HCL - ssiNDHUnctechcowm.

Actine bevie auiecenice

’ dont Conol ae
CuTUnt

npn pnP ’Cat biodle

fo.
> ’ bo to Cusnt

KVl kmchott Voltege

loop alsays equalk Zen.
ciosrd
* The Sum 4 voteyes in aa

Cosed loop
s(2) = 0 124
-]0+ 2(2) +

afoier caosed loops

4
t
lon
20

2.42) +2(0
-[8 + 24 2) 4
+2
+L
|0
Rey

Sasie
 ov
Open Ciultt

pey
acrw element ne
VotageaY
Cusrent a y H e eteneyt

Cumentfowtwngh element 0+0+0=0

VoHape acoD ue element -l0#0 kvL not Satttied.

ode nteaetion t 2aedet elemenk

-’ Paive elemen% Remia hoy Brdaor

>Nodewont Store amy eneg1 apaug) diode -tsameistoa
whatenw nuondng to ae Sonce

’ Aive elemens vo Htage

nodu, t Shoued be outgotng omd Guonet Source

’ KcLhdicateN lgbaje Sumg ot -’ n eality auo

CuorePSote

usmemt ata mode alaays o exis

Ror'sho ausays Consmer enegy

Ro elennt
are Sore

eleme
eneegthat fs there meno
o hrz
’ t t is a pavive elent

Ronsby capausor anduor

Graesloi

dieleehc medlun
e to haf one 2jde T
m O-hoY
Chatge
H dovolop pocitive
negat ve chage.
ngati
Side it dwolop
are comute
platr which
’ u o nefa) oobsoee

parallel on Side
eld nothing
nagatiie that
ositbv t
but eleeficSiee

positle to T-cdv
divast om dt
’ Slecfic tetd

-’Capaenor Siorer eneegy

ot eleait felA.
Seme

e
4
Cer
ACey

Semer
comeete in
elerens
elenens
’26 two thoye
hrrough
Curent pam, divizion
t r

Some and Votge

s
plac

C2
’apasoy Uni t CE)
Cen

Cey Pe he
Qn ’Cey <C4 L2)

’ t e s ons Coneted
Leierthe eeuailent oemstome

Stome tneany t Become

fn Serier the Rey es greate
nove ren'stie when t y
thog tndiua element Waluey Comete ?nSeser I.e if we
Res> ( a) deyz l , ) . omtto genaeate len Curent
wenee Comneit nstme

2) ie-t leutan
<(q,
Cep <
Value
bdinidua Capauitone
 ’ 4we ObsenvL elomentk one orneted In le.
nearse
inemoaser, meams t
the Conduchvity
pastitar
getting Tr Casue
fre thes
Jeting oeired Votageet
Stomoland k ot ohat
25v 2.5 Stondad el .
near bohe
hat nornen
gedeed
ol oe
thar doop
în paael, So
So

andtthe
we womt o fnereane
-> Ik Pbwe
2

to e tetie
the oolay wenee to
et delay)
we heed to
(ov

comeete

Rx end to Corruyonding
namner
net-fo S a i r
(o6)+6 (o) iK
-10+ s(2) 4(2) + 6(o4)t6

R-R2 4 Bl2).

contre
L More
e w hature ’ Tn Penstos Cometel ig
paualle assme Ve
n Pens toY [Link]
Cbtes R oenstne
Gpanor Induesor one
Ree n.
Cometedfo paale the
2ndutoe
euvaent Pifs hor )
Sene a e
?ie 1t Beaonew
deevease otter Remstne hon
wiu be
Condtve ln te ith
more Rey Rn.
CopamtnyuCopamite
DRypet to
hen element re
s noreare
Commete fn pasntLel.

