Python Numpy
Numpy is a general-purpose array-processing package. It provides
a high-performance multidimensional array object, and tools for
working with these arrays. It is the fundamental package for
scientific computing with Python.
Besides its obvious scientific uses, Numpy can also be used as an
efficient multi-dimensional container of generic data.
Arrays in Numpy
Array in Numpy is a table of elements (usually numbers), all of the
same type, indexed by a tuple of positive integers. In Numpy,
number of dimensions of the array is called rank of the array.A
tuple of integers giving the size of the array along each dimension
is known as shape of the array. An array class in Numpy is called
as ndarray. Elements in Numpy arrays are accessed by using
square brackets and can be initialized by using nested Python
Lists.
Creating a Numpy Array
Arrays in Numpy can be created by multiple ways, with various
number of Ranks, defining the size of the Array. Arrays can also be
created with the use of various data types such as lists, tuples, etc.
The type of the resultant array is deduced from the type of the
elements in the sequences.
Note: Type of array can be explicitly defined while creating the
array.
# Python program for
# Creation of Arrays
import numpy as np
# Creating a rank 1 Array
arr = [Link]([1, 2, 3])
print("Array with Rank 1: \n",arr)
# Creating a rank 2 Array
arr = [Link]([[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6]])
print("Array with Rank 2: \n", arr)
# Creating an array from tuple
arr = [Link]((1, 3, 2))
print("\nArray created using "
"passed tuple:\n", arr)
Run on IDE
Output:
Array with Rank 1:
[1 2 3]
Array with Rank 2:
[[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]]
Array created using passed tuple:
[1 3 2]
Accessing the array Index
In a numpy array, indexing or accessing the array index can be
done in multiple ways. To print a range of an array, slicing is done.
Slicing of an array is defining a range in a new array which is used
to print a range of elements from the original array. Since, sliced
array holds a range of elements of the original array, modifying
content with the help of sliced array modifies the original array
content.
# Python program to demonstrate
# indexing in numpy array
import numpy as np
# Initial Array
arr = [Link]([[-1, 2, 0, 4],
[4, -0.5, 6, 0],
[2.6, 0, 7, 8],
[3, -7, 4, 2.0]])
print("Initial Array: ")
print(arr)
# Printing a range of Array
# with the use of slicing method
sliced_arr = arr[:2, ::2]
print ("Array with first 2 rows and"
" alternate columns(0 and 2):\n", sliced_arr)
# Printing elements at
# specific Indices
Index_arr = arr[[1, 1, 0, 3],
[3, 2, 1, 0]]
print ("\nElements at indices (1, 3), "
"(1, 2), (0, 1), (3, 0):\n", Index_arr)
Run on IDE
Output:
Initial Array:
[[-1. 2. 0. 4. ]
[ 4. -0.5 6. 0. ]
[ 2.6 0. 7. 8. ]
[ 3. -7. 4. 2. ]]
Array with first 2 rows and alternate columns(0 and 2):
[[-1. 0.]
[ 4. 6.]]
Elements at indices (1, 3), (1, 2), (0, 1), (3, 0):
[0. 6. 2. 3.]
Basic Array Operations
In numpy, arrays allow a wide range of operations which can be
performed on a particular array or a combination of Arrays. These
operation include some basic Mathematical operation as well as
Unary and Binary operations.
# Python program to demonstrate
# basic operations on single array
import numpy as np
# Defining Array 1
a = [Link]([[1, 2],
[3, 4]])
# Defining Array 2
b = [Link]([[4, 3],
[2, 1]])
# Adding 1 to every element
print ("Adding 1 to every element:", a + 1)
# Subtracting 2 from each element
print ("\nSubtracting 2 from each element:", b - 2)
# sum of array elements
# Performing Unary operations
print ("\nSum of all array "
"elements: ", [Link]())
# Adding two arrays
# Performing Binary operations
print ("\nArray sum:\n", a + b)
Run on IDE
Output:
Adding 1 to every element:
[[2 3]
[4 5]]
Subtracting 2 from each element:
[[ 2 1]
[ 0 -1]]
Sum of all array elements: 10
Array sum:
[[5 5]
[5 5]]
More on Numpy Arrays
Basic Array Operations in Numpy
Advanced Array Operations in Numpy
Basic Slicing and Advanced Indexing in NumPy Python
Data Types in Numpy
Every Numpy array is a table of elements (usually numbers), all of
the same type, indexed by a tuple of positive integers. Every
ndarray has an associated data type (dtype) object. This data type
object (dtype) provides information about the layout of the array.
