CHAPTER ONE

1.0 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1 STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a programme designed for
skill acquisition to expose and prepare students of universities, polytechnics, colleges of
technology and education for the industrial work they may likely meet after graduation. It also
poses students the opportunity to practice outside school what they have learnt theoretically
and become familiar with handling tools, equipment and machineries that are not available in
their institutions. Because the theoretical knowledge acquired in classrooms or lecture
hall/theatre is insufficient to make a graduate ready for practice after schooling.

1.2 MEANING AND BRIEF HISTORY OF SIWES

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) forms part of the approved
minimum academic standard in various degree programs for all Nigerian Universities. SIWES
was established to make education more relevant to the needs for commerce, industry and to
bridge the divide that exists between theory and practice of professional educational program
in Nigerian Tertiary institution. The minimum duration for the programme as directed by the
Industrial Training Fund (ITF) and Nigerian University Commission (NUC) is six (6) months.
The scheme is a tripartite programme involving the students, the university and the industries
(employer of labour).

During the formative years, the funding was solely done by the Industrial Training Fund
(ITF) but because of the financial implication, it became unbearable to the fund to withdraw
from the scheme in 1978. The then Federal Government had to handover the scheme in 1979
to both National Universities Commission (NUC) and National Board for Technical Education
(NBTE). Subsequently, the federal government in November 1985 reverted the management
and implementation of the SIWES program to ITF, and it was effectively taken over by the ITF
in July 1986 with the funding solely borne by the federal government.

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1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

i. To prepare students for the industrial work situation they will likely meet after
graduation.
ii. To give students the opportunity to apply their knowledge in real work situations so as
to bridge the gap between theory and practical.
iii. To gain experience necessary for their respective disciplines.
iv. To expose students to a variety of methods and techniques in handling equipment and
machineries that was not available in their institutions.
v. To make transition from school to workplace easier.
vi. It enhances students’ contacts for employment opportunities.
vii. To prepare students for business carrier by merging their analytical power with self-
reliance.
viii. To establish uniform apprenticeship scheme nationwide.
ix. To equip students psychologically and academically with the challenges and prospects
of the job training.

1.4 STUDENTS’ ROLES IN SIWES

i. Students must be punctual and present at all times.

ii. Students are expected to keep proper records of work done in his/her log-book.
iii. Students must abide to the rules and regulations of SIWES and the place of attachment.
iv. Written permission must be obtained before absenteeism.
v. Students must be ready to learn and contribute to the progress of the company.

1.5 BENEFITS

There are numerous benefits for the students, the employers and the institutions involved; some
of these benefits are enumerated below:

STUDENTS’ BENEFITS

i. SIWES helps students in developing skills and knowledge in the application of

theoretical principles and concepts to real problems.

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ii. It helps students become more competent in their various fields.

iii. SIWES helps students practice their theoretical knowledge.

INSTITUTIONAL BENEFITS

i. SIWES updates institutions/departments with current trends of the technological world

innovation.

ii. SIWES encourages relationship between institutions and the industrial sector.

EMPLOYERS’ BENEFITS

i. SIWES provides free labour for the employer.

ii. SIWES helps in reducing the cost of recruitment.

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 CHAPTER TWO
2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE ORGANIZATION
2.1 History of Hass Electronics Repair and Installation
Hass Electronics Repair and Installation is a privately owned technical enterprise
established to provide reliable electronics repair, maintenance, and installation services. The
organization was founded to meet the growing demand for skilled technical support in the areas
of household, commercial, and light industrial electronic systems. Over the years, Hass
Electronics has built a reputation for quality workmanship, timely service delivery, and
customer satisfaction.

The organization operates as a small-to-medium-scale technical outfit, offering hands-on

practical solutions to electronic faults and installations. It also serves as a training ground for
students undergoing Students’ work experience scheme (SIWES), where practical skills and
technical competence are developed.

2.2 Vision and Mission of the Organization

Vision:
To become a leading electronics repair and installation company known for professionalism,
technical excellence, and customer satisfaction.

Mission:
To provide efficient and affordable electronics repair services.

To deliver quality installation and maintenance of electronic systems.

To train and mentor upcoming technicians and engineering students with practical skills.

To adopt safe working practices and modern technical methods.

2.3 Organizational Structure

Hass Electronics Repair and Installation operates under a simple organizational structure due
to the nature and size of the business. The structure allows for effective supervision, easy
communication, and efficient execution of tasks.

