Heredity # Introduction: Heredity involves the transmission of characteristics from one generation to the next, as traits are passed down from parents e Heredity is the result of genes being inherited. Study of Heredity and Inheritance ‘is»term Genetics A trait that is Genetically [Link] from one generation to another is termed as Inherited trait. Variations-> Variations in traits among individuals in a species arise from genetic mutations and environmental factors, such as diet, chemicals, and pollution. Inherited Traits-> Inherited traits are characteristics passed from parents to offspring through generations, controlled by genes. Examples include height and skin color. mo # Gregor Johann Mendel: He is credited with establishing fundamental laws of inheritance, earning him the title "Father of Genetics" worldwide.He chose garden peas for his experiments for the following reasons: Pea plants have Several Contrasting Characteristics like height, flower Colour, Seed Colour a Shape. Self-pollinated plant in nature. Cross-pollination can be — done Artifically. Short life Span Easy to cultivate Mote: The scientific name of peas ic Picum Cativum. Important Terms: “EMA: Allele-> An allele is one ofthe various versions of a specific gene, such as for height. Dominant Allele-> A dominant allele, indicated by a capital letter (e.g., "T"), expresses its phenotype even when another allele is present. Recessive Allele-> The phenotype is expressed only when both alleles are present, and it is represented by a lowercase letter, as in "t." Genotype-> The genetic recipe of a person, like whether they are entirely tall or a mix of tall traits. Phenotype-> Phenotype is an organism's visible traits resulting from its genes and environment. E.g- tall or dwarf Chromosomes-> Chromosomes are thread-like structures in the cell nucleus that carry genetic information (DNA). Hybrid-> An individual with two distinct alleles for the same trait, like "Tt" for height (tall).Monohybrid Cross-> A cross that focuses on one pair of contrasting traits is referred to as a monohybrid cross, resulting in a 3:1 ratio known as the monohybrid ratio. Dihybrid cross-> A cross that involves two pairs of contrasting traits is termed a dihybrid cross, and it yields a 9:3:3:1 ratio, which is known as the dihybrid ratio, Dominant Trait-2 The trait that can be visibly expressed in the first generation. Recessive Trait-> The trait that is not able to express itself in Fl generation but reappears in £2 generation. Homozygous-> Homozygous means having two identical alleles for a particular gene. Heterozygous-> It refers to having two different alleles for a specific gene. Dominant ene-> The gene that can be expressed in both homozygous and heterozygous conditions, Recessive Gene-> -A gene that can only express itself in the homozygous condition. * Inherited traits from previous generations provide a shared body plan and introduce subtle modifications for the next generation. Depending on the nature of variations, various individuals may possess diverse advantages. _---- ‘Traits: “Dominant - RecessiveMendel 's Experiment: Mendel found that traits can be dominant or recessive. When he crossed a tall pea plant with a short one, all offspring in the first generation were tall. To understand what happened to the short trait, he self-pollinated the first-generation plants and observed that in the second generation, both tall and short plants were present in a 3:1 ratio. This led Mendel to conclude that the short trait was present in the first generation but unable to express itself. poeta eel cometes AF)Mendel crossed round and yellow seed pea plants with green and wrinkled seed pea plants. In the parent generation, all offspring had a round shape and yellow color. To understand what happened to the wrinkled and green traits, he self-pollinated the first-generation plants. In the second generation, he observed new combinations alongside the parental traits, showing that shape and color traits are inherited independently. Dihybrid Cross YYer \ ome (agsenton] T { F, Generation YyRr ) _ =) Phenotype: 1 ow gametes from rorya parent YR yR “yr yt - F, Generation ve Phenotype: < zB gametes from heterozygous parent < =i searer esto: 1) Explain Mendel's concept of heredity, by giving three points. Solution: Mendel's work on pea plants led to the discovery of three fundamental laws of inheritance: 1. Law of Segregation: Genes came in pairs, and during gamete formation, these genes segregate randomly so that each gamete receives only one gene from the pair. 2. Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits are sorted independently during gamete formation, meaning the inheritance of one trait is not dependent on the inheritance of another. 3. Law of Dominance: When an organism has alternate forms of a gene (alleles), one form (the dominant allele) will be expressed in the phenotype if present. These laws laid the foundation for our understanding of gerieties and inheritance. 2) A pea plant with a blue color flower denoted by BB is cross-bred with a pea plant with a white flower denoted by ww a, What is the expected color of the flowers in their F1 progeny? b. What will be the percentage of plants bearing white flowers in F2 generation, when the. flowers of Fi plants were selfed? ¢. State the expected ratio of the genotypes BB and Bw in the F2 progeny. Solution: a. Fl generation — blue. b. 25% c. BB: Bw= 1:2, 3) tna pes plont, find the contrasting trait if: 2. the position of the flower is termin b. the flower is white in colon. ¢. shape of the pod is constricted Solution: Ina pea plant, find the contrasting trait if: «a. the position of the flower is terminal. b. the flower is white in color. ¢, shape of the pod is constricted,Chromosomes: Chromosome pairs refer to the two sets of chromosomes present in most human cells. Each set consists of 23 individual chromosomes, with one set inherited from the mother and the cell other from the father. These pairs Chromosome include sex chromosomes (X and Y in humans) and autosomes, which carry genetic information and are essential “““** for genetic inheritance. Sex Determination: “ § FACTORS RESPONGIDLE FOR SEX GETERMINATION 1 \ Environmental Factores S # Im humans, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes, yy xX making a total of 46 chromosomes. Among these, 22 pairs are autosomes, and one pair is sex | x chromosomes, In males, the sex chromosomes are XY, and in females, they are XX. The sex of a child is determined during fertilization. If an X-carrying xx OXY Female Malesperm fertilizes the egg, the child will be female (XX), and if a Y-carrying sperm fertilizes the egg, the child will be male (XY). Therefore, the sperm's genetic contribution determines the child's sex, Haploid & Diploid Cells: Diploid: y Diploid means having two cets of paired chromosomes in a (4 cell or organicm. Haploid: Hoploid means having a single cet of unpaired chromosomes R in a cell or organicm.## or 7 questions 1) “rt is a matter of chance whether a couple will have a male or a female child.” Justify this statement by drawing a flow chart. (Foreign 2015,2017) Women produce only one type of ovum (carrying X yxy chromosome) and males produce two types of sperms (carrying either X or ¥ chromosome) in equal proportions. So the sex of a child is a matter of chance depending upon the type of sperm fertilizing the ovum. Fomale Male 2) Why traits such as intelligence and knowledge cannot be passed on to the next generation? Traits such as intelligence and knowledge are not heritable traits, which do not bring upon any changes in the DNA\ef the germ cells and, therefore, cannot be passed on to the progeny 3) distinguish between inherited traits and acquired traits in a tabular form, giving one example of each, (All India 2017) [__] Acquired Inherited Trait Experiences Genetically iulerited inlivielual during its | iter 2. It ued on | ‘They can be passed fro ation to | from one generation to then the next 8. | Example: power to ti | Example: Bye enlour | woights ant renting — or h French 4) what is a dominant trait with respect to height in pea plants? Give any two examples.Characters/Traits like 'T’ are called dominant trait (because it express itself) ‘¥ are recessive trait (because it remains supressed) Character Dominant Trait _| Recessive Trait Seed shape Round Wrinkle Pod shape | Inf __ | Coustricted Pod colour G Yellow Height of plant | Tall Dwarf 5) what are cnromosomes’ explain how fexually reproducing organisms the number of