rtshot one fn not fn aee

lone rnps)
 2

lee

V= I . ley
Ret

- 3
Rey = 6
4

VA-I0 VA VB-Va, Ve-20, 4

6

Q0-VB 30-\e
Vg-a0 (2
V

64
Ve

lov( 30)
) nile e coni donng noday omaysis, shi
ositng the esmatoy, the od Wit to
2A
what we wattng tue G teat ode is lev
Rermeding
higher poteni) Campaing to
ltrye Sourcey ond goomet potenbie. n
yo
w e a e Conyideng ke
hodal anayss S a t a hode, VA- Vg

t we hore etten ey-0

Based pon VA-l0

VA Ve
m

Ga
vD=0
VA = 4
2 -30V
V

+
by

VA -10 VA-o +
6

VA
20
2
Q-2 +0-6 to 2

VA VB.
4
Vstso
VA-I0 VA V -VB 2
|0

V S0

50
 (oy )
’ t a mesth mys we hae to ne ke

’ If ts a loop Cclosed Doep) ,he Statin

VA
Both
point md ending þ o j n tane
Some
t4

AAA

-10+ -(o+s()+1o(I,f)

- t20v tto(T2-L)+5(I)0

Votage 4Curent ocey

’ Depenolee Sonee ’ otge Cortol Vo tere Some

Voltge Conmaf Cuwent Sounee
-5 Cusoet Conol Votae Somee Sonee

C u t Conro) CusrnSonee

lov 2v Votge Corhol Vo ltee Son

> Vot age Cono) uent Somee

2 Cuusoust Conoo) Votse Sove

ausnt Gortn) Curert Some

 Dovice Csult
ie,
Romm's kor s a memory len elernent Foom the neeleowr,
n ea Oobit

wt rmmbes elens
it doem t dpend on tme. Sorme' paeitie
Voltge Om Cusmt eouahos.
tp itt a t s t Oobi
poaxnt
eowtha totay
om -ue hel
t
opaamor
2n,ite Qxi-2. an the Seeond
V= oit theno ? eleeho

t . eleenonn Premt is on

c y 2

oory te loww the Boneng

weael e nthe st osbi
Beromer
Bond with-the ueleo
tharhmore

tothe Semd toit

Compang
V= Ldi elechom
what ane tue
dt simany moge Bon
OdoiEhar
Send
pemt

nlowwte Bod
away from
Beeem aoeaeer
 He-2s
Heiim

Sim Si- l4-1sg'bpz

fh-tseptss'zps
ph- S-1's'aptsssp 28o6
Si->odoit

ts'sep'zs~psalo

’ h the Outer most Ötoit poting tout

-’ Hssme, to Beae the
Valemy Bnd .
Elao Eleehion prsent in ta
’ hte Valeny Bnd, tha
fee lecom Valemy Bomd heeneez
poesemt those are thot
mean, that h e is no Reguse is e , For the
that
Cusrnasoso Gesmim, the ene epwey
élechon
to Bovaethe Waleny
-’Sothat is the veason, theluttg chow.
then c we
Siten is o.6V/0v
Vo ltge for to neubeoww,
t wil)
0.3V.
t is near
for ompae

loe
Aorming Shong -faay
Types a-matsals.
to whicnis poemt
the ensg
Dconduto
(2 Semi ConduetoV

(3nsnealo
(ondueboY

’ 6 Hee, he anatlnia which

tree elehom
alole to pam tthe
GSimoyts.
R- R9
A Hutys we need fo our on
Outer most Osoit oee Valeuy
Jnatemal
Band.

nsulasoy

he matetey n wica
WeOne
alasorting the
is
-floot free el eehon
Veny seu
Ert plahie, Glau, wood.
’ Siiom formhg Srytai
it able to
Seni conduehoy Stnutue, Sthat ît
ohich hay witth nigloour
om Covalent Bond
ghematemaf
-
Condutor toun elehom
Conduehu ity in Blo Sicon atom foe the
Bond, it wil
Cemconduehs
present in te Caluy
neigbor Siioy
Cxtsi, Ge
fm bonalent Bond
abm.
Stueeture theelehons
silkom ’ D at om tempaae

