CIV318

Reinforced Concrete Design 1

Spring 2016-17

Chapter 4
Design of Rectangular Beams
and One-way Slabs

Instructor
Dr Zubair Syed
Email: [Link]@[Link] 1
 Design of Rectangular Beams
2
Design Steps:
1. Calculate the factored loads and moments
2. Decide on concrete and reinforcement properties (f ’c, fy )
3. Two options:
1. Either choose reinforcement ratio (𝜌) and find the
beam section (b and d).
2. Or assume the beam section and find the required
reinforcement
4. Provide the final cross section with reinforcement amount
and layout.
 Beam Proportions
3

 Beams 3 to 4 m long – d/b approximately 1.5 to 2

 Longer beams – d/b approximately 3 to 4

 Shallower beams result in reduced floor height

 Overall beam dimensions are usually selected in

convenient round millimeters

 Beam widths are usually in multiples of 50mm

 ACI Minimum Thickness
4

Table 4.1 (textbook)

Minimum Thickness, h
Member Simply One end Both ends Cantilever
supported continuous continuous

Solid one- L / 20 L / 24 L / 28 L / 10
way slabs
Beams or L / 16 L / 18.5 L / 21 L/8
ribbed one-
way slabs

For normal weight concrete and Grade 420 reinforcing. See footnotes
for lightweight concrete and other grades of reinforcement
 From ACI 318-11
5
 Remember?: Selection of ϕ
6
 Member Weight
7
The weight of a member is a load which must be
supported by the members
Member weight is not known until the member is
designed
Estimate the member weight– design the beam –
refine estimate of member weight
Redesign the member – refine weight estimate if
necessary
 Reinforcing Bar Selection

Bar areas – text Appendix E (or next slide)

Don’t mix bar sizes (tension steel, compression

steel, stirrups)
 Reinforcing Bar Properties
9
 Size of Stirrups
 Stirrups are used for shear reinforcement and to
position top bars
 Minimum stirrup size for No 32 and smaller
longitudinal bars is #10 bars
 Minimum stirrup size for No 36 and larger
longitudinal bars is #13 bars
 Minimum inside radius of a 90 degree bent stirrup is
twice the stirrup diameter 10
 Reinforcing Bar Cover

Cover is distance from surface of bar to closest

concrete surface
Section 7.7 of ACI Code specifies cover values
Different cover requirements for cast-in-place,
precast and prestressed concrete
Special exposure requirements in Chapter 4 of ACI
Code
Minimum Edge Distance

No 13 hangers
No 10 stirrups

No 32 bars
 Minimum Spacing of Bars
13

 ACI Section 7.6 – minimum clear distance between

bars is the larger of the bar diameter or 25 mm.
 If layers of bars are used, bars in the upper layer
are required to be placed directly over those in the
lower layer
 ACI Code Section 3.3.2 limits maximum aggregate
size, based on bar spacing
 Aggregate Size and Bar Spacing
14

Aggregate size is limited to:

(a) one-fifth narrowest dimension between side

forms
(b) one-third slab depth
(c) three-fourths minimum clear spacing of bars
 Development Length and Bar Spacing
15

Development length varies with cover and bar

spacing

Larger values of cover and / or bar spacing result

in smaller development length

It may be economical to increase cover and / or

bar spacing in order to reduce development
length
 Beam Sizes
16

 Only a few beam sizes should be used in a

particular floor system
 Beam subject to largest moment should be sized
to be as small as practical
 Size other beams in the floor system similarly
and use less steel for those beams that support
smaller moment
 Tables from Textbook
17
18
 19
Reinforcement Ratios
20

Beam Design Examples

 Beam under Flexural
21
 Design Aids
 1 r fy 
M u   As f y d 1  ' 
 1.7 f c 
As  r bd
 1 r fy 
M u  r bdf y d 1  ' 
 1.7 f c 
Mu  1 r fy 
 r f y 1  ' 
 Rn
 bd 2
 1.7 f c 

