Pangantucan National High School

Basta PNHS Da’best!

Teacher: Mr. Janel Bueno

Email: [Link]@[Link]

8TH GRADE​
Physics
Content Paper ( Work, Power, and Conservation of Energy

Introduction: What is Work?

-​ Work is done when force acts on an object to cause displacement. For Work to be
considered, there must be both Force and Displacement.
-​ It can be expressed using: W = Fxd cos θ

Where; (F) is the force applied

(d) is the displacement

(θ) is the angle

-​ Work is present only when both Force and Displacement occur

●​ Key to Vocabulary
-​ Displacement: a vector quantity that is the shortest distance from the initial to
the Final point.
-​ Force: a push or pull
-​ Parallel displacement: vector quantities that move in the same direction ( the
force causes an object to move in the same direction) ; MAXIMUM work
-​ Perpendicular displacement: vectors that form a right angle to each other, to
simply say the Force doesn't make an object move the same direction, or the
force doesn't affect an object at all.
 Example; You are carrying a bag while walking, so your force is applied to the
bag, the bag doesn't move, only you. Your force and your displacement does not
align/ doesn't directly affect each other.

-​ Time: duration of events.

-​ the SI unit for Work is Joule

The amount of Work decreases depending on the angle between the Force and the
Displacement.

Examples:
 Note the amount of Work done as shown in the example, as the angle (θ) increases the
lesser the amount of Work is Done until become 0 at 90 degree.

Practice:

1.​ A student pulls a sled with a 40 N force over a 6 m distance. The force is applied in the
same direction as the motion. How much work is done on the sled?
2.​ A worker pulls a cart using a 40 N force over a 6 m distance, but the rope makes an angle
of 60° with the ground. How much work is done in pulling the cart?
3.​ A student carries a 15 N backpack while walking 10 m horizontally. The force holding
the backpack is vertical, forming a 90° angle with the displacement. How much work is
done on the backpack?
●​ Note on this Formula

​ , for WORK

​ , for FORCE

​ , for DISPLACEMENT
What is POWER

-​ define as the RATE at which the Work is done, or energy transferred; it measures how
quickly is the work performed.
-​ Power is expressed using P=W/t (the relationship between Work (W) and Time (t) is
inversely proportional ; the higher the Power the lesser the time needed/spent
performing the Work)
-​ Unit of Power is WATTS

Examples

1.​ During a physics lab, Jack and Jill ran up a 10m hill. Jill is 40 kg, and Jack is twice as
much as Jill. Yet, Jack ascends at the same time as Jill. Who did the most work? Who
delivered the most Power?

Given:

mass Jill 40kg; Jack 80kg

height of the hill 10m

Time is 60s

W = mgh ( instead of W=Fxd, remember that the Force is not given and we are dealing with
vertical force or the (g) for gravitational force and (h) for height.

Jill’s = 40kg x 9.8 x 10m P=W/t

= 3920 J Jill’s = 3920J / 60s

Jack’s = 80kg x 9.8 x 10m = 65.33 Watts

= 7840 J Jack’s = 7840J / 60s

= 130.66 Watts

2.​ Two physics students, Will and Ben, are in the weightlifting room. Will lifts the
100-pound barbell over his head 10 times in one minute; Ben lifts the 100-pound barbell
over his head 10 times in 10 seconds. Which student does the most work? Which student
delivers the most power?
Given:

-​ both 100 Ib barbell, lift 10 times, same height

-​ Will = 1min. (60s)
-​ Ben = 10s

*convert Ib to Newton ( 1Ib = 4.45 N )

= 100 Ib x 4.45

= 445N

*assume that overhead lift is equal to 2m.

W = Fxh (it's just your W=Fxd, but since

we are talking about vertical force we
use (h)
P= W/T
-​ 445N x 2
-​ 890 J (both Will & Ben) Will = 8900 / 60s = 148.33 Watts
-​ (890) (10)*lifts = 8900 J
Ben = 8900 / 10s = 890 Watts

Therefore: Both Will and Ben do the same amount of work; Yet, Ben is the most
“power-full” since he does the work in less time.

Why change into Watts from J/s?

P=W/t

-​ W is work (J)
-​ t is Time (s)
-​ and 1 watt (W) is = 1 J/s
-​ SO: J/s is Watts (W)
Practice

1.​ When doing a chin-up, a physics student lifts her 42.0-kg body a distance of 0.25 meters
in 2 seconds. What is the power delivered by the student's biceps?
2.​ A motor does 900 J of work in 15 seconds. What is the power output of the motor?
3.​ A student does 600 J of work in 30 seconds while lifting a box. What is the power
produced?

The Law of Conservation of Energy

-​ Energy cannot be Created or Destroyed but it can only be

Transformed.

PE= Max ; KE= 0

Potential Energy (PE), the stored energy ; as the

height increases the PE increases.

PE= ½ ; KE= ½

Kinetic energy (KE), the energy in motion ; as the

height increases KE decreases. (example, when you
throw a ball above, but when it goes back to the
ground KE increases

KE= Max ; PE= 0

From this example the cart at the top of the roller coaster is at its maximum amount,
while KE is Zero (0). And when the Cart moves from the top to bottom PE is transformed into
KE, thus KE reaches its Maximum while PE becomes Zero (0).

