RCD Pro Max

SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM

FORMULA NOTES
Depth of stress block Effective depth Tensile steel stress
𝛼 = 𝛽𝑐 𝑑𝑏 𝑑−𝑐
𝑑 = 𝑐𝑐 − 𝑑𝑠 − 𝑓𝑠 = 600 ( )
2 𝑐

Equilibrium Modulus of Elasticity (Steel) Tensile steel strain

0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛼𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝐸 = 200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑓𝑠
𝜀=
𝐸

𝜷 (Factor) Reduction Factor Nominal Moment Capacity

If 17 ≤ 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ≤ 28, If 𝑓𝑠 ≤ 𝑓𝑦, 𝛼
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛼𝑏 (𝑑 − )
𝛽 = 0.85 ∅ = 0.65 2
𝛼
If 28 < 𝑓′𝑐 < 55, If 𝑓𝑦 < 𝑓𝑠 < 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − )
0.05 ′ 𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓𝑦 2
𝛽 = 0.85 − (𝑓 𝑐 − 28) ∅ = 0.65 + 0.25 ( )
7 1000 − 𝑓𝑦

If 𝑓′𝑐 ≥ 55, If 𝑓𝑠 ≥ 1000,

𝛽 = 0.65 ∅ = 0.90

Steel Ratio Minimum Steel Ratio Design Moment Capacity

𝐴𝑠 0.25√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 1.4 ∅𝑀𝑛
𝜌= 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = max { , }
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦

PROCEDURE
Analysis Design
Equilibrium Moment
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛼𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑎 = ______
𝛼
; 𝑐 = = _______ 𝛼
𝛽 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 [0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛼𝑏 (𝑑 − )]
2
𝛼
𝛼 = _______ ; 𝑐 = = ________
Note: Assume steel yields (𝑓𝑠 → 𝑓𝑦) 𝛽
𝑑−𝑐
If steel does not yield, use 𝑓𝑠 = 600 ( )
𝑐 Note: Assume tension controlled (∅ = 0.9)
Assumption check Assumption check
𝑑−𝑐 𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 ( ) = ______ 𝑓𝑠 = 600 ( ) = ______
𝑐 𝑐
If 𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦 , steel does not yield. Revise and resolve using 𝑓𝑠 . If 𝑓𝑠 < 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎, not tension controlled. Revise and resolve.
If 𝑓𝑠 ≥ 𝑓𝑦 , steel yields. Proceed. If 𝑓𝑠 ≥ 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎, tension controlled. Proceed.
Moment Equilibrium
If 𝑓𝑠 ≤ 𝑓𝑦, ∅ = 0.65 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛼𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠
If 𝑓𝑦 < 𝑓𝑠 < 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎, ∅ = 0.65 + 0.25 (
𝑓𝑠 −𝑓𝑦
) 𝐴𝑠 = ________
1000−𝑓𝑦
If 𝑓𝑠 ≥ 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎, ∅ = 0.90 If 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ≤ 31.36𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
1.4
𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦
𝛼
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛼𝑏 (𝑑 − ) 0.25√𝑓′𝑐
2 If 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 > 31.36 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑑
′
𝛼 𝑓𝑦
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅0.85𝑓 𝑐𝛼𝑏 (𝑑 − ) If 𝐴𝑠 ≥ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , use 𝐴𝑠
2
If 𝐴𝑠 < 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , use 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛

RCD GROUP STUDY

 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Determine the following parameters for situations 1-3:

a. Effective depth
b. Depth of stress block
c. Factor relating depth of equivalent stress block to depth of neutral axis
d. Depth of neutral axis
e. Tensile steel stress
f. Tensile steel strain
g. Type of failure
h. Reduction factor
i. Nominal Moment Capacity
j. Design Moment Capacity
SIT. 1. A 300 mm x 600 mm beam is reinforced with 5-25mm∅ bars. Assume the specified compressive strength of concrete on the 28th day
of curing is 35 MPa and the yield strength of steel is 420 MPa. Use NSCP 2015.

SIT. 2. Engr. Platypus of PNB Construction designed a 250 mm x 500 mm intermediate beam reinforced with 5-20mm ∅ bars. The
compressive strength of concrete 21 MPa and the yield strength of steel is 420 MPa.