The values of an ndarray are stored in a buffer which can be
thought of as a contiguous block of memory bytes which can be
interpreted by the dtype object. Numpy provides a large set of
numeric datatypes that can be used to construct arrays. At the
time of Array creation, Numpy tries to guess a datatype, but
functions that construct arrays usually also include an optional
argument to explicitly specify the datatype.
Constructing a Datatype Object
In Numpy, datatypes of Arrays need not to be defined unless a
specific datatype is required. Numpy tries to guess the datatype
for Arrays which are not predefined in the constructor function.
# Python Program to create
# a data type object
import numpy as np
# Integer datatype
# guessed by Numpy
x = [Link]([1, 2])
print("Integer Datatype: ")
print([Link])
# Float datatype
# guessed by Numpy
x = [Link]([1.0, 2.0])
print("\nFloat Datatype: ")
print([Link])
# Forced Datatype
x = [Link]([1, 2], dtype = np.int64)
print("\nForcing a Datatype: ")
print([Link])
Run on IDE
Output:
Integer Datatype:
int64
Float Datatype:
float64
Forcing a Datatype:
int64
Math Operations on DataType array
In Numpy arrays, basic mathematical operations are performed
element-wise on the array. These operations are applied both as
operator overloads and as functions. Many useful functions are
provided in Numpy for performing computations on Arrays such
as sum: for addition of Array elements, T: for Transpose of
elements, etc.
# Python Program to create
# a data type object
import numpy as np
# First Array
arr1 = [Link]([[4, 7], [2, 6]],
dtype = np.float64)
# Second Array
arr2 = [Link]([[3, 6], [2, 8]],
dtype = np.float64)
# Addition of two Arrays
Sum = [Link](arr1, arr2)
print("Addition of Two Arrays: ")
print(Sum)
# Addition of all Array elements
# using predefined sum method
Sum1 = [Link](arr1)
print("\nAddition of Array elements: ")
print(Sum1)
# Square root of Array
Sqrt = [Link](arr1)
print("\nSquare root of Array1 elements: ")
print(Sqrt)
# Transpose of Array
# using In-built function 'T'
Trans_arr = arr1.T
print("\nTranspose of Array: ")
print(Trans_arr)
Run on IDE
Output:
Addition of Two Arrays:
[[ 7. 13.]
[ 4. 14.]]
Addition of Array elements:
19.0
Square root of Array1 elements:
[[2. 2.64575131]
[1.41421356 2.44948974]]
Transpose of Array:
[[4. 2.]
[7. 6.]]
More on Numpy Data Type
Data type Object (dtype) in NumPy
Methods in Numpy
all()
any()
take()
put()
apply_along_axis()
apply_over_axes()
argmin()
argmax()
nanargmin()
nanargmax()
amax()
amin()
insert()
delete()
append()
around()
flip()
fliplr()
flipud()
triu()
tril()
tri()
empty()
empty_like()
zeros()
zeros_like()
ones()
ones_like()
full_like()
diag()
diagflat()
diag_indices()
asmatrix()
bmat()
eye()
roll()
identity()
arange()
place()
extract()
compress()
rot90()
tile()
reshape()
ravel()
isinf()
isrealobj()
isscalar()
isneginf()
isposinf()
iscomplex()
isnan()
iscomplexobj()
isreal()
isfinite()
isfortran()
exp()
exp2()
fix()
hypot()
absolute()
ceil()
floor()
degrees()
radians()
npv()
fv()
pv()
power()
float_power()
log()
log1()
log2()
log10()
dot()
vdot()
trunc()
divide()
floor_divide()
true_divide()
[Link]()
[Link]()
[Link]()
expm1()
bincount()
rint()
equal()
not_equal()
less()
less_equal()
greater()
greater_equal()
prod()
square()
cbrt()
logical_or()
logical_and()
logical_not()
logical_xor()
array_equal()
array_equiv()
sin()
cos()
tan()
sinh()
cosh()
tanh()
arcsin()
arccos()
arctan()
arctan2()