chromosomes in the progeny is maintained. (Outside Delhi 2015) Chromosomes - Thread-like structures made up of DNA™found in the nucleus. The criginal number of chromosomes becomes half during gamete formation, Hence, when the gametes combine, the original number of chromosomes gets restored in the progeny 6) Rekha has a dark complexion and seéks beauty products to lighten her skin. Her friend Lila tells her that skin coloh is) determined by birth and advises against excessive use of such products. (Alindia 2013) a, What might have caused Rekha's color to be dark? b. Is it possible that all the family members of Rekha's family were dark? ¢. What value do you learn? a. Her dark colour may be due to genetic inheritance. b. All may not be dark, depending upon the genes inherited and the. environmental conditions that each one of them living in c. Awareness, logical thinking, and scientific temperament. 7) How do Mendel's experiment show that traits are inherited independently? Mendel performed dihybrid crosses by mating pea plants with different traits in two characteristics, like yellow round seeds with green wrinkled seeds. In the F2 generation, he observed both parental (yellow round and green wrinkled) and recombinant (yellow wrinkled and green round) phenotypes. This showed that these traits separated from their original combinations and were inherited independently,## comperency-Bse> QUESTTONs 1. Gregor Mendel conducted hybridisation experiments on garden peas for seven years and proposed the laws of inheritance in living organisms, He investigated characters in the garden pea plant that were manifested as two opposing traits, eg,, tall or dwarf plants, yellow and green seeds, ete. (i) Among the seven pairs of contrasting traits in pea plont as studied by Mendel, the rumber of traits related to flower, pod and seed respectively were (@)2,2,2 (b)2.2.1(6)1,.2,2(¢) 1.1.2. (ii) The colour based contrasting traits in seven contrasting pairs, studied by Mendel in pea plant were (a) 1 (b) 2 (€) 3 (d) 4. Si) Refer tothe given table of contrasting traits in pea plants studied by Mendel Character Dominant Recessive trait tralt (0) Seed colour C Q (it) Pod shape vat Termin Which of the given trats is correctly placed? (@) (0), and (Hi) only (b) (i), (it) and (tv) only (©) (ii)and (i) only (4) (1), (4), Cui) and (iv) Some of the dominant traits studied by Mende! were (a) round seed shape, green seed colour and axial flower position (b) terminal flower position, green pod colour and inflated pod shape (c) violet flower colour, green ped colour and round seed shape (d) wrinkled seed shape, yellow pod colour and axial flower position. (v) Which of the following characters was not chosen by Mendel? (2) Ped shape (b) Pod colour (c) Position of flower (d) Position of pod2, Mendel crossed tall and dwart pea plants to study the inheritance of one gene. He collected the seeds produced as a result of this cross and grew them to generate plants of the first hybrid generation which is called the first filial progeny or F1. Mendel then self pollinated the tall Fs plants and he obtained Fx generation, (i) In garden pea, round shape of seeds is dominant over wrinkled shape. A pea plant heterozygous for round shape of seed is selfed and 1600 seeds produced during the cross are subsequently germinated. How many seedlings would have non-parental phenotype? (a) 1600 (b) 1200 (c) 400 (d) 800 (ii) Tf 'A' represents the dominant gene and ‘a’ represents its recessive allele, which of the following would be the most likely result in the first generation offspring when Aa is crossed with aa? (a) All will exhibit dominant phenotype. (b) All will exhibit recessive phenotype. (c) Dominant and recessive phenotypes will be 50% each. (d) Dominant phenotype will be 75% oR Tw iv) What result Mendel would have got, if he self pollinated a homozygous tall Fs plant? (a) TT and Tt (b) All Tt (c) All TT (d) All tt {v) In plant, tall phenotype is dominant over-dwart phenotype, and the alleles are designated as T and t, respectivelyUpon crossing one tall and one dwarf plant, total 250 plants were obtained, out of which/124 displayed tall phenotype and rest were dwar. ‘Thus, the genotype of the parent plants were (a) TTX TT (b) Thx tt (c) Tx Tt (ad) Texte