SIT. 3. Refer to the figure shown:

b = 250 mm, h = 500 mm, sc = 100 mm, f’c = 21 MPa, fy = 420 MPa, As = 5-25mm∅

SIT. 4. The reinforcement for negative moment of a continuous beam consists of the following:
Top bars = 8-20 mm diameter bars
Bottom bars = 4-20 mm diameter bars
Stirrups = 10 mm diameter bars
Material strength:
Concrete: f’c = 28 MPa 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.023
Reinforcing steel: fy = 415 MPa (Main reinforcement)
Reinforcing steel: fy = 275 MPa (Stirrups)
Dimensions:
h1 = 100 mm b = 350 mm
h2 = 400 mm a = 45 mm
Clear concrete cover to stirrups = 50 mm
Find the nominal moment capacity (kNm) of the beam at the supports.

Situation 2 Situation 3 Situation 4

RCD GROUP STUDY

SIT. 5. singly reinforced rectangular beam 300 mm wide with an effective depth of 500 mm carries a factored moment of 170 kNm. Use f’c =
28 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. Determine the required steel area.

SIT. 6. A 3 m simply supported beam carries a uniform service dead load of 25 kN/m and a uniform service live load of 32 kN/m. The beam
has a width of 400 mm and an effective depth of 700 mm. Assume the specified compressive strength of concrete is 27.6 MPa and the yield
strength of steel is 420 MPa. Using NSCP 2015, determine the area of steel reinforcement. Use unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m3. Use db = 20
mm and ds = 10 mm.

SIT. 7. A 4-m-long cantilever beam carries the service loads MD = 198.4 kNm and ML = 288 kNm. The beam is 450 mm wide and 800 mm
deep, with an effective depth of 730 mm. Use f’c = 21 and fy = 420 MPa. Determine the required steel area of reinforcements.

DOUBLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM

FORMULA NOTES
Maximum depth of neutral axis Maximum depth of stress block Steel Ratio
Maximum for singly Maximum for singly Maximum for singly
3 𝛼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛽𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 3 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽
𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑑 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( )
7 Tension Controlled 7 𝑓𝑦
Tension Controlled 𝛼5 = 𝛽𝑐5 Tension Controlled
3 Balanced Condition
𝑐5 = 𝑑 3 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽
8 𝛼𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 𝛽𝑐𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝜌5 = ( )
Balanced Condition 8 𝑓𝑦
600 Balanced Condition
𝑐𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 𝑑 600 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽
600 + 𝑓𝑦 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = ( )
600 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦

Effective depth Steel Stress Maximum Moment Capacity

Tension bars Tension Bars Maximum for singly
𝑑𝑏 𝑑−𝑐 𝛼𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 − 𝑑𝑠 − 𝑓𝑠 = 600 ( ) 𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − )
2 𝑐 2
Compression Bars Compression Bars Tension Controlled
𝛼5
𝑑′𝑏 𝑐 − 𝑑′ 𝑀𝑛5 = 𝐴𝑠5 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − )
𝑑′ = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 − 𝑑𝑠 − 𝑓𝑠′ = 600 ( ) 2
2 𝑐

Equilibrium 𝜷 (Factor) Reduction Factor

𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑇 If 17 ≤ 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ≤ 28, If 𝑓𝑠 ≤ 𝑓𝑦,
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝛼𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑠′ = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝛽 = 0.85 ∅ = 0.65

If 28 < 𝑓′𝑐 < 55, If 𝑓𝑦 < 𝑓𝑠 < 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎,

0.05 ′ 𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓𝑦
𝛽 = 0.85 − (𝑓 𝑐 − 28) ∅ = 0.65 + 0.25 ( )
7 1000 − 𝑓𝑦

If 𝑓′𝑐 ≥ 55, If 𝑓𝑠 ≥ 1000,

𝛽 = 0.65 ∅ = 0.90

Nominal Moment Capacity Design Moment Capacity

𝛼 ∅𝑀𝑛
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛼𝑏 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴𝑠 ′𝑓𝑠 ′(𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
2