See text Table A.8 – A.13 for Rn vs. r

 Example 4.2
23

Design a rectangular beam for a 6.5-m long simple

span to carry a dead load of 14.44 kN/m (not
including beam weight) and a live load of 28.88
kN/m. Specify fc’ = 28 MPa and Grade 420
reinforcement.
 Example 4.2
24

a) Estimate the beam dimensions and weight

Assume, h = 0.1 (span) = 0.1(6.5) = 0.65m = 650mm

Assume, d= 650 – 70 = 580 mm
Assume b = ½ h = 325 mm

650 ×325 𝑘𝑔
Beam weight = 2400 3
1000×1000 𝑚
𝑘𝑔
= 507
𝑚
𝑘𝑁
= 4.97
𝑚
 Example 4.2
25
(b) Compute wu and Mu

𝑤𝑢 = 1.2 14.44 + 4.97 + 1.6 28.88

= 69.5 kN/m

𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 69.5(6.5)2
𝑀𝑢 = = = 367.05 kN-m
8 8
(c) Select the reinforcing steel
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐′

𝑀𝑢 367.05 × 1000000
𝑅𝑛 = 2
=
𝜙𝑏𝑑 0.9(325)(580)2
= 3. 73 𝑀𝑃𝑎

0.85(28) 2(3.73)
𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 1− 1− = 0.00969
420 0.85(28)

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.00969 325 580 = 1827 𝑚𝑚2

Try 3 #29 bars with As = 1935 mm2
26

* Or from Table B.9, for Rn = 3.73, read r = 0.0097

 (d) Check the solution using the selected steel
1935
𝜌= = 0.0103 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0033
(325)(580)

𝜌 = 0.0103 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0181

Section is ductile and ϕ =0.9

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (1935)(420)
𝑎= ′ = = 105.1 𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑏 0.85(28)(325)

𝑎 105.1
𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 𝜙𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − = 0.9 1935 420 580 −
2 2
= 385804500 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
=385.8 kN-m > 367.05 kN-m (OK)
Example 4.2 – final beam design
28

580 mm
650 mm

3 #29 bars

70 mm

80 2@82 80

325 mm
 Sample 3D Beam with reinforcement
29
 Steps followed in the Previous problem
30

Estimate the beam dimensions and weight

Compute wu and Mu
Select the reinforcing steel
Check the solution using the selected steel
(by checking the moment)
 Alternative Procedure
31

a) assume r, select f’c and fy

b) estimate beam weight
c) calculate required bd2 for assumed r
d) select b and d
e) calculate As , select bars
f) check rmin, rmax and 
g) check bmin
 Example 4.3
32

Design a rectangular beam for ρ = 0.0120 (approximately)

and Mu = 820 kN-m. Use a concrete strength of 28 MPa
and Grade 420 reinforcement. Assume given Mu includes
beam self-weight.
 Example 4.3
Assume, ϕ =0.90
33
𝑀𝑢 1 𝜌𝑓𝑦
= 𝜌𝑓𝑦 1 −
𝜙𝑏𝑑 2 1.7 𝑓𝑐′

820 × 1000 × 1000 1 (0.0120)(420)

2
= (0.0120)(420) 1 −
0.9𝑏𝑑 1.7 28

So, bd2 = 202.18 x 106 mm2 The r.h.s of this eqn. can be
read directly from Table B.9

Possible combination of b × d :
300 × 820
350 × 760
400 × 710

Try a beam with width 350 mm and effective depth 760 mm (h =

830 mm)
 Example 4.3
𝐴𝑠 = (0.012 )(350)(760) = 3,192 mm2

Try, 4 # 32 (𝐴𝑠 = 3,276 mm2)

3276
𝜌= = 0.0123 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0033
(350)(760)

𝜌 = 0.0123 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0181

Section is ductile and ϕ =0.9

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (3276)(420)
𝑎= = = 165.2 𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 0.85(28)(350)

𝑎 165.2
𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 𝜙𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − = 0.9 3276 420 760 −
2 2
= 838,843,387 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
=838.8 kN-m > 820.05 kN-m (OK)
Check for minimum required width (it would be around 330mm). (OK)
 Example 4.3