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The organizational structure consists of:

Chief Technician / Owner

Supervisor

Technicians

Trainees (Industrial
Training Students)

Organizational Chart of HERI

The Chief Technician oversees all technical and administrative activities, assigns duties, and
ensures quality control. The Supervisor coordinates daily operations and monitors work
progress. Technicians carry out repair and installation tasks, while trainees assist and learn
under proper supervision.

2.4 Departments and Their Functions

Although Hars Electronics Repair and Installation does not operate with formal departments
like large organizations, its activities can be grouped into functional units as follows:

2.4.1 Repair and Maintenance Unit

This unit is responsible for diagnosing faults, repairing electronic devices, replacing faulty
components, and carrying out preventive maintenance on electronic equipment.

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2.4.2 Installation Unit
This unit handles the installation of electronic systems such as home appliances, security
systems, satellite receivers, and other electronic equipment. It ensures proper wiring,
configuration, and testing after installation.

2.4.3 Customer Service Unit

This unit interfaces with customers,

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 CHAPTER THREE
3.0 WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED DURING INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
3.1 Activities Carried Out
3.1.1 Electronics Repair
The repair unit is the backbone of Hass Electronics. Activities undertaken included:
▪ Diagnosing faults in electronic appliances such as televisions, radios, amplifiers,
inverters, and power supplies.
▪ Using multimeters, oscilloscopes, and signal generators to test circuits.
▪ Identifying and replacing faulty components such as resistors, capacitors, diodes,
transistors, and ICs.
▪ Performing preventive maintenance to ensure devices operate efficiently.

The experience gained in electronics repair helped develop analytical thinking and problem-
solving skills, as well as understanding the importance of careful observation and testing in
troubleshooting electronic faults.

3.1.2 Operation and Maintenance

Operation and maintenance involved ensuring electronic systems function optimally. The
tasks included:

▪ Checking and calibrating equipment for proper operation.

▪ Performing routine maintenance on inverters, battery banks, and solar systems.
▪ Documenting the maintenance process for record-keeping and future reference.
▪ Learning preventive maintenance techniques to reduce breakdowns.

These activities reinforced the importance of regular inspection, cleanliness, and proper
handling of electronic equipment.

3.1.3 Solar System Design and Installation

The solar system unit introduced practical renewable energy applications. Tasks included:
▪ Designing solar power systems based on load calculations.
▪ Selecting appropriate solar panels, charge controllers, inverters, and batteries.
▪ Installing panels, wiring systems, and integrating them with batteries.
▪ Testing and troubleshooting the system to ensure efficient energy output.
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This experience provided insight into sustainable energy solutions, the integration of
electronics and electrical engineering, and practical applications in power systems.

3.1.4 Battery Management

Battery management involved handling energy storage devices safely and efficiently.
Activities included:
▪ Learning about different types of batteries, including lead-acid and lithium-ion.
▪ Charging, discharging, and monitoring battery performance.
▪ Performing battery replacement and recycling practices.
▪ Understanding safety precautions in handling batteries to avoid accidents.

This enhanced understanding of energy storage systems, their lifespan, and safe handling
procedures.

3.1.5 Soldering of Electronics Equipment

Soldering is a core practical skill in electronics. Activities included:
▪ Using soldering irons and desoldering tools to assemble or repair electronic circuits.
▪ Mounting components on printed circuit boards (PCBs) accurately.
▪ Practicing proper soldering techniques to avoid cold joints and ensure strong
connections.
▪ Testing repaired or assembled boards to verify functionality.

Soldering activities strengthened hand-on skills, attention to detail, and precision, all of
which are essential in electronics engineering.

3.1.6 Power Supply Design and Analysis

During training, special attention was given to power supply systems, which are fundamental
to electronics. Activities included:

i. Transformer Stage
o Understanding step-down and step-up transformers.
o Measuring input and output voltages.
o Ensuring proper rating selection for electronic circuits.

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ii. Rectification Circuit
o Learning the operation of half-wave and full-wave rectifiers.
o Constructing rectifier circuits using diodes.
o Measuring DC output voltage after rectification.

iii. Filtering Stage

o Designing filter circuits with capacitors to reduce ripple.
o Observing the difference in output with and without filter.
o Ensuring smooth DC supply to downstream circuits.

This activity enhanced understanding of voltage conversion, rectification, and stabilization in

electronic systems.

