CIV318
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 1
Spring 2017
Chapter 8
Shear and Diagonal Tension
Instructor
Dr Zubair Syed
Email: [Link]@[Link]
1
Shear Cracking of Reinforced Beams
• Flexural shear crack – initiate from top of flexural
crack
• For flexural shear cracks to occur, moment must be
larger than the cracking moment and shear must be
relatively large
• Flexural shear cracks oriented at angle of
approximately 45 degrees to the longitudinal beam
axis
2
Flexural-shear Cracks
Video: Beam without Stirrups
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
3
Shear Cracking of Reinforced Beams
Web shear crack – form independently
Typically occur at points of small moment and large shear
Occur at ends of beams at simple supports and at
inflection points at continuous beam
Web-shear Cracks
4
Mechanisms of shear transfer
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Stresses in Concrete Beams
Flexural stress f
Mc
I
VQ
Shear stress v
Ib
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Web Reinforcement
• Stirrups
• Hangers
At a location, the width of a diagonal crack is related to the
strain in the stirrup – larger strain = wider crack
To reduce crack width, stirrup yield stress is limited to 420
MPa
Small crack widths promote aggregate interlock
Limiting stirrup yield stress also reduces anchorage problems
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Required Web Reinforcement
– ACI Code
Required for all flexural members except:
Footings and solid slabs
Certain hollow core units
Concrete floor joists
Shallow beams with h not larger than 250 mm
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Required Web Reinforcement –
ACI Code
Required for all flexural members except:
Beams built integrally with slabs and h less than 600mm
and h not greater than the larger of 2.5 times the
flange thickness or one-half the web width
Beams constructed with steel fiber-reinforced
concrete with strength not exceeding 28 MPa and
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Stirrups
Diagonally inclined stirrups more efficient
than vertical stirrups
Diagonal stirrups are Not practical
Bent-up flexural bars can be used instead
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Types of Stirrups
11
Types of Stirrups
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Bent-up Bar Web Reinforcement
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Shear Cracking
• The presence of stirrups does not
materially effect the onset of shear cracking
• Stirrups resist shear only after cracks have
occurred
• After cracks occurs, the beam must have
sufficient shear reinforcement to resist the
load not resisted by the concrete in shear
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Benefits of Stirrups
Stirrups carry shear across the crack directly
Promote aggregate interlock
Confine the core of the concrete in the beam thereby
increasing strength and ductility
Confine the longitudinal bars and prevent cover
from prying off the beam
Hold the pieces on concrete on either side of the
crack together and prevent the crack from
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Design for Shear
Figure 8.6 (similar)
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Shear Strength of Concrete
ACI Code Equation 11-3 – conservative but easy to use
ACI Code Equation 11-5 – less conservative but
“difficult” to use
Equation 11-3 w
As
bw d
≤ Vu d
1
Mu
Equation 11-5
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Design for Shear
Vu Vn Vc Vs
0.75 for shear design
Stirrups crossing a crack are assumed to
have yielded
Shear crack forms at a 45 degree angle
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Design for Shear
Vs Av f yt n
d
n
s
d
Vs Av f yt ACI Code Equation 11-15
s
Av f yt d
s
Vs
Av f yt sin cos d
Vs ACI Code Equation 11-16
s 19
ACI Code Requirements for Shear
ACI Code Section [Link] – if Vu exceeds one-half ϕVc,
stirrups are required (several exceptions listed in that
section)
When shear reinforcement is required, ACI Code Section
[Link] specifies a minimum amount:
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ACI Code Requirements for Shear
To insure that every diagonal crack is crossed by at
least one stirrup, the maximum spacing of stirrups
is the smaller of d/2 or 600 mm.
If Vs > maximum spacings are
halved (ACI Code Section [Link])
See ACI Code Section [Link]
ACI Code Section 11.1.2 - shall not exceed 8.3 MPa
ACI Code Requirements Stirrup Hooks
Stirrup hook requirements shown below. See ACI Code
Section 8.1 and 12.13
90º bends for #19,
90º bends for #16 and #22 and #25 stirrups
smaller stirrups 135º bends for #25
stirrups and smaller
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Shear Design Examples
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Example 8.1
Determine the minimum cross section required for a
rectangular beam so that no shear reinforcement is
required. Follow ACI Code requirements and use a
concrete strength of 28 MPa. Vu = 170 kN.
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Example 8.1
Shear strength provided by concrete
ACI Code Section [Link] requires:
Use a 550 mm x 920 mm beam (d = 850 mm)
bwd = (550)(920) = 506,000 mm2
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Example 8.2
The beam shown below was designed using a concrete
strength of 21 MPa and fyt = 420 MPa. Determine the
theoretical spacing for No 10 U-shaped stirrups for the
following values for shear:
(a) Vu = 50 kN
(b) Vu = 180 kN
(c) Vu = 270 kN
(d) Vu = 660 kN 610 mm
75 mm
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350 mm
Example 8.2
(a) Vu = 50 kN (use l = 1)
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Example 8.2
(b) Vu = 180 kN
Stirrups are needed since
Vc
Vu
2
28
Example 8.2
(b) (con’t) Maximum spacing to provide minimum Av
>
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 2(71)(420)
𝑠= = = 599 mm
0.062 21 (350)
0.062 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 2(71)(420)
𝑠= = = 487 mm
0.35𝑏𝑤 0.35 (350)
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Example 8.2
(b) (con’t) ACI Code maximum spacing
Here, Vs < maximum spacings are
d/2 or 600 mm (smaller of these two).
So, maximum spacing , s = d/2 = 610/2 = 305 mm
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Example 8.2
(c) Vu = 270 kN
𝜙𝑉𝑛 = 𝜙𝑉𝑛 + 𝜙𝑉𝑐 ≥ 𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑢 − 𝜙𝑉𝑐 270 − 124.7
𝑉𝑠 = = = 193.7 𝑘𝑁
𝜙 0.75
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑 2(71)(420)(610)
𝑠= = = 187.8 mm
𝑉𝑠 193700
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Example 8.2
(c) (con’t) ACI Code maximum spacing
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 2(71)(420)
𝑠= = = 599 mm
0.062 21 (350)
0.062 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 2(71)(420)
𝑠= = = 487 mm
0.35𝑏𝑤 0.35 (350)
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Example 8.2
(c) (con’t) ACI Code maximum spacing
Here, Vs < maximum spacings are
d/2 or 600 mm (smaller of these two).
So, maximum spacing , s = d/2 = 610/2 = 305 mm
So, required spacing , s = 187mm ≈ 180 mm
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Example 8.2
(d) Vu = 660 kN
𝜙𝑉𝑛 = 𝜙𝑉𝑛 + 𝜙𝑉𝑐 ≥ 𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑢 − 𝜙𝑉𝑐 660 − 124.7
𝑉𝑠 = = = 713.7 𝑘𝑁
𝜙 0.75
0.66 21 350 610 = 645.7 𝑘𝑁 < 𝑉𝑠
So, a larger beam or higher value of f’c is required.
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Please note:
and are same.
≥
and
are same.
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