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Topics
• Operating system.
• Function and component of
OS
• Process and program.
• Operating system is also known as OS. It is a
system s/w and act as a interface between user
of a computer and computer hardware. Os is a
set of programs and manage all the processes
and resources present in the system. it takes
input from the keyboard, mouse and
coordinates with the hardware to display it on
the screen, OS helps us to communicate with
the computer.
• OS is the first program load in the computer
which runs all other s/w and programs. It is not
possible for the user to use any computer or
mobile device without having an OS without an
OS a computer is useless.
Characteristics of OS
• Scheduling
• Memory management
• Security
• File management
• Device management
• Interact with different software
Components of OS
• Kernel
• Shell
• File system
• Device drivers
• System utilities
• user interface
Components of OS
• Kernel: core part of the OS that has complete
control over everything that occur in the system.
Major functions of kernel:
• Process management: handle the creation,
scheduling and termination of the process.
• Memory management: manage the system
memory including allocation and de-allocation.
• Device management: manages input/ output
devices and their communication.
• File system management: manage file storage
and organization.
Components of OS
• Shell: the user interface that provide a
way to interact with operating system. It
can be a command line based (CLI) and
graphical.
Major functions of Shell:
• Command interpretation: accept and
interpreted user command.
• Script execution: execute script and
program.
• User interaction: provide an interface for
user interaction with the system.
Components of OS
• File system: manage how data is stored,
organized and accessed on storage devices.
Major functions of file system:
• File organization: organize files and
directories.
• File access: provided mechanism for file
creation, reading writing and deletion.
• File metadata: manage file attributes
complete structure such as Size,
permission.
Components of OS
• Device drivers: the device drivers are
specialized s/w components that
allow to OS to communicate with
H/D devices
Major functions of device drivers:
• H/D communication: translate OS
command into device-specified
operation.
• Device management: handles the
operation of devices such as printer a
keyboard and storage devices.
Components of OS
• User interface: the part of the OS
that interact with user.
Major functions of user interface:
• Graphical interface: provide visual
elements like windows ,icons and
menu.
• Command line interface: provide a
text based interface for issuing
command.
Components of OS
• System Utilities: Tools and programs
that help manage and maintain the
system.
Major functions of system utilities:
• Maintenance task: perform task like disc
cleanup, system monitoring and
configuration.
• Command line interface: track system
performance and resource usage.
Process and program:
• A program is a file containing code
to perform a task
• A process is a program execution.
HISTORY AND EVOLUTION
OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
Earlier operating systems were not there
With the development of technology, os have also been
introduced
Earlier in the 1940s, the computer systems used to work
on the programs.
The users used to input the programs in the machine
hardware by using the micro switches
In the year 1950, some new technologies were
developed .
These technologies were introduced inorder to make
the interaction between the user and the computer
system easier.
In the year 1956 the first OS was introduced
It was introduced to make the IBM mainframe computer
to run.
It was introduced by general motors
In 1964 first OS program was written
In 1969 UNIX developed
In 1973 xerox alto was introduced but it was not
commercially very successful.
In 1978 Apple dos was introduced
In 1981 MS dos was introduced
In 1987 MS dos windows introduced
In 1988 next STEP was introduced
In 1991 LINUX was introduced
In 1992 windows 3.1 was introduced
In 1995 windows 95 was introduced
In 1998 windows 98 was introduced
In 2001 windows xp and Mac OS X was introduced.
In 2004 android Os was introduced
In 2007 Ios (iphone Os) was introduced
In 2009 windows 7 was introduced
In 2010 chrome OS was introduced
Windows 8
It was released for retail on October 26, 2012
Windows 10
It was released on July 29, 2015
Evolution of OS
The evolution of various types of operating system can be briefly described
as follows
Serial processing
Batch processing
Multiprogramming
Time- sharing system
Parallel processing system
Distributed system
Real- Time operating system
SERIAL PROCESSING OS
Since 1950, the OS started to be in use.
Before 1950, there were no OS and the programmers had to
directly communicate with the hardware.
And before 1950, if a programmer wants to execute the
programs, the programmer had to follow the following steps.
First type a program or punched card
Translate the punch card into a card reader
The translated card reader is submitted to the computer, and if
any error has occurred, then with the help of the light, an error
is indicated.
The programmer looks at the main memory and register to verify
the reason behind the error.
Then outputs are taken from the printers.
BATCH PROCESSING
After serial processing, in the mid 1950s introduced simple
batch processing, the first operating system.
This technology improved the efficiency of scheduling and setup
time as an operator loaded user jobs sequentially in batches
accessed by monitor software.
The monitor processed each job in the order it was loaded.
When on job is finished the monitor ran the next job in line
from the batch until all jobs completed.
MULTIPROGRAMMING
Multiprogramming means executing multiple programs at the
same time with the help of a single processor.
In this multiple processes can exist in the main memory
simultaneously.
In multiprogramming, the OS chooses one of the jobs from the
main memory and execute it.
TIME- SHARING SYSTEMS
Time sharing is a technique for multiple users to share system
resources simultaneously.
This offers the users an opportunity to interact directly with
the computer.
Using a terminal and keyboard, each user submits a job request
by presenting a transmit key and wait their turn for a response
from the processor.
The intention of time-sharing is to minimized response time
back to the user, reduce idle time, and still maximize processor
use.
PARALLEL PROCESSING SYSTEM
In parallel processing system, there are multiple processors
and in this system all the processors work concurrently.
In this type of system, the job is divided into several sub-jobs
and then these sub-jobs are distributed among the processors
that are present in the system.
Parallel processing finishes the job in less time.
In this multiple jobs executed in the parallel manner
DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
It is also called as loosely coupled systems.
In a distributed system, two or more nodes are connected to
each other but the memory or a clock is not shared by the
processors.
With the help of communication lines with telephone lines or
high – speed buses, the processors communicate with each
other.
In a distributed system, processors can be different in size and
functions.
REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM
Real time operating system is used when there is a rigid time
requirement on the operation of the processors.
It is a special purpose operating system.
In this system, it is must that the task will be finished in a
definite time.
There are three kinds of real – time operating system
Firm Real – time OS - [Link] applications.
Hard Real – time OS - E.G. medical imaging systems, industrial
control systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic control
systems, etc.
Soft Real – time OS – E.G. Multimedia systems, digital audio
systems etc.
Operating System Structure
kernel