Operating System with Linux
Q. 1 what is the operating system ? explain it’s types?
Ans - An Operating System (OS) is a system software that acts as an intermediary between a computer user and the
computer hardware. Its primary goal is to provide an environment in which a user can execute programs in a
convenient and efficient manner.
Types of Operating Systems
1. Batch Operating System
In this system, users do not interact with the computer directly. Instead, each user prepares their
job (using punch cards or tapes) and submits it to a computer operator. The operator sorts
programs with similar requirements into batches to speed up processing.
Drawback: There is no direct interaction between the user and the computer, and CPU idle time is high.
2. Multi-Programming Operating SystemL:-
This type allows multiple programs to reside in the main memory at the same time. The OS picks
one program and starts executing it. If that program needs to wait for an I/O task, the OS switches
the CPU to another program.
Goal: To maximize CPU utilization.
3. Time-Sharing (Multitasking) Operating System:-
This is a logical extension of multiprogramming. The CPU executes multiple jobs by switching among them
so frequently that users can interact with each program while it is running. Each task is given a small slice
of time called a Time Quantum.
Examples: Windows, Linux, macOS.
4. Distributed Operating System:-
This system uses multiple central processors to serve multiple real-time applications and multiple users.
Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors according to which one can perform a specific
task most efficiently.
Benefit: If one site fails, the remaining sites can potentially continue operating.
5. Real-Time Operating System (RTOS):-
An RTOS is used in environments where a large number of events, mostly external to the computer system,
must be accepted and processed in a short time.
Hard Real-Time: Guaranteed completion of tasks within a strict deadline (e.g., Satellite systems,
Medical imaging).
Soft Real-Time: Critical tasks get priority over others, but a small delay is acceptable (e.g., Digital
cameras, Multimedia).
6. Network Operating System:-
These systems run on a server and provide the capability to manage data, users, groups, security, and
applications over a network.
Examples: Microsoft Windows Server, UNIX.
Q.2 explain core functions of operating system?
Core Functions of an OS
Memory Management:- Keeps track of every memory location and decides which process gets
memory when.
Operating System with Linux
Processor Management: Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process and de-allocates it when it's no
longer required.
Device Management: Manages device communication via their respective drivers.
File Management: Tracks information, location, and status of files.
Security: Prevents unauthorized access to programs and data using passwords and similar
techniques.
Q. 3 explain deadlock and it’s condition ?
Ans – A deadlock is a condition in which two or more processes contend for a single resource, resulting in
a situation where none of them can access that resource.A deadlock is a situation that occurs within an
operating system where a specific process enters a waiting state because the resource it requires is
currently being held by another process.
Conditions of Deadlock
There are four conditions for a deadlock, which are as follows:
Mutual Exclusion
Hold & Wait
No Preemption
Circular Wait
1:- Mutual Exclusion – In this situation, there exists at least one resource that cannot be shared among
processes.
This implies that only one process can use the resource at a time; that is, no two processes can utilize the
same resource simultaneously.
2:- Hold & Wait – In this scenario, a process holds onto one resource while waiting for another resource.
3:- No Preemption – A resource that has already been allocated to a specific process cannot be forcibly
allocated to another process. The process releases the resource voluntarily.
4:- Circular Wait – In this situation, each process waits for a resource that is currently held by another
process. Here, all processes wait for resources in a circular fashion; hence, this is referred to as Circular
Wait.