Tntheoutes moSt O lt may

sent
Bewme ee elechon thom they
S
 free elecow prenmt fn the V B, fie
ivethee is no
abs0 L al tue eloatom
1f nee asob
At-e Valemy Bomd t
a t u e

plae te these s no
hee i no coodutm talce

Rovo elecihonw -tater plaee

but tow t fee eleetrm wil

The aUrent otmng
Bn conduchn bomd.
happon
hoting but t f e -fo covalent
’Free eleehn
Bnd. (re, t s alo le to foey fozppy ee

room temþaratue, ite qetting soma tueoma

’Athe
laleny Bom
ereegi tnen the cleshons pexsent (n tue
sitt to Con dieton bamd,those eleero
may
Beeome foee elehom

elecons novein Condeeton Bom

’Onee thse
more io a aomdon d e e o n
hey Beome freey amd-they aos osoing tue
he L Setion ea. we
0-e oith in

192, Ht 2ero Bier6) o Bia ,the appned vottege

ternp uature henet eurn
(S2ero, at
te afer Sme

IeR ome
omn
heftaey loose the eneegy.

.e elechomotve furce
py Vootages
diteefon.
Ul the efeeby wl he move fna Single
 meanow t elehon asooeel. ie
ibe
b} Cha go with eypeut fme ís asosoe d Bie
aument

m prommt , ?n the concesorn

Band, fist
’ Fiwt it we apy ittle bit Voltape Ov, o.2V)0-3v
Hhe clecon wihich one cea'n a Covalont Bond.-hey
t y to braethe CB omd tnying to
rmove from Valauy Bond. to condueh'on Band. One
hose eleehom eaeh conduehan
condueon -
Bomd e (t Beome

free elehoru Non Based upon te aply votge,

-etchoge Tfioo
Qate choe t change foe Ratet
ofee eleiho wil domge -le the aurment gemeealon
is dlreety propotionp to appluy Voltege

Ihtms SC+ is a pure tom t Siicen. ve these

happen wth Ohes tnatemials
Sueh &r A, phete
fs no doping
arse gorng or dapng ?why we ane not
we
ntic Se

’ we qive eneagy theeleehom moe trom

Valeny Bondto Conduehon Bemal. (he [Link] to
eleeon the usremt eve
we Oseve s at Corduton
Bad ie Condetiom Bamd we Ônseve Free lehow
 The Arsense nothing out hole, oee hole
Pond.
presemt n Valeey
we w)ll asoYb Crsn n
2ie Gntorsic sc alo
’ie

holer amd oneehn Bm

Both Valomey Bon
due bo elecion In-Ve n -(-p)
lp+ve. |Inp
noen
s dee to he eleetom tmyin to
Thehole Cunt
atthe tmoment tue eleshon
n-the empty Spaee

Aledthe emsy ort the enpty Spau willfom

tnategy
gettiagte aohole Curen
thatwe re
ratesal.
-Bn-c-p) Rn Sc
’he total aursemt

3 movin
CusrntCunent chue toe
)e the eleehon Dthor
u m n t due to
how rnoving
Ohedireeton, -he
dreetorn, i e SemicondtoY
Coeone
gatting
?-e-te
mol holer
Both elechons
Cusent efo

tota aument

then
positie
choalgt hol
s pp te
’with alove Coeubion we are absosoing in Totosje
Se weane bsoooing -the Qusrent

Extsc Sct
with Erttc SC

then even -tho ugh abtostairg the Crnt

matea e not huge he totay

That is the seso oith dopne

weovre goin

doping rmeans aáing puontioy tothe reusie sc

matual.

mati oy ph matamal

doping Loth ) t s lenoy an p type

Sericonckuto, we dope oith p it is pnom
type Qemiconueol

’ Tobdiode poatim hare cle One

dopng with pty pe mateanial. othes h porhm e

doping oi th n- type matrey tron weare2aasoralng
Basc P Jm chon iode

P type ’ tnalent
Ntype penta
 ’ Bonding o J4

B >hole (tve).