RCD GROUP STUDY

 PROCEDURE
Analysis Design
Reinforcement Check Capacity Check
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
If 𝐴𝑠 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 , analyze as DRRB If 𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 𝑀𝑢 , design as DRRB
If 𝐴𝑠 ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 , analyze as SRRB If 𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≥ 𝑀𝑢 , design as SRRB
Equilibrium Moment
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛼𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑠 ′ = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑀𝑢2 = 𝑀𝑢 − 𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ______
𝛼
𝑎 = ______ ; 𝑐 = = _______
𝛽
𝑐 − 𝑑′
Note: Assume compression steel yields (𝑓𝑠 ′ → 𝑓𝑦 ) 𝑓𝑠′ = 600 ( ) = ______
𝑐−𝑑′ 𝑐
If steel does not yield, use 𝑓𝑠 ′ = 600 ( )
𝑐
Assumption check If 𝑓𝑠′ < 𝑓𝑦 , steel does not yield. Use 𝑓𝑠 ′.
𝑐 − 𝑑′ If 𝑓𝑠 ′ ≥ 𝑓𝑦 , steel yields. Use 𝑓𝑠 ′ → 𝑓𝑦 .
𝑓𝑠 ′ = 600 ( ) = ______
𝑐
𝑀𝑢2 = ∅𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑠 ′(𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
If 𝑓𝑠 ′ < 𝑓𝑦 , steel does not yield. Revise and resolve using 𝑓𝑠 ′.
If 𝑓𝑠 ′ ≥ 𝑓𝑦 , steel yields. Proceed. 𝐴′𝑠 = ______

Moment Equilibrium
𝑑−𝑐 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑠 ′
𝑓𝑠 = 600 ( ) = _____
𝑐
𝐴𝑠2 = ________
𝑓𝑠 −𝑓𝑦
If 𝑓𝑦 < 𝑓𝑠 < 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎, ∅ = 0.65 + 0.25 ( )
1000−𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝐴𝑠2 = ______
If 𝑓𝑠 ≥ 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎, ∅ = 0.90

𝛼
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛼𝑏 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑠′ (𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
2
𝛼
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅ [0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛼𝑏 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑠′ (𝑑 − 𝑑′ )]
2

Note: If compression steel yields, 𝑓𝑠 ′ → 𝑓𝑦

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

SIT. 8. A rectangular beam has the following properties: b = 300 mm, d = 600 mm, As = 7-∅28 mm, A’s = 2-∅28 mm, d’ = 60 mm, f’c = 21
MPa, and fy = 345 MPa. Determine the following:
a. Depth of neutral axis.
b. Compression steel stress.
c. Design moment capacity.

SIT. 9. A rectangular concrete beam 300 mm wide, reinforced for tension by 5-32mm∅ bars and for compression by 3-28mm∅ bars, has the
following properties:
Effective depth of tension bars, d = 500 mm
Concrete cover to centroid of compression bars, d’ = 70 mm
Concrete strength, f’c = 20.7 MPa
Reinforcing steel strength, fy = 413.7 MPa
Determine the design moment capacity.

SIT. 10. A rectangular beam 300 mm wide with an effective depth of 490 mm supports an ultimate moment of 600 kNm. Use f’c = 27.6 MPa,
fy = 276 MPa, and d’ = 60 mm. Determine the required number of reinforcements in tension and compression. It is required to ensure tension
controlled failure.

RCD GROUP STUDY

SIT. 11. A rectangular beam 300 mm wide is to be designed for an ultimate moment of 460 kN-m with fc’ = 28 MPa and fy = 420 MPa. The
effective depth of tension and compression bars are 400 mm and 70 mm, respectively.
a. Determine the maximum steel ratio of the beam section according to the minimum strain allowed by the NSCP.
b. Determine the required total amount of tension reinforcement to sustain the given ultimate moment and attaining the
given condition above, in mm2.
c. Determine the required amount of compression reinforcement in mm2.

REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS

FORMULA NOTES
Nominal Axial Capacity Design Axial Capacity
𝑃𝑛 = 𝛼[0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) + 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦] ∅𝑃𝑛 = ∅𝛼[0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) + 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦]
Minimum Steel Area Maximum Steel Area
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.01𝐴𝑔 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.08𝐴𝑔
𝜶 ∅ Eccentricity, e Spacing
Tied Column Tied Column Tied column Tied Column
0.80 0.65 𝑒 ≤ 0.10ℎ
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min {16𝑑𝑏 , 48𝑑𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 , 𝑏𝑚𝑖𝑛 }
Spiral Column Spiral Spiral Column
0.85 Column 𝑒 ≤ 0.05ℎ Spiral Column
0.75 4𝑎𝑠 (𝐷𝑐 − 𝑑𝑠 ) 𝐴𝑔 𝑓′𝑐
𝜌𝑠 = 2 , 𝜌𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.45 ( − 1) ,
𝑠𝐷𝑐 𝐴𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑦𝑡

4𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑔
max {25 𝑚𝑚, } ≤ 𝑐𝑠 ≤ 75 𝑚𝑚
3

PROCEDURE
Analysis Design
∅𝑃𝑛 = ∅𝛼[0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) + 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦 ] 𝑃𝑢 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥

If tied, ∅ = 0.65, 𝛼 = 0.80 If column dimension and reinforcement are not given:
If spiral, ∅ = 0.75, 𝛼 = 0.85 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝐴𝑔
𝑃𝑢 = ∅𝛼[0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐(𝐴𝑔 − 𝜌𝐴𝑔 ) + 𝜌𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑦 ]
𝐴𝑔 = _____

𝑃𝑢 = ∅𝛼[0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠 ) + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 ]
𝐴𝑠 = ______
𝐴𝑠
0.01 ≤ 𝜌 = ≤ 0.08
𝐴𝑔

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

SIT. 12. A round spiral column with a diameter of 600 mm is reinforced with 6-∅20mm bars. Use f’c = 28 MPa and fy = 275
MPa.
a. Determine the nominal axial load capacity of the column.
b. Determine the spacing of the longitudinal bars.
c. Determine the pitch of the 12-mm spiral reinforcement.

RCD GROUP STUDY

SIT. 13. A square tied column with a width of 300 mm is reinforced with 4-∅25mm bars. Use f’c = 28 MPa and fy = 420 MPa
a. Determine the design axial load capacity of the column.
b. Determine the maximum moment that can be applied to the given pure-axial column.

SIT. 14. Determine the dimension of a square tied column of smallest cross-section that can support an axial dead load of 600 kN
and an axial live load of 400 kN. Assume f’c = 28 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. Use 20-mm-diameter bars and 10-mm-diameter ties.

SIT. 15. A square spiral column supports an axial dead load of 600 kN and an axial live load of 700 kN. Use f’c = 27.6 MPa, fy
= 414 MPa, fyh = 275 MPa, 𝜌 = 0.02, db = 25 mm, dt = 10 mm. Determine the following:
a. Dimension of the column
b. Required number of 25-mm-diameter bars equally distributed on all sides of the column.

SHEAR DESIGN

FORMULA NOTES
Simplified Shear Capacity of Concrete Shear Capacity of Stirrups Shear Capacity of Section
Shear and Flexure Only 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 Nominal Capacity
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓′𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑 𝑠
Where: Design Capacity
With Axial Compression 𝐴𝑣 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 × 𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑠 ∅𝑉𝑛
𝑁𝑢
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17 (1 + ) 𝜆√𝑓′𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑
14𝐴𝑔
Where:
Normal weight concrete, 𝜆 = 1.0
Lightweight concrete, 𝜆 = 0.75
Axial Load, 𝑁𝑢
More Detailed Analysis Minimum Area of Shear Spacing of Shear Reinforcement
Reinforcement
Shear and Flexure Only 𝐴𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 /𝑠 is the greater of: If 𝑉𝑠 ≤ 0.33√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑉𝑐 is the least of: a. 0.062√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑤
𝑏
𝑑
𝑉 𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑 = min ( , 600 𝑚𝑚)
a. (0.16𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 + 17𝜌𝑤 𝑢 ) 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 𝑏𝑤 2
𝑀𝑢 b. 0.35
𝑓𝑦𝑡
b. (0.16𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 + 17𝜌𝑤 )𝑏𝑤 𝑑
If 𝑉𝑠 > 0.33√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑
c. (0.29𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑐)𝑏𝑤 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 = min ( , 300 𝑚𝑚)
4
With Axial Compression
𝑉𝑐 is the lesser of:
𝑉𝑢 𝑑
a. (0.16𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 + 17𝜌𝑤 4ℎ−𝑑 ) 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑀𝑢 −𝑁𝑢 ( )
8

