Chapter VI
HIGHWAY DRAINAGE
Tewodros N.
N
[Link]
tedynihe@gmail com
tedynihe@[Link]
I. INTRODUCTION
• Provision
ov s o oof adequate
d qu drainage
d g iss an essential
ss p
part o
of
pavement design.
– Protection of pavement structure
– Improves road safety
• Can be categorically studied in three parts:
1. Surface Drainage
• Drainage on the adjoining land and roadway
surface
f
• Side Drainage and Cross Drainage
2 Sub-surface
2. Sub surface Drainage
I. INTRODUCTION
• Effects of water on the pavement
structure
t t
• Presence of moisture causes:
o reduction
du o in the sstability
b yo of the so
soil mass.
ss
o considerable variation in volume of subgrade in clayey
soils.
o Waves and corrugations failure in flexible pavements.
o Stripping failure in flexible pavements.
o Mud
M d pumping failure
f l in rigid
d pavements.
t
II. DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS
• Can be divided into three phases:
i. Estimation of the quantity of water that can
reach any element of the system.
y
ii. Hydraulic design
g of each element of the
system.
p
iii. Comparison of alternative systems
y and
materials
• Criteria-Lowest annual cost alternative
II. DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS
1. Rainfall Intensity
• Runoff is obtained by considering expected sever
storm.
Return period of 5, 5 10,
10 20,
20 25,
25 50,
50 and 100
years
• Quantity of runoff depends on intensity and duration.
• Duration= Time of Concentration
• The time required for water from the remotest place
to reach a specific point on the drainage system.
• =T1+T2
• T1= over land flow time
• T2= time of flow in the longitudinal drain
II. DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS
Y E
Source: ERA Manual, 2002
II. DESIGN
G OF SURFACE DRAINAGE
G
SYSTEMS
Source: ERA Manual, 2002
II. DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS
2. Computation of Runoff
• Rain water expelled from the road surface
i. Infiltration
ii. Runoff
iii. Evaporation- insignificant
• Infiltration depends on:
• Type
p and g gradation of soil
• Soil covers, moisture content of the soil
• Presence of impervious layers near the surface.
II. DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS
• Infiltration contd.
• Rate of infiltration on bare soil is less than on a
turfed soil.
• Frozen soil is impervious
• Rate of infiltration is assumed to be constant
d
during any specificf ddesign storm.
• Runoff depends on:
• Nature of the ground, degree of saturation, and
slope of the surface
• R t off runoff
Rate ff greater
t on smooth
th surfaces.
f
II. DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS
• Rational Formula- accurate way of estimating
runoff
ff up tto areas off 0
0.5
5 kkm2
Q 0.00278 CIA
C 1 A1 C 2 A 2
C • If the water shade
A1 A 2 is made up of
different surfaces
• Q= runoff (m3/sec)
• C=coefficient, representing ratio of runoff to rainfall
• I= intensity of rainfall (mm/hr) for a duration equal to the time
of concentration
• A= catchment area tributary to the design location, ha
II. DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS
II. DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS
• tc=distance/velocity
of flow
• tc is then
th used d tto
determine the rainfall
intensity (I)
II. DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS
• This chart can also
be alternatively used
to determine tc.
III. DESIGN OF SIDE DITCHES AND OPEN
CHANNELS
• The Manning’s Formula
• Once the quantity of runoff is known, the design of
ditches and similar structures is based on the
principles of open channel flow.
flow
• Mannings’s formula assumes steady flow in a
uniform channel.
1 2 /3 1/ 2
V R S Q V A
n
Where:
• V= mean velocity (m/sec)
• R= hydraulic radius (m)= Area/wetted perimeter
• S=slope of the channel (m/m)
• n=Manning’s roughness coefficient
III. DESIGN OF SIDE DITCHES AND OPEN
CHANNELS
• The Manning’s Formula
III. DESIGN OF SIDE DITCHES AND OPEN
CHANNELS
• Capacity of a Trapezoidal Channel
III. DESIGN OF SIDE DITCHES AND OPEN
CHANNELS
• Examples:
p
1. The maximum quantity of water expected in one of
the open
p longitudinal
g drains on clayey
y y soil is 0.9
m3/sec. Design the cross section and longitudinal
slope of trapezoidal drain assuming the bottom
width
dth off the
th trapezoidal
t d l section
t t be
to b 1.0
1 0 m and d
cross slopes to be 1V:1.5H. The allowable velocity
of flow in the drain is 1.2 m/sec and Manning’s g
roughness coefficient is 0.02.