3.1.7 Amplifier and Related Circuits

Amplifiers are crucial in electronics for signal enhancement. Activities included:
o Studying the types of amplifiers: voltage, current, and power amplifiers.
o Constructing small audio amplifier circuits using transistors and operational amplifiers.
o Testing input and output signals using signal generators and oscilloscopes.
o Measuring gain, frequency response, and distortion levels.
o Learning about biasing techniques, feedback mechanisms, and thermal management in
amplifiers.

These activities provided hands-on knowledge about signal processing and amplification,
essential for audio and communication systems.

3.2 Tools and Equipment Used

The following tools and equipment were frequently used during the training:
a. Multimeter (digital and analog)
b. Oscilloscope
c. Soldering iron and soldering accessories
d. Signal generator
e. Screwdrivers, pliers, and other hand tools

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 f. Solar panels, inverters, and charge controllers
g. Batteries and battery testing kits
h. Protective equipment (gloves, goggles)

The use of these tools enhanced practical skills and provided hands-on knowledge of
electronic equipment.

3.3 Description of Selected Practical Works

3.3.1 Repairing a Television
o Diagnosed the fault using a multimeter.
o Replaced a faulty capacitor and tested the power supply.
o Reassembled and tested the television for functionality.

3.3.2 Installing a Solar System

o Measured the energy requirements for a residential setup.
o Installed solar panels and connected them to the battery system.
o Tested the system for voltage output and overall performance.

3.3.3 Battery Management

o Charged and discharged batteries following standard procedures.
o Recorded voltage, current, and efficiency during testing.
o Learned safe handling, storage, and disposal of batteries.

3.3.4 Soldering Circuit Boards

o Assembled a small amplifier circuit.
o Ensured proper component placement and strong solder joints.
o Tested the circuit using a signal generator and oscilloscope.

3.4 Experience Gained

During the Industrial Training, the following experience and skills were acquired:
o Practical understanding of electronics repair and maintenance.

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 o Exposure to renewable energy systems and solar installations.
o Proficiency in battery handling and management.
o Hands-on soldering and circuit assembly skills.
o Improved problem-solving, technical analysis, and attention to detail.
o Familiarity with tools, instruments, and safety measures in electronics engineering.

The Industrial Training at Hars Electronics Repair and Installation significantly enhanced
technical competence, confidence in practical work, and readiness for professional
engineering challenges.

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 CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT, TOOLS AND PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE
4.1 SOLDERING IRON
Introduction
A soldering iron is a hand-held electrical tool used for joining electronic components
by melting solder to form a permanent electrical and mechanical connection. It is widely used
in electronic workshops, laboratories, and industrial environments for circuit assembly, repair,
and maintenance. The soldering iron operates by converting electrical energy into heat energy,
which is applied to solder material to bond components together on printed circuit boards
(PCBs).

During the industrial training programme, the soldering iron was extensively used for
assembling electronic circuits, repairing faulty connections, and practicing proper soldering
techniques. This exposure enhanced practical understanding of electronic fabrication and
component handling.

Types of Soldering Iron

Electric Pencil Soldering Iron:
This is a simple and commonly used soldering iron with a fixed temperature. It is suitable for
basic electronic soldering tasks and is widely used in training workshops.

Temperature-Controlled Soldering Iron:

This type allows the user to adjust the temperature according to the sensitivity of components
being soldered. It helps prevent overheating and damage to electronic components.

Soldering Station:
A soldering station consists of a soldering iron, temperature control unit, and a stand. It
provides accurate temperature regulation and is used for professional and high-precision
soldering work.

Cordless Soldering Iron:

This type is battery-powered and portable, making it suitable for fieldwork and locations where
electrical power is not readily available.

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Gas-Powered Soldering Iron:
It uses butane gas as a heat source and is mainly used for outdoor or emergency soldering
applications.

Uses of Soldering Iron

a. Used for assembling electronic circuits on printed circuit boards.
b. Used for repairing damaged or loose electrical connections.
c. Used for mounting and replacing electronic components.
d. Used for practical electronics training and experimentation.
e. Used for ensuring proper electrical continuity in circuits.

Importance of Soldering Iron

a. It ensures strong and reliable electrical connections.
b. It improves the durability and performance of electronic circuits.
c. It enhances neatness and professionalism in circuit assembly.
d. It reduces circuit failure caused by poor connections.
e. It develops practical electronic skills essential for engineering training and industrial
work.

Fig. 4.1: Soldering Iron

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4.2 DIGITAL MULTIMETER
Introduction
A digital multimeter is an electronic measuring instrument used to measure electrical
quantities such as voltage, current, resistance, and continuity. It is an essential diagnostic tool
in electrical and electronic work, widely used for testing, troubleshooting, and verification of
circuit performance.

