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Discrete Math Reviewer

A proposition is a declarative sentence that can be true or false, excluding questions and commands. Logical connectives such as negation, conjunction, disjunction, implication, and biconditional are used to combine propositions, each with specific truth conditions. Examples illustrate the application of these concepts in determining the truth values of statements.

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3 views2 pages

Discrete Math Reviewer

A proposition is a declarative sentence that can be true or false, excluding questions and commands. Logical connectives such as negation, conjunction, disjunction, implication, and biconditional are used to combine propositions, each with specific truth conditions. Examples illustrate the application of these concepts in determining the truth values of statements.

Uploaded by

lindsaycastronuevo07
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Proposition

●​ A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not both, and it
does not include questions, commands, or expressions with unknown values.
Examples of proposition
Active Proposition (May truth value)
●​ “The sky is blue.” (True)
●​ “2 + 2 = 5.” (False)
●​ “The rose is red.” (True)
Not a Proposition (Bawal maging True or False)
●​ “Do your homework!” (declarative)
●​ “This statement is false” → (neither true nor false)
●​ “x + 5 = 10” → (may unknown value)

Logical Connectives
●​ symbols used to combine proportions to form compound statement

1. Negation (NOT p)
●​ Symbol: ¬p or -p
●​ Meaning: Opposite of p
It changes the truth value of a statement.
●​ Example:
p: “It is raining”
¬p: “It is NOT raining”
●​ Truth condition:
If p is True → ¬p is False
If p is False → ¬p is True

2. Conjunction (p ∧ q)
●​ Symbol: ∧
●​ Meaning: “AND”
Combines two statements. Both must be true.
●​ Example:
“It is raining AND it is cold”
●​ Truth condition:
True AND True = True
If one is False → Result is False

3. Disjunction (p ∨ q)
●​ Symbol: ∨
●​ Meaning: “OR”
At least one statement must be true.
●​ Example:
“It is raining OR it is snowing”
●​ Truth condition:
True OR False = True
False OR True = True
False OR False = False

4. Implication (p → q)
●​ Symbol: →
●​ Meaning: “If p, then q”
This shows a condition: if p happens, q should follow.
●​ Example:
“If you study, then you will pass”
●​ Truth condition:
False only when: p = True and q = False
All other cases = True

5. Biconditional (p ↔ q)
●​ Symbol: ↔
●​ Meaning: “If and only if”
Both statements must have the same truth value.
●​ Example:
“You can enter if and only if you have a ticket”
●​ Truth condition:
True ↔ True = True
False ↔ False = True
If different → False

Easy way to remember:


●​ NOT → opposite
●​ AND → both must be true
●​ OR → at least one is true
●​ IF → condition
●​ lFF → both are the same

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