760 mm
830 mm

4 #32 bars

70 mm 3 @70 70 mm
35
350 mm
 Example 4.4
36

Select a rectangular beam for a 7.5 m simple span and a

dead load of 28 kN/m (not including beam weight) and a
live load of 40 kN/m. Use a concrete strength of 21 MPa
and Grade 420 reinforcement. Use:
𝑓𝑐′ 21
𝜌 ≅ 0.18 = 0.18 =0.009
𝑓𝑦 420
 Example 4.4
37

Assume a beam weight of 5.5 kN/m

(Refer to Example 4.2 as idea, for a 650mm deep beam we

got a weight of about 5 kN/m for a 6.5m long beam)ft

𝑤𝑢 = 1.2 28 + 5.5 + 1.6(40)

= 104.2 kN/m

𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 104.2 7.5 2
𝑀𝑢 = = = 732.6 kN-m
8 8
 Example 4.4
Assume, ϕ =0.90
38
𝑀𝑢 1 𝜌𝑓𝑦
= 𝜌𝑓𝑦 1 −
𝜙𝑏𝑑 2 1.7 𝑓𝑐′

732.6×1000×1000 1 (0.009)(420)
= (0.009)(420) 1 − = 3.38
0.9𝑏𝑑 2 1.7 21

So, bd2 = 240.82 x 106 mm2

Possible combination of b × d :
400 × 780
350 × 830
450 × 730

Try a beam with width 400 mm and effective depth 780 mm (h = 850
mm)
 Example 4.4
For 39
a beam with width 400 mm depth 850 mm, self-weight =

850 ×400 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑁
2400 = 816 = 8.0 > assume 5.5 kN/m
1000×1000 𝑚3 𝑚 𝑚

Recalculate wu and Mu :
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2 28 + 8.2 + 1.6(40) = 107.4 kN/m

𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 107.4 7.5 2
𝑀𝑢 = = = 755.4 kN-m
8 8

𝑀𝑢 1 𝜌𝑓𝑦
= 𝜌𝑓𝑦 1 −
𝜙𝑏𝑑 2 1.7 𝑓𝑐′

755.4×1000×1000 1 (0.009)(420)
= (0.009)(420) 1 − = 3.38
0.9𝑏𝑑 2 1.7 21

So, bd2 = 248.33 x 106 mm2

 Example 4.4
Possible
40
combination of b × d :
400 × 790
350 × 840
450 × 740

Try a beam with width 400 mm and effective depth 790 mm (h =

870 mm)
870 ×400 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑁
Beam weight =
1000×1000
2400
𝑚3
=8.19 𝑚
< 8.2 kN/m, OK

As = 𝜌 bd = (0.009 )(400)(790) = 2,844 mm2

Try, 4 # 32 (𝐴𝑠 = 3,276 mm2)

𝐴𝑠
𝜌= = 3276/(400×790) = 0.0104
𝑏𝑑
 Example 4.4
41
Check the capacity of the beam:
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0033 < (𝜌 = 0.0104 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0181

Section is ductile and ϕ =0.9

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (3276)(420)
𝑎= ′ = = 192.7 𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑏 0.85(21)(400)

𝑎 165.2
𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 𝜙𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − = 0.9 3276 420 790 −
2 2

=858.9 kN-m > 755 kN-m (OK)

As capacity is little high, another trial is advisable to reduce either

reinforcement or concrete section size.
42

Solution
43
44
45

One-way Slabs
ONE – WAY SYSTEMS
L2/L1 ≥ 2.0 where L2 > L1
 One-way Slabs
 Slabs are called “one-way” because bending is primarily
in one direction
 One-way slabs are supported only on two parallel and
opposite sides
 Two-way slabs bend in two directions and are typically
supported on four sides
 One-way bending may occur in slabs supported on four
sides if L/S > 2
 One-way Slabs
48

