Overview of Communication
Systems
Lecture 2
Introduction to Communication Systems
Presentation Outline
➢ Introduction
➢ Modulation and demodulation
➢ Electromagnetic Spectrum
➢ Bandwidth
➢ Transmission Modes
➢ Noise
Introduction to Communication Systems
Introduction to Communication Systems
Channel
Introduction to Communication Systems
Introduction to Communication Systems
Transmission Modes
❑ Simplex (SX): One dimensional communication such as Radio an TV
❑ Half Duplex (HDX: Two dimensional communication but not in
the same time such as lacelike
❑ Full Duplex (FDX): Two dimensional communication at the same
time such as Telephone and mobile
❑ Full Full Duplex (FFDX): Multidimensional communication at the
same time such as internet
Introduction to Communication Systems
Modulation and demodulation
❑ The aim of the modulation process is to convert low frequencies (voice
frequencies ) to high frequencies (radio frequencies) which can radiate or
propagate through the free space. To do this is take our voice frequencies
(say from Microphone), then mix them with radio frequencies to make as a
carrier and convert them to radio frequencies.
❑ Carrier it is simply a sinusoidal high frequencies, radio frequencies
which are used to convert a voice frequencies signal to a radio frequencies
for the purpose of radiation.
Introduction to Communication Systems
Modulation and demodulation
Amplitude modulation
AM works by varying the strength of the transmitted signal in relation to the
information being sent in which the amplitude is varied.
Frequency modulation
FM works by varying the strength of the transmitted signal in relation to the
information being sent in which the frequency is varied.
Phase modulation
PM works by varying the strength of the transmitted signal in relation to the
information being sent in which the phase is varied.
Introduction to Communication Systems
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic Spectrum:
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible frequencies of
electromagnetic radiation
The electromagnetic spectrum extends from low frequencies used for modern
radio to gamma radiation at the short-wavelength end.
Electromagnetic Spectrum Levels Frequency Wavelength
VLF 3kHz-30kHz 100km-10km
LF 30kHz-300kHz 10km-1km
MF 300kHz-3MHz 1000m-100m
HF 3MHz-30MHz 100m-10m
VHF 30MHz-300MHz 1000cm-100cm
UHF 300MHz-3GHz 100cm-10cm
SHF 3GHz-30GHz 10cm-1cm
EHF 30GHz-300GHz 1cm-10mm
V:Very, L:Low, M:Medium, H:High, U:Ultra, S:Super, E:Extremly
Introduction to Communication Systems
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic Spectrum frequencies
Introduction to Communication Systems
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Wavelength: It is usually determined by considering the
distance between consecutive corresponding points of the same
phase,
220px-Sine_wavelength
= 1/ f
Introduction to Communication Systems
Bandwidth
Bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower
frequencies in a continuous set of frequencies. It is typically
measured in hertz
❑ Bandwidth information ( BWinf ) (information signal)
❑ Bandwidth channel( BWch )(communication channel)
Introduction to Communication Systems
Bandwidth
A television transmission system uses a cables to transfer, has
a bandwidth equal to from 500 to 5000 KHZ
1- Determine the bandwidth of ( BW )?
ch
2- Is the channel allows passing the MF signals?
3- Is the channel allows passing the HF signals?
Solution
1-The bandwidth of the channel
= 5000 - 500 = 4500 KHz
BWinf
2- The bandwidth of the voice signals
BWch= 3000 - 300 = 2700 KHz
This means that the voice signals can pass through the channel and this
because the bandwidth of the channel is greater than the bandwidth of the voice
signals
Introduction to Communication Systems
Bandwidth
3- The bandwidth of the high frequencies signals
BWch = 30 MHz - 3 MHz = 27 MHz
This means that the high frequencies signals can not pass through the
channel and this because the bandwidth of these signals greater than the
bandwidth of the channel.
Shannon’s Law
• The maximum rate of information transmission
without errors through a communication channel equals the channel
capacity
• The channel capacity of a noisy channel is limited. It depends on the
channel bandwidth B and signal-to-noise power ratio SNR: it is
proportional to B, and increases with SNR
Communication Limits
• Claude Shannon defined the limits for
communication channels
𝑆
𝐶 = 𝐵 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 1+
𝑁
• C: channel capacity (max. data rate), bps
• B: frequency band, Hz
• S/N: received signal-to-noise power ratio
Introduction to Communication Systems
Noise
❑ Uncorrelated Noise: It is a noise has no relation with the original
signal that is required to transmit it.
- External noise: It is a noise created from the external medium and has no
relation with the electronics circuits that uses in the
communication systems.
- Internal noise
N = KTB
whre N is the nosie power ( watt ), B bandwidth (hertz ) and T the tempreture(Kelvin)
to transfer from a normal tempretur e to a tempretur e in Kelvin use the following relation :
T = C + 273
K : Boltezman constant = 1.38 x10 −23
❑ Correlated Noise: the noise that created from the modulation and
demodulation process.
Introduction to Communication Systems
Noise
If an electronic device operate at temperature 17° and
bandwidth 10 KHZ, calculate the following:
1- Power noise in watts
2- Power noise in dB
1- Power noise in watts
N = KTB = 1.38 x10 −23 x(17 + 273 ) x10 x10 3 = 4 x10 −17 watts
2- Power noise in db
NdB = 10 log( KTB ) = 10 log( 4 x10 −17 ) −146 dB
Introduction to Communication Systems
Signal to Noise ratio
❑ Signal to Noise ratio: The signal to noise ratio one from the
important measures to evaluate the quality of the electrical
communication devices
Ps Signal power in watts
Pn Noise power in watts
This ratio can be written in dB corresponds the following expression:
Introduction to Communication Systems
Signal to Noise ratio
Also we can write the ratio of the signal to noise in the relation
of the voltage and current (voltage signal, voltage noise, current
signal and current noise).
Introduction to Communication Systems
Signal to Noise ratio
If the power of output signal of an amplifier is 10 watts and the noise power of
the output signal is 0.01 watts, then calculate the following:
1- power signal to power noise ratio
2- power signal to power noise ratio in dB
Solution
1-
2-