Equation not applicable if:

4ℎ − 𝑑
𝑀𝑢 − 𝑁𝑢 ( )≤0
8

0.29𝑁𝑢
b. 0.29𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑 √1 +
𝐴𝑔

RCD GROUP STUDY

 PROCEDURE

Analysis
𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠
Where:
𝑉𝑐 = (𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑖𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 & 𝑖𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑑)
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
𝑉𝑠 =
𝑠
Design
Note:
If 𝑠 ≤ 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 , use 𝑠
If 𝑠 > 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 , use 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
1
Case 1: 𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑐 No stirrups needed
2
1
Case 2: ∅𝑉𝑐 < 𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑐 Minimum transverse reinforcement
2
𝐴𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛
If 𝑓′𝑐 ≤ 31.87𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑠 = 𝑏𝑤
0.35
𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝐴𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛
If 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 > 31.87𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑠 = 𝑏𝑤
0.062√𝑓′𝑐
𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝑑
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min ( , 600 𝑚𝑚)
2
Case 3: ∅𝑉𝑐 < 𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅(𝑉𝑐 + 0.67√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑) Provide required transverse reinforcement
𝑉𝑢 = ∅(𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠 )
𝑉𝑠 = _____

𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
𝑠= = _____
𝑉𝑠

𝑑
If 𝑉𝑠 ≤ 0.33√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑, 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min ( , 600 𝑚𝑚)
2
𝑑
If 𝑉𝑠 > 0.33√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑, 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min ( , 300 𝑚𝑚)
4
Case 4: ∅(𝑉𝑐 + 0.67√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑) < 𝑉𝑢 Revise section

SIT. 16. A column section b = 300 mm, h = 600 mm is reinforced with longitudinal bars Ast = 8-∅25mm diameter equally
distributed along all faces. Lateral ties are composed of 10 mm rectangular hoops with clear cover equal to 40 mm and 10 mm
cross ties in both directions. Concrete yield strength f’c = 28 MPa with allowable concrete shear stress, fv = 0.88 MPa, and steel
yield strength, fy = 415 MPa.
a. Determine the design shear capacity of the column along “h” dimension if the ties and cross ties are spaced at 200 mm
O.C.
b. Determine the design shear capacity of the column along “b” dimension if the ties and cross ties are spaced at 150 mm
O.C.
c. Determine the required spacing of the transverse reinforcement parallel to “h” dimension if the column is subjected to an
ultimate shear of 400 kN.

SIT. 17. A singly reinforced concrete beam 300 mm wide and 600 mm deep, is reinforced with 4-∅20 mm main bars and 2-legged
∅10 mm transverse reinforcement. Assume f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 275 MPa.
a. Determine the required spacing of stirrups under a factored load of 𝑉𝑢 = 60 𝑘𝑁
b. Determine the required spacing of stirrups under a factored load of 𝑉𝑢 = 250 𝑘𝑁
c. Determine the required spacing of stirrups under a factored shear of 𝑉𝑢 = 450 𝑘𝑁

RCD GROUP STUDY

SIT. 18. A lightweight rectangular beam having b = 300 mm, h = 620 mm and d = 550 mm spans 6-m face-to-face of simple
supports. It is to carry service dead load DL = 14 kN/m (including self-weight) and service live load LL = 25 kN/m, both uniformly
distributed along the span. Material strengths are f’c = 28 MPa and fy = 275 MPa.
a. Determine the spacing of 10-mm-stirrups required at the critical section for shear
b. Determine the required spacing of 10-mm-stirrups at L/4 of the beam.
c. At what distance from the left support are minimum stirrups required?
d. At what distance from the left support are stirrups no longer required?

