Define rate ofReaction it is

positive value that corresponds to thechange

a
in
quantity of a reactant orproduct as a
function of time during a chemicalchange
quantity g Mal Mal L
time S min h

reactant D quantityreactant A quantity product

product
at At

Reaction rates and

stoichiometry
proportion of reactants andproducts is important for
rate determination

Ex
4MHz t 302 g 2
Nay 64,0g
6 moles of M 0cg us 3 mol
02g tells us that
the rate of H2o formation is
going to bedouble
the rate of Oa transformation

General Reaction Rate

a A t bB c C t dD

V DLD
bday edgy
I
a DIE d At

U Va U ve id
a y c d

Conc
tank cant
moy product reactions tend to start quick and slow
so down over time
reactant
time s
 Instantaneous reaction rate the rate at a precisepointin time t
tangent

Average reaction rate change in quantity over a period of time at

Secant

Collision
Theory
In order for chemical reaction to takeplace theparticles
a
must collide with one another at therightangle and with
enoughenergy activation energy

Maxwell Boltzmann curve

Ea

piif.u thenoughenergy
probability
h
to result in a chemical

E Edenery
Effective Collision
Elastic collision Inelastic collision
reaction occurs
do not result in a results in a chemical reaction
chemical reaction The number of inelastic
elastic perfectenergy collisions determines the
rate of reaction
transfer reactiondoesnotoccur
The rate of a reaction decrease
not enough energy over time because there are
to overcome Ea fewerparticles that remain
not colliding the unreacted therefore fewer
right way inelastic collisons occurring
over time

a
Reactions can often occur in several steps

3 I reactants
2

II and III intermediates stuffthat cancelsout

in Hess'slaw
IV products

The rate determiningstep is the step that

determines the rate of the overall reaction
It is the step that has [Link] d
complex with the highestenergy regardless
of the Ea
In this reaction step 3
111 IV
Factors that Affect the Rate of a reaction
there are 3 things that can be manipulated tochangethe rate
of a reaction
total numberparticles recall
ragtag
as r n
concentration
mean kinetic energy
temp
activation energy
catalyst
Nature of the reactants
activation energy is dependent on the number type or
strength of a bond
number more bonds slower
type fastest slowest
C C C C CEC

also dependent on the state of matter

fastest slowest
e
Particlesclosertogether
and attraction bonds
y are stronger
aqueous
solutions
havethe
highest rxn time
bondstobreak
readyto react
because
they are ions no

2 Particle Size
which of these solids will react fastest Why
L L L

a
a

7 T T T 7

slowest fastest
greatest surface area increases reaction rate
because there is an increasedprobability of inelastic
collisions occurring
 3 Concentration
increasing the concentration of the reactants will
increase the rate of reaction

ptarities Ea
have more particles will enough

Amw
E to overcome Ea
more collisions more inelastic
collisions rate

4
Temperature
an increase in temperature will increase the rate of reaction
This occurs because increasing temperature results in
them moving faster energy
has been added so Eu
8 more collisions more inelastic collisions

The opposite is true for reducing temperature

T ofparticles withhigh
Hides enough Ea liurve shifted right
p ofparticles withhigh

INIT
enough Ea
curve shifted 6ft

5
Catalysts
reduces the activation energy required for a reaction
toproceed byproviding an alternatepath sometimesmultiple
A catalyst is not used up in a reation does not steps
apermanentchange
undergo a
Enthalpydiagram Ea
PE gaffe

A
angst

rxn E
 inhibitor slows reaction rate increases Ea

fix
particles

Rate Law
The rate of a reaction depends on the concentration of
reactants not on the amount quantity

P in concentration 9 in collisions faster rate

constant of
The rate of a reaction is not because the quantity
reactantchanges as the reaction progresses
d in reactants available d in collisions slower rate

a A bB CC t dD
products
rate is notdependent
on

the products formed

rate law k A Y LA concentrationof A

1 f
B
concentration ofB
rate a
proportionalityconstant
specifictothereaction only gaseous g
and aqueous ag
reactants
 2
r k 2A 2B r L
ra k 4 A 8 B 3 AJ B 3

r
k
322A B3
r r
32 AJCB A ZEB

82 328

ra k 4 A 8 BJ
3
32k A B vs r KLA B
Rz

r h C D
V 1.8 Mls 1 8MM 1
k 7.2M s
C D [Link] 0.25M or

MEI's
2
samemales as in example B
mo s
C n 1.0gal IL
0.50gal IL f 7.2Mt's 1 OM 2.0M
d50m01 1 omal r 14.4M S
C 0.50mA D 1omal
0.5L 0.502
14,4M S
I omal 3 2 increased 8 fold
Ima 1 am s
 K 4202 HIT
V

0.0304 KLOTT 0.237

0.0076 460.17 0.138
4
4
0.0152 410.23 60.179
4
14,19
4 29
0.0076 410.171047 22 24
2 2 2ⁿᵈ order wrt
y
1 1 to HI

2 2
ME [Link]
1st order K 4202 HI
I if kmy
Wrt to 4202 0.0076 k 0.1 0.1
m
0.0076 0.001k
m s
7 6 k
Advanced 7.622
mar 5
k

8.12 7.6m 4202 HI

 Advanced
[Link]
r K H2O HI Y

0.0076 k V 1 0.1 S
2 0.0304 k 0.1 0.239

3 0.0152 k 0.2 0.139

0.0076 410.1 0.174

0.0076 6 0 10.1 9 0.0152 0.2 [Link]

0.0304 0.239 1 5 0.5
1
9.8 4 2
0.25 0.59
r K HOICHI My k M.M
0.0076 k V 1 0.172 My 4 M
log Y 0.0076 611.0 10 3 M M
k
2 7.6 k
Y
k
4

4 7.6 L mats
k k Ea.s
 r
r k 0238 g ro
3
ro 2131 3.194 10
3
r 3.194 10 MIS
Mls g
k
Egg l
r 3.99710 Mls
7
k 5.999 10 M7g

remainsthesame
r k 0238
8 5.999 10 7M's 3 2 3m38
2.6 M s