 Slab thickness is normally rounded up to multiple

of 5mm for slabs 150mm or less in thickness
 Slab thickness is normally rounded up to multiple
of 10mm for slabs thicker than 150mm
 ACI Code Section 7.12 requires shrinkage and
temperature steel transverse to span direction.
 One-way Slabs

 One-way slabs are designed as rectangular beams

 Typically, a 1 m width is designed
 Poisson’s ratio is assumed to be zero
 Flexural reinforcement may not be spaced further apart
than three times the slab thickness, nor 450mm. See
ACI Code Section 7.6.5
 According to ACI Section [Link], shrinkage and
temperature may not be spaced more than five times the
slab thickness, nor 450mm.
 According to ACI Section [Link], when Grade 420 steel
is used, the area of the shrinkage and temperature may
not be less than 0.0018bh.
 See text table B.6 for selecting bars for one-way slabs
 Minimum Concrete Cover
50
 Example 4.6
Design
51 the one-way slab shown in Figure below. The span
length is 3 m . Use a normal weight concrete having
specified compressive strength of 28 MPa ,and use Grade
420 reinforcement. The live load to be supported is 10
kN/m2. The only dead load is the slab self-weight.

1000 mm
 Example 4.6
52

(a) Establish the minimum slab thickness if deflections are

not computed using the minimum thickness table of ACI

𝑙 3000 𝑚𝑚
ℎ= = = 150 𝑚𝑚
20 20

Use a 150 mm thick slab.

d ≈ 150 − 20 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − 10 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎

= 120 mm
 Example 4.6

53

(b) Design a 1-m wide strip, i.e. b = 1000 mm

Dead load (self-weight) = (1)*(150/1000)*(2400)= 360

kg/m
=3.53 kN/m

Calculate wu and Mu :

𝑤𝑢 = 1.2 3.53 + 1.6(10) = 20.24 kN/ m

𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 20.24 3.0 2
𝑀𝑢 = = = 22.77 kN-m
8 8
 Example 4.6
(b) Select the steel

Assume, ϕ =0.90
𝑀𝑢 22.77×1000×1000
= 𝑅𝑛 = =1.76 Mpa
𝜙𝑏𝑑 2 0.9(1000)(120)2

0.85(28) 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌=
420
1− 1−
0.85𝑓𝑐′
= 0.0044 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 OK
As = 0.0044(120)(1000) = 528 mm2 / m

Try #13 bar, calculate spacing:

1000 𝑠
=
528 129
S = 244 mm,
Provide #13 at 240mm spacing.
 Example 4.6
(c) Shrinkage and temperature steel
Note h, not d, used here
As = 0.0018bh
= 0.0018(1000)(150) = 270 mm2

If #10 bars are used, Spacing:

1000 𝑠
=
270 71
s = 260 mm

If #13 bars are used as T & S steel,

1000 𝑠
=
270 129
s= 470 mm > Maximum permissible spacing 55(450mm)
So, use #13 @450mm
 Lateral Support for Beams
56

 Concrete beams of normal proportions don’t buckle

laterally, unless significant torsion is applied
 ACI Code Section 10.4.1 states that lateral support is
not required at intervals less than 50 times b (least
width of compression flange or face)
 If significant torsion is present, situation must be
evaluated to determine placement of lateral support
 Bundled Bars
57

 ACI Code Section [Link] permits bundled bars

 As many as four bars can be bundled
 Bundled bars must be enclosed in stirrups or ties(ACI [Link]
 Bars larger than No 36 may not be bundled
 For spacing and cover requirements, consider bundle to be a
single bar with equivalent diameter
 When individual bars in the bundle are cut off, cut-off point
should be staggered
Cantilever and Continuous Beams
58
 Cantilever Beams
59

 Cantilever beams are subject to negative moment

throughout the length
 For cantilever beams, the largest moment occurs at
the face of the support
 For cantilever beams, the largest steel requirement
occurs at the face of the support
 Continuous Beams
60

Continuous beams are statically indeterminate

o Both positive and negative moments occur in

continuous beams
o The largest positive moment occurs near midspan
o Both positive and negative moment reinforcing steel
is required