During the industrial training, the digital multimeter was frequently used to test electronic
circuits, check component values, and confirm correct voltage levels in power supply and
solar systems.

Uses of Digital Multimeter

o Measurement of AC and DC voltage
o Measurement of current and resistance
o Continuity testing of circuits
o Fault detection in electronic components

Importance of Digital Multimeter

o Ensures accurate measurement and safety
o Helps detect faulty components quickly
o Improves troubleshooting efficiency
o Enhances practical understanding of electronics

Fig. 4.2: Multimeter

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4.3 COLOUR CODE RESISTANCE
Introduction
The colour code resistance table is a standard reference system used to determine the
resistance value, tolerance, and sometimes temperature coefficient of resistors using colour
bands. It is widely used in electronics to identify resistor values without measuring them.

Uses of Colour Code Resistance Table

a. Identification of resistor values
b. Selection of appropriate resistors for circuits
c. Verification of resistor ratings during assembly

Importance of Colour Code Resistance Table

a. Saves time during circuit assembly
b. Reduces errors in resistor selection
c. Enhances understanding of electronic components

Fig. 4.3: Resistor Colour Code Table

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4.4 BREADBOARD
Introduction
A breadboard is a reusable prototyping tool used for building and testing electronic
circuits without soldering. It allows components to be easily inserted and removed, making it
ideal for experimentation and learning.

Uses of Breadboard
o Temporary circuit construction
o Testing and debugging electronic circuits
o Learning and experimentation

Importance of Breadboard
o Prevents permanent damage to components
o Saves time during circuit design
o Encourages practical experimentation

Fig. 4.4: Breadboarding

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4.5 TRANSFORMERLESS CHARGER
Introduction
A transformerless charger is a power supply circuit that charges devices without using a
transformer. It relies on capacitors and resistors to reduce voltage directly from the mains
supply.

Uses of Transformerless Charger

o Charging low-power electronic devices
o Powering small electronic circuits

Importance of Transformerless Charger

o Compact and lightweight design
o Low cost of construction
o Useful for low-power applications

Fig. 4.5: Transformerless Power Supply

4.6 OSCILLOSCOPE
Introduction
An oscilloscope is an electronic instrument used to visualize electrical signals in the form of
waveforms. It helps analyze signal behavior such as amplitude, frequency, and distortion.

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Uses of Oscilloscope
o Signal waveform observation
o Frequency and voltage analysis
o Fault detection in electronic circuits

Importance of Oscilloscope
o Enables deep signal analysis
o Improves understanding of circuit operation
o Essential for advanced electronics testing

Fig. 4.6: Oscilloscope

4.7 BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS)

Introduction
A Battery Management System is an electronic system used to monitor and protect
rechargeable batteries from overcharging, deep discharge, overheating, and short circuits.

Uses of Battery Management System

o Battery protection and monitoring
o Voltage balancing between cells
o Enhancing battery lifespan

Importance of Battery Management System

o Improves battery safety

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 o Prevents battery damage
o Increases efficiency of energy storage systems

Fig. 4.7: Block Diagram of Battery Management System

4.8 VARIABLE RESISTOR

Introduction
A variable resistor is an adjustable resistor used to control current or voltage in an electronic
circuit.

Uses of Variable Resistor

a. Voltage control
b. Current adjustment
c. Signal tuning

Importance of Variable Resistor

a. Provides flexibility in circuit control
b. Useful for calibration and testing
c. Enhances circuit performance

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 Fig. 4.8: Variable Resistor

4.9 CAPACITOR
Introduction
A capacitor is a passive electronic component used to store electrical energy in an electric
field.
Uses of Capacitor
a. Voltage smoothing
b. Energy storage
c. Signal coupling and filtering

Importance of Capacitor
a. Improves power supply stability
b. Reduces noise in circuits
c. Essential in timing and filtering applications

Fig. 4.9: Capacitors

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4.10 SOLAR SYSTEM
Introduction
A solar system converts sunlight into electrical energy using photovoltaic panels. It is widely
used as a renewable and environmentally friendly power source.

Uses of Solar System

a. Power generation for homes and offices
b. Battery charging
c. Backup power supply

Importance of Solar System

a. Provides clean and renewable energy
b. Reduces dependence on grid power
c. Supports sustainable development

Fig. 4.10: Solar System

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4.11 CHARGE CONTROLLER
Introduction
A charge controller is an electronic device used in solar power systems to regulate the charging
and discharging of batteries. It controls the voltage and current coming from the solar panel to
the battery, preventing overcharging, deep discharge, and damage to the battery system. Charge
controllers are essential components in standalone and hybrid solar installations.