Practice Problems

SIT. 1. A simply supported beam 250 mm wide, 450 mm deep and spans 6.5 m supports a service super imposed dead load of 12 kN/m and
service live load of 8 kN/m. Use f’c = 28 MPa and steel yield strength fy = 420 MPa. Concrete cover to bar centroid is 70 mm
a. Determine the maximum ultimate moment in kN∙m the beam can support
b. Determine the required depth of stress block in mm
c. Determine the minimum required amount of tensile reinforcement in mm2.
d. Determine the required amount of tensile reinforcement in mm2.

SIT. 2. A simply supported beam 300 mm wide, 450 mm deep and spans 5 m supports a service super imposed dead load of 15 kN/m and
service live load of 10 kN/m. Concrete strength f’c = 21 MPa and steel yield strength fy = 420 MPa. Concrete cover to bar centroid is 80 mm.
𝐴
a. Determine the required tensile steel ratio to sustain ultimate loads. Hint: 𝜌 = 𝑠 .
𝑏𝑑
b. Determine the type of failure.
c. Determine the required amount of tensile reinforcement in mm2.

SIT. 3. The dimensions of a rectangular beam are limited to b = 300 mm and effective depth, d = 700 mm. Using f’c = 28 MPa, long bar fy =
415 MPa, calculate the following for a factored bending moment of 1500 kN-m:
a. Required amount of tensile reinforcement if the beam is tension controlled. Compression bars centroid is 70 mm from beam edge.
b. Required amount of compression reinforcement.

SIT. 4. If the given beam section is used for a simply supported beam 6.5 m span, using f’c = 21 MPa and fyt = 280 MPa:

a. Calculate the nominal shear strength of concrete, (kN) using simplified formula of NSCP 2015.
b. Calculate the design sectional shear strength of the beam in kN.
c. Determine the maximum factored uniform load in kN/m that can be sustained based on shear strength of the cross-section only.

SIT. 5. A beam 275 mm wide and effective depth 400 mm carries a factored uniformly distributed load of 77.35 kN/m including its own weight,
in addition to a concentrated factored load of 53.38 kN at midspan. It spans 5.5 m face to face of simple supports. It is reinforced with three No.
9 (db = 28 mm) for positive bending. Use f’c = 27 MPa and fy = 278 MPa.
a. Calculate the ultimate shear strength of concrete if it is lightweight concrete.
b. Calculate the required spacing of 12 mm stirrups at the critical section for shear.
c. Calculate the required spacing of 12 mm stirrups at a section 2d from the face of support.

RCD GROUP STUDY

SIT. 6. The given I-shaped beam in the figure is reinforced with 10-mm-diameter stirrups. Material strengths are f’c = 28 MPa and fy = 420
MPa

a. Calculate the design shear strength of concrete in kN.

b. Calculate the required spacing of stirrups at the critical section under a factored shear force of 200 kN. section.

SIT. 7. A prismatic beam having 300 mm x 500 mm has an effective depth of 420 mm and is simply supported over a span of 4.5 m. The
beam is reinforced for tension only with 5-Φ25 mm bars having fy = 275 MPa. The beam carries a factored concentrated load of 450 kN at
midspan and a factored axial compressive force of 100 kN including the effects of tension due to creep and shrinkage. Concrete weighs 23.5
kN/m3. Concrete strength f’c = 20.7 MPa.
a. Calculate the factored shear force (kN) at critical section.
b. Determine the required spacing (mm) of 2 legs of 10 mm diameter shear bars at the critical section.

SIT. 8. A square tied column 400 mm on each side is reinforced with 8-25mm∅ with fy=275 MPa. Assuming f^' c=22 MPa, determine the
ultimate axial load capacity of the column.

SIT. 9. Calculate ultimate axial load capacity of a round spiral having a diameter of 300 mm reinforced with 6-20mm∅ bars having f'c=24
MPa, and fy=276 MPa.

SIT. 10. A reinforced concrete tied column carries an axial dead load of 600 kN and a live load of 800 kN. Assume f'c=27.6 MPa and fy=414
MPa.
a. Determine the smallest dimension of the column section.
b. Determine the number of 25mm∅ bars.

RCD GROUP STUDY