the image of the
out to be dissatisfied with the abolition of their Blessed Mother. All these acts suggest, and may
privileges. be considered evidence supporting the claim,
that Rizal died a Catholic.
JOSE MONTERO Y VIDAL
Imprisonment in Death Row:
▪ He is prolific Spanish historian and documented
- Jose Rizal spent his final day in Fort Santiago on
the event about an attempt of the Indios to December 29–30, 1896.
overthrow the Spanish government in the - Accompanied by his counsel, Señor Taviel de
Philippines. Andrade, and Jesuit priests Fathers Vilaclara
EDMUND PLAUCHUT and March.
Significant Events:
▪ Confirmed that the event happened due to
discontentment of the arsenal workers and Refusal to Retract: Initially refused to sign a prepared
soldiers in Cavite fort. retraction of his writings and beliefs but later signed a
document he personally wrote.
GOVERNOR RAFAEL DE IZQUIERDO
Final Farewells:
▪ Magnified the incident and used it as an excuse
to clamp down on those Filipinos who had been ▪ Rizal said goodbye to his mother Teodora
calling for governmental reform. Alonzo and his sisters with strength and
JOSE RIZAL composure.
▪ Married his lover, Josephine Bracken, in an in
▪ Dedicating his second novel, EL
articulo mortis (point of death) ceremony.
FILIBUSTERISMO, to the memory of three
priest. Religious Observances:
MODULE 8 ▪ Spent his final hours in prayer, reading Acts of
Faith, Hope, and Charity and other prayers.
JOSE RIZAL’S RETRACTION
▪ Attended two masses and received communion.
RETRACTION
Last Meal:
o Ate some chicken and poached egg, as
▪ The Cry of Balintawak (Filipino: Sigaw ng
his final meal.
Balíntawak, Spanish: Grito de Balíntawak), was
▪ At 7:30 AM, Rizal left for his execution site, the beginning of the Philippine Revolution
against the Spanish Empire.
handcuffed and accompanied by Jesuits, his
counsel, and military officials. ● The Cry of Rebellion marked the start of the
Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial
▪ Kissed a holy picture of the Virgin Mary given by
rule.
Father March.
● Occurred in August 1896, northeast of Manila,
FR. BALAGUER’S AFFIDAVIT VS. MORENO’S REPORT as Filipinos declared open rebellion.
● Fr. Balaguer’s Claim: ● Journalists referred to this revolutionary start as
“El Grito de Rebelion.”
▪ Claimed he met with Rizal three times on
December 29, 1896 and was instrumental in Historical Significance:
convincing Rizal to sign the retraction 1. Symbol of Independence Struggle:
document.
o Similar revolutionary events occurred
● Moreno’s Report: across Spanish colonies during the late
19th century, highlighting widespread
▪ Never mentioned Fr. Balaguer as being resistance to colonial powers.
present in Rizal’s prison cell.
2. Markers of Filipino Resistance:
▪ Identified only Fr. Jose Vilaclara and Fr.
o Symbolized Filipino determination to
Estanislao March as the Jesuits involved.
fight for freedom and the beginning of
the nationalistic revolution.
1935
- This year, the document was signed by Rizal, Controversy Around the Event:
Juan del Fresno, and Señor Maure — the same
1. Date and Place:
signatories found in the retraction document
discovered. o Disagreements exist about when and
where the Cry occurred.
ARCHBISHOP
o Historian Teodoro Agoncillo links it to
- FR. BERNARDINO NOZALEDA AND FR. PIO PI’S
Bonifacio’s tearing of the cedula, a
instructions were clear that Rizal should not be
symbolic act of defiance.
given the sacraments unless he retracted his
anti-Catholic beliefs. 2. Himno de Balintawak:
JOSEPHINE BRACKEN o Commissioned by Emilio Aguinaldo to
honor the struggle and reignite
- Married Rizal’s before his execution
revolutionary fervor after the failure of
SEÑOR TAVIEL DE ANDRADE the Pact of Biak-na-Bato.
- Rizal’s defense counsel GUILLERMO MASANGKAY’S ACCOUNT OF THE CRY OF
BALINTAWA
MODULE 9
Key Event:
CRY IN BALINTAWAK OR PUGAD LAWIN
● Date: August 26, 1896
● Location: House of Apolonio Samson, o The first meeting of 500 Katipunan
Balintawak, Caloocan members took place at Apolonio
Samson’s house in Kangkong.
Participants:
o No major decisions were made during
● Andres Bonifacio (presiding leader)
this meeting, and it was primarily a
● Emilio Jacinto (acting secretary) place for exchanging views.