III. DESIGN OF SIDE DITCHES AND OPEN
CHANNELS
• Examples:
2. The surface water from road side is drained to the
longitudinal side drain from across one half a bituminous
pavement surface of total width 7.0 m, shoulder and
adjoining land of width 8.0 m one side of the drain. On the
other side of the longitudinal drain, water flows across from
reserved land with grass and 2% cross slope towards the
side drain, the width of this strip of land being 25 m. The run
off coefficients of the pavement, shoulder and reserve land
with grass surface are 0.8,
0 8 0.25,
0 25 and 035 respectively.
respectively The
length of the stretch of land parallel to the road from where
water is expected to flow to the side drain is about 400 m.
Estimate the quantity of run-off
run off flowing in the drain assuming
25 years period of frequency.
IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
1. Lowering of Water Table
• Highest level of water table should be below the
subgrade.
• Practically 1.0 to 1.2 m below subgrade
• Relatively permeable soil-
• Longitudinal drains are mainly used
• Impermeable soils-
• Transverse
T drains
d may be
b necessary in addition
dd
to longitudinal drains
IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
1. Lowering of Water Table
Fig. Symmetrical longitudinal drains used to lower the
groundwater table and to collect water infiltrating the
pavement.
IV SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
IV.
• Lowering of Water Table
Longitudinal
Drain
T
Transverse
Drains
Fig. LLowering off water
F t ttable
bl using
Transverse Drains (Plan View)
IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
2. Seepage Control
• If seepage zone is at a depth less than
0.6 to 0.9 m below subgrade g level,,
• Use longitudinal pipe drain in trench
with filter material to intercept the
seepage flow.
• This phenomenon can be explained
using figures.
IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
2. Seepage Control
Fig. Longitudinal interceptor drain used to cut off
seepage
p g and lower the g groundwater table.
IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
2. Seepage Control
Groundwater seeps through the slope where the water
table intersects the land slope, and
Groundwater flows beneath the pavement while also
entering the pavement foundation materials.
Fig. (A) Illustration of ground water flow along a sloping
impervious layer toward a roadway.
IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
2. Seepage Control
Fig. (B) Illustration of interceptor drain on the drawdown of
the groundwater table.
table
IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
2. Seepage Control
Fig. Longitudinal collector drain used to remove
water seeping into the pavement structural
section.
t
IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
3. Control of Capillary Rise
• Capillary rise can be controlled by
Using a layer of granular material of suitable thickness.
Using
U a layer off impermeable capillary cutoff.
ff
Capillary water should not rise above the thickness of the
granular layer
g y
Granular material
Capillary rise
Highest water
table
Fig. Granular capillary
cutoff
IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
3. Control of Capillary Rise
• Bituminous layer or other geo-textiles can be used
as an impermeable layer.
Impermeable layer
Capillary rise
Highest water table
Fig. Impermeable layer capillary cutoff
IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
4. Design of Filter Material
• Proper filter material should be used for:
Subsurface drainage system and backfilling the
drainage trenches and
Criteria:
Permeability and Piping
D15 of filter
5 Permeability criteria
D15 of foundation
D 15 of filter
5 Piping criteria
D 85 of foundation
IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
4. Design of Filter Material
DP=size of perforation in drain pipe
D85 Filter = 2DP
10
0 ○ 2DP The area between
80
the two red curves
60 Foundation represents the h
soil filler material.
Filter
Perrcent
passsing
40
Material
5D1
20
5D8 ○ ○5
0. 5
0 1. 1.0 0. 0.0 0.00
0 1 (mm), log
Particle size 1 scale 1
Fig. Design of Filter Material
• References:
R s
1. Highway Engineering, 7th Ed. Paul H. Wright and Karen
K. Dixon. Wiley (2004)
2. Highway Engineering, 8th Ed. S.K. Khanna and C.E.G.
Justo. (2001)
Tha k Y
Thank You!!