Accephor atom

conduchr Is -fowot elechony ony

Semicondeo is Both fdo ot elechony pnflow
hole
elechn Cve).
Donoy
atom

ntype> Boncling
Ntype
Prype
¬-’Mojosiy

'a ’ Mino3ihy
’Aeephr Ton

chage Ginane ole ane)

The Pype -the rmajoity -Vea
elehons. amd Vice
arsojen ane
nOni charqe
tor ntype
 J{ we appy pty pe he Cunenthen the bolew
ae pu hed
ade pshed to neqahive and electon
to wonds positi ve
majoib Ot Cunt s oler (Beoaue the
eleehons oe Qeu

’ t appy htjpe cTent then the holer ane

Pushedto negat ve and elechony Ye pused tousasl
positive
’ The nmajoiy ot uent ik eletron Boeauoe-he
electrorns ase nore

Ti
nole
|0-040 elechons
pentavalemt
atom
Valent
ato
gmchom.
JNBIs
when we attach Both nand p ype öfththejnetion
he elehons wM Start do rae nom type to p
types and thls elechvons oill be minorty charge
?n ptype ard this elechons Aitetne win be
ese in PyPe and Vice Vexsa he pype the holer
moves tooasds tha ntype andhere ite time
will oe llu
 movable fon
CAethons ane two type
Inmovalole. lony.

itInmovalole
ame dueto no tre eleehou on
valole
ant fly chauged.

eplethon eyion few chauged Carneu, Contains ions

rttgi
h electie Reld.
The
will make moving ot elechrny
nd hol none trom Qugtto igbt omd Vice Ves e
There vwill bea wall ot ion and nown ay Bouje

potemGal J Built in potemso

Besie potenba Si= 0.95T 0 V Roor
J temnpauafue
Ge = o3v

Due to the elels Seld fn the Depletien egiÛn ony

nd few foom ptype holer
elechong
fus tso n type
Vema
are move fom eft to Kigbt omd Vice
potni
’ This Somovaole ions nakr gc the Baier

fom mayoity chosge

Vb VTo ( ni
n=lGe e :6X)D
VT= kT

T=d00r9 t e m p a a t

22
e-Er Eopemitity.

Gbielechtc
 AUA’ Aceptos Concentroßor
No’ Donor Conctntyat

Mactig chon lauw

NO Biar:
pithuin ument ’majosMy
P
Keistone
Exkenal elecn

P
Extma Electie

fowau Biay Revene Biay

Wb Vp

Appiet Voltcge si =on

Gi-o3v
moj- Is- ic> Smv
 Foavwad Biaw Jmton

Break doum Voltoge

RB
Vp peak învesion \btege
VB

Revese Satunatiog Gunem+

Si:D ’ a x DC 40n4(3s')
Vin <Vb.

Vr )
forwaub PBias Revere Biay

Wbn Vb Vo

Expontenijnly

No iay
Vp=0
Daplehm Regiom Theoe ane O mOVoble Choa ge but ony
Unoves mov alble ions
Spae chone legion.
5h Mo Bioas choge, the ) Chaqem N Chone! is
Tepelled with o ho le on the ptype. type tu
s N
posibve Omd holeare posibve the morerment
the deplekon egion doemt chonge
Baser poteh)
()

Deplekon
Region Wa)
’Dtfon Cunrünt moven trom Kigit CN) to Dett () n
aift cirorun is opp to Dittuson wrent

Urder Steady Stoke et0

(t)

Difuio (ument- Dift usrent

net usent o Open Qugtent

Bafer potmtia
tmpauatue
V= ot at a0m

i1600
 Bw codi ion he tofol Canunt 0bsenved in | PAAB
diode t
Jinchen
N
dithon
Ny it is }uro?:e So we ane getthng eo at no Bian Con
Cu0ent gnecate lby the &leekichee& te due
is due to tha

Ceroyemt qenateel du to dittuno poeuL ive cue to

wthe
Cauics. ey aoe anelled cut- cah otun wt
noaity chaoe
th clage
fowan d Biar

..Rn’Sesme