Discussion: 4. August 23, 1896:
● Purpose: To decide when to start the revolution o The more significant meeting occurred
against the Spanish colonial government. at Pugad Lawin, Juan Ramos’ house.
Over 1,000 members of the Katipunan
● Teodoro Plata, Briccio Pantas, and Pio
debated whether or not to begin the
Valenzuela opposed starting the revolution too
revolution on August 29, 1896.
early.
o Tearing of cedulas and shouting "Long
● Andres Bonifacio strongly advocated for an
live the Philippines!" signified the
immediate uprising, citing the discovery of the
formal declaration of the revolt.
Katipunan and the imminent danger to their
lives.
Bonifacio’s Fiery Speech:
● Addressing the people outside the meeting:
o Recalled the execution of Filipinos in From the eyewitness accounts presented, there is
Bagumbayan and the looming threat of indeed marked disagreement among historical
Spanish retribution. witnesses as to the place and time of the occurrence of
Cry. Using primary and secondary sources, four places
o Declared, “If we don’t start the uprising,
and date have been identified:
the Spaniards will get us anyway.”
FOUR PLACES THAT ARE IDENTIFIED AS THE PLACE OF
● Bonifacio urged the people to destroy and
THE CRY
tearing their cedulas, symbolizing their rejection
of Spanish rule and servitude, tearing the same ▪ The event is traditionally associated with
means the start of our fight for freedom and
Balintawak, but Valenzuela mentions other
independence.
locations including Kangkong, Pugad Lawin, and
● People collectively shouted, “Revolt!” and tore Bahay Toro.
their cedulas as a pledge of defiance.
THE FOUR DATES OF THE CRY
PIO VALENZUELA’S ACCOUNT OF THE CRY OF
August 23, 1896
BALINTAWAK
August 24, 1896
1. August 19, 1896:
August 25, 1896
o Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto,
Procopio Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, and August 26, 1896
Aguedo del Rosario arrive at
Balintawak. MODULE 10
2. August 20, 1896: AGRARIAN REFORM POLICIES
o Pio Valenzuela arrives at Balintawak. Agrarian Reform
3. August 22, 1896:
- Agrarian reform is centered on the relationship 4. Pueblo Agriculture and Land Use:
between the production and the distribution of
o Under pueblo agriculture, rural
land among farmers.
communities were organized by the
- It is also focused on the political and economic
Spanish into towns (pueblos), where
class character of the relations of the
families were assigned land but could
production and distribution in farming and
not own it. Land was technically owned
related enterprises, and how these connect to
by the King of Spain, and Filipinos
the wider class structure.
merely cultivated it, paying tribute and
LANDOWNERSHIP IN THE PHILIPPINES UNDER SPAIN living in servitude to the colonial
system.
● The Hacienda System emerged in the early 19th
century in the Philippines as part of the Spanish LANDOWNERSHIP IN THE PHILIPPINES UNDER
colonial economic policies. This system was a AMERICANS
key element of the transition towards a
The Americans recognized landlessness as a key cause
capitalist economy, with the Philippines
of social unrest in the Philippines and took steps to
becoming an exporter of raw materials while
address the issue through land reforms aimed at
importing goods from other countries.
increasing land ownership among Filipino farmers and
tenants.
Key Elements of the Hacienda System: The Philippine Bill of 1902 established regulations for
the disposal of public lands, allowing private individuals
1. Agricultural Exports:
to own up to 16 hectares and corporations 1,024
o The system was driven by global market hectares. The bill also granted Americans the right to
demands for agricultural products, own agricultural land in the Philippines.
prompting the shift towards large-scale
Land Registration Act of 1902 (Act No. 496) introduced
agricultural estates (haciendas) for
the Torrens system, which was designed to simplify land
export purposes.
title registration, eliminate disputes over land
2. Land Ownership: ownership, and improve land surveys.
o In the 1860s, Spain mandated the Homestead Program was launched, enabling Filipino
registration of land holdings, but this tenants to acquire up to 16 hectares of agricultural land.
system primarily benefitted those who
Republic Act No. 1199 or the Agricultural Tenancy Act
were aware of the process, often at the
expense of the local peasant families Republic Act No. 3844 Agricultural Land Reform Code
who were assigned land during earlier
colonization phases. The land was
largely controlled by wealthy
landowners, not the Filipino peasants
working on it.
3. Transition from the Encomienda System:
o The encomienda system was an abusive
form of land control where Filipinos
worked land owned by the Spanish
crown, paying tribute in the form of
agricultural goods. This system was
marked by exploitation, with low prices
paid for crops, and forced services
unrelated to farming.