Take note that the amount of PE at the top and the KE as it moves to the bottom is the
same at its maximum amount, because energy transforms were not destroyed or wasted.

-​ visit: for clearer visualization

[Link]
2Fenergy-skate-park%2Flatest%2Fenergy-skate-park_all.html&h=AT45uQeECPYcthieD
F4PcUmqMtOBM5r9no4ldgLQwHgeUY0MhP-8_Xypm_C4LEwegugZQDzDzRtD7zwAb7p8
Q9biroSG5jkKMgetikrdQsn6IzyHFWnBPLyEbk_rTUA&s=1
Take a look to
this another
example

Energy Transformation: Water stored in dam (PE) → flows down (KE) → spins turbine
(Mechanical Energy) → generator produces (Electrical Energy)

This is the most classic and most simple example of how Energy transforms from one
form to another, take a look at the picture above, observe the process of Potential Energy
transforms into Electrical Energy. This transformation of energy can be observed in our daily
lives, from our body movements energy transform from chemicals and nutrients digested by our
body that enables us to move, from Chemical to Mechanical energy.

​ -You can think of an example

Energy changes form but is not destroyed.

ME = KE + PE KE = ½ mv²

PE = mgh (m) mass

(m) the mass (v) velocity

(g) acceleration due to gravity *If no friction ME(top) = ME(bottom)

(h) height
Example

A 50kg skater starts from 6m high. Friction does 20 J of Work against the motion. Find
the Mechanical energy at the top.

PE = mgh PE = KE + W

-​ 50kg x 9.8m/s x 6m KE = PE - W
-​ 2940 J (at the TOP)
-​ 2940 J - 20 J
ME = PE + KE -​ 2920 J (with Friction)

-​ 2940 + 0 KE = 0 (top)
-​ 2940 J (when no Friction)
KE = 2920 J (bottom w/ Friction

Finding KE

KE = ½ mv²

Since the v is not given. We solve for

v first using the formula;

PE = KE

2940 = ½ mv² KE = ½ mv²

2940 = ½ (50) v² = ½ (50) (10.84)²

2940/25 = 25/25 v² = (25) (117.6)

2940/25 = v²
KE = 2940 J
√v² = √117.6

v = 10.84 m/s
 A 60 kg skater is at a height of 3 m. Friction does 10 J of work against the motion.

PE=mgh

PE = (60) (9.8) (3m) 1754 J/30 = 30/30 v²

PE = 1764 J 58 = v²

Energy lost to Friction √58 = √v²

PE = KE + W v = 7.64 m/s with Friction

since we are looking KE affected by the KE = ½ (60)v²

Friction;
1764 J/30 = 30/30 v²
KE = 1764 - 10
58.8 = v²
KE = 1754 J
√58 = √v²
Solve for v
v = 7.67 m/s without friction
KE = ½ (60)v²

In Finding (v) Velocity you can use this more simpler Formula v =√2gh

The energy or the KE lost to friction was not lost at all, however it transforms into
Thermal Energy / Heat energy

For more visualization you may visit.

-​ [Link]
tml%2Fenergy-skate-park%2Flatest%2Fenergy-skate-park_all.html&h=AT45uQeE
CPYcthieDF4PcUmqMtOBM5r9no4ldgLQwHgeUY0MhP-8_Xypm_C4LEwegugZQDz
DzRtD7zwAb7p8Q9biroSG5jkKMgetikrdQsn6IzyHFWnBPLyEbk_rTUA&s=1
Practice

-​ A 2 kg ball is dropped from a height of 10 m. Find the potential energy at the top, and
the velocity just before hitting the ground.
-​ A 5 kg cart starts from rest at the top of a 20 m hill. Find the speed of the cart at the
bottom.
-​ A 4 kg sled starts from rest at the top of a 12 m hill. While sliding down, 200 J of energy
is lost because of friction. Find the velocity of the sled at the bottom.

Generalization: Work, Power, and Conservation of Energy

Work, power, and energy are closely related concepts that describe how forces cause
motion and how energy is transferred and used in physical systems.

Work is done when a force is applied to an object and causes it to move in the direction
of the force. It depends on the magnitude of the force, the distance moved, and the angle
between the force and displacement.

W = Fxd

This means that the amount of work decreases when the force is not applied in the same
direction as the motion of the object.

Power describes how fast work is done or how quickly energy is transferred. Even if two
people do the same amount of work, the one who finishes it in less time produces greater
power.

P = W/t

The unit of power is the watt (W), which means one joule of work done per second.
 Energy, on the other hand, is the ability to do work. Objects can store energy in
different forms, such as potential energy (stored energy due to position) and kinetic energy
(energy of motion). When objects move, energy often changes from one form to another.

The Law of Conservation of Energy states that “energy cannot be created nor
destroyed; it can only be transformed from one form to another”. In an ideal system
without friction, the total mechanical energy remains constant. For example, when an object
falls, its potential energy decreases while its kinetic energy increases , but the total mechanical
energy remains the same. However, in real-life situations where friction or air resistance is
present, some mechanical energy is transformed into heat or sound energy. Even though the
mechanical energy decreases, the total energy of the system is still conserved because energy is
simply transferred into other forms.

“Mastery comes through consistent practice; it doesn't happen overnight.”