During the industrial training, charge controllers were used in solar system setups to ensure
safe and efficient battery charging and to improve the lifespan of batteries.

Uses of Charge Controller

a. Regulates battery charging voltage and current
b. Prevents battery overcharging and deep discharge
c. Protects batteries from damage
d. Improves efficiency of solar power systems

Importance of Charge Controller

a. Enhances battery safety and lifespan
b. Improves system reliability
c. Prevents power loss and system failure
d. Ensures efficient energy management in solar installations

Fig. 4.11: Charge Controller

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4.12 RELAY
Introduction
A relay is an electrically operated switching device used to control high-voltage or high-current
circuits using a low-power signal. It operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction and
is widely used in control systems, protection circuits, and automation.

During the training period, relays were used in control panels and electronic circuits for
switching, protection, and automation purposes.

Uses of Relay
a. Switching electrical circuits automatically
b. Controlling high-power devices using low-power signals
c. Providing electrical isolation between circuits
d. Used in protection and control systems

Importance of Relay
a. Enhances safety through electrical isolation
b. Enables automation and remote control
c. Improves reliability of control systems
d. Protects sensitive electronic components

Fig. 4.12: Relay

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4.13 STREET LIGHT
Introduction
A street light is an outdoor lighting system used to illuminate roads, streets, and public areas
during nighttime to improve visibility and safety. Street lighting systems may operate using
grid power or solar energy and often include control components such as sensors, timers, and
charge controllers.

During the industrial training, street lighting systems were installed, tested, and maintained,
especially solar-powered street lights used for public illumination.

Uses of Street Light

a. Provides illumination for roads and public spaces
b. Enhances security and safety at night
c. Supports road traffic and pedestrian movement
d. Improves visibility during adverse weather conditions

Importance of Street Light

a. Reduces road accidents and crime
b. Improves public safety and comfort
c. Supports urban and rural development
d. Promotes the use of renewable energy when solar-powered

Fig. 4.13: Street light

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 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
Power Supply Instability
Frequent power outages and voltage fluctuations affected the testing, repair, and operation of
electronic equipment.
Limited Modern Testing Equipment
The absence of advanced diagnostic tools made fault detection and troubleshooting more
time-consuming.
Unavailable or Obsolete Components
Some electronic devices contained obsolete components that were difficult to source in the
local market.
Safety Hazards
Handling live circuits, batteries, and soldering equipment posed potential safety risks.
Customer Time Pressure
Some customers expected quick repairs even when faults were complex or spare parts were
unavailable.

PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS APPLIED

Alternative Power Arrangements
Inverters and battery backups were used during power outages, while surge protectors helped
protect equipment.
Improvised Troubleshooting Techniques
Multimeters, systematic fault tracing, and component substitution were used to diagnose
faults effectively.
Component Substitution and Recycling
Compatible components were substituted, and reusable parts were salvaged from faulty
circuit boards.
Strict Safety Measures
Personal protective equipment was used, and safety rules were strictly followed to reduce
risks.
Effective Communication with Customers
Customers were informed about repair duration, fault complexity, and component availability
to manage expectations.

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 CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of Industrial Training Experience
The Industrial Training carried out at Hass Electronics Repair and Installation provided
practical exposure to electronics repair, power supply construction, amplifier circuits, solar
system design and installation, battery management, and soldering of electronic equipment.
The training enhanced practical skills and bridged the gap between theory and real-life
applications.

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
a. Students should approach Industrial Training with seriousness and commitment.
b. Training organizations should be equipped with modern tools and instruments.
c. Institutions should strengthen collaboration with industries for effective supervision.
d. Safety training should be emphasized throughout the Industrial Training period.

5.2 CONCLUSION
The Industrial Training program was successful and rewarding. It improved technical
competence, problem-solving ability, and professional discipline. The experience gained has
prepared the trainee for future challenges in the field of electronics and electrical engineering.

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 REFERENCES

Boylestad, R. L., and Nashelsky, L. (2013). Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory. Pearson
Education.

Floyd, T. L. (2015). Electronic Devices. Pearson Education.

Theraja, B. L., and Theraja, A. K. (2005). A Textbook of Electrical Technology. S. Chand.

Manufacturer manuals and technical datasheets.

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