If Else Condition:

Q1 — Tax Bracket Calculator Difficulty: Hard

Write a program that takes an annual income and calculates the total tax owed using Pakistan's 5-
slab tax system. Each slab has its own rate, and only the income within each slab is taxed at that
slab's rate.

python
income = float(input("Enter annual income (PKR): "))

tax = 0

if income <= 600000:

tax = 0
elif income <= 1200000:
tax = (income - 600000) * 0.05
elif income <= 2400000:
tax = 30000 + (income - 1200000) * 0.15
elif income <= 3600000:
tax = 210000 + (income - 2400000) * 0.25
elif income <= 6000000:
tax = 510000 + (income - 3600000) * 0.30
else:
tax = 1230000 + (income - 6000000) * 0.35

print(f"Annual Income : PKR {income:,.0f}")

print(f"Total Tax : PKR {tax:,.0f}")
print(f"Effective Rate: {(tax/income)*100:.2f}%" if income > 0 else "N/A")

Sample Output (income = 2,000,000):

Annual Income : PKR 2,000,000

Total Tax : PKR 150,000
Effective Rate: 7.50%

Q2 — Leap Year & Days in Month Difficulty: Hard

Take a month number (1–12) and a year. Print how many days that month has, correctly handling
leap years for February.

python
month = int(input("Enter month (1-12): "))
year = int(input("Enter year: "))

if (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0) or (year % 400 == 0):

is_leap = True
else:
is_leap = False

if month in [1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12]:

days = 31
elif month in [4, 6, 9, 11]:
days = 30
elif month == 2:
if is_leap:
days = 29
else:
days = 28
else:
print("Invalid month!")
exit()

month_names = ["","January","February","March","April","May","June",
"July","August","September","October","November","December"]

print(f"{month_names[month]} {year} has {days} days.")

if is_leap:
print(f"({year} is a leap year)")

Sample Output (month=2, year=2024):

February 2024 has 29 days.

(2024 is a leap year)

Q3 — Triangle Classifier Difficulty: Hard

Given three side lengths, check if they form a valid triangle. If valid, classify it as equilateral,
isosceles, or scalene, AND as acute, right, or obtuse.

python
a = float(input("Side a: "))
b = float(input("Side b: "))
c = float(input("Side c: "))

if a <= 0 or b <= 0 or c <= 0:

print("Sides must be positive.")
elif (a + b <= c) or (a + c <= b) or (b + c <= a):
print("Not a valid triangle.")
else:
if a == b == c:
side_type = "Equilateral"
elif a == b or b == c or a == c:
side_type = "Isosceles"
else:
side_type = "Scalene"

sides = sorted([a, b, c])

sq_sum = sides[0]**2 + sides[1]**2
sq_hyp = sides[2]**2

if sq_sum == sq_hyp:
angle_type = "Right"
elif sq_sum > sq_hyp:
angle_type = "Acute"
else:
 angle_type = "Obtuse"

print(f"Valid triangle: {side_type} & {angle_type}")

Sample Output (3, 4, 5):

Valid triangle: Scalene & Right

Q4 — ATM Withdrawal Logic Difficulty: Hard

Simulate an ATM: check PIN, enforce a daily withdrawal limit, a minimum balance rule, and
only allow amounts that are multiples of 500 PKR.

python
CORRECT_PIN = "1234"
balance = 85000.0
DAILY_LIMIT = 50000
MIN_BALANCE = 1000
DENOMINATION = 500

pin = input("Enter PIN: ")

if pin != CORRECT_PIN:
print("Incorrect PIN. Card blocked after 3 wrong attempts.")
else:
amount = float(input("Enter withdrawal amount (PKR): "))

if amount <= 0:
print("Amount must be positive.")
elif amount % DENOMINATION != 0:
print(f"Amount must be a multiple of PKR {DENOMINATION}.")
elif amount > DAILY_LIMIT:
print(f"Exceeds daily limit of PKR {DAILY_LIMIT:,}.")
elif (balance - amount) < MIN_BALANCE:
print(f"Insufficient funds. Must keep PKR {MIN_BALANCE:,} minimum.")
else:
balance -= amount
print(f"PKR {amount:,.0f} dispensed successfully.")
print(f"Remaining balance: PKR {balance:,.0f}")

Sample Output (correct PIN, amount=20000):

PKR 20,000 dispensed successfully.

Remaining balance: PKR 65,000

Q5 — BMI Category with Health Advice Difficulty: Hard

Calculate BMI from weight and height, classify it across 6 WHO categories, and give different
advice depending on whether the person is under 18 or an adult.

python
weight = float(input("Weight (kg): "))
height = float(input("Height (m): "))
age = int(input("Age (years): "))

if weight <= 0 or height <= 0 or age <= 0:

print("All values must be positive.")
else:
bmi = weight / (height ** 2)
print(f"\nBMI: {bmi:.1f}")

if bmi < 16:

category = "Severe Thinness"
advice = "Immediate medical attention required."
elif bmi < 17:
category = "Moderate Thinness"
advice = "Consult a nutritionist urgently."
elif bmi < 18.5:
category = "Mild Thinness"
advice = "Increase caloric intake gradually."
elif bmi < 25:
category = "Normal"
advice = "Maintain current diet and exercise."
elif bmi < 30:
category = "Overweight"
advice = "Reduce sugar intake; 30 min cardio daily."
else:
category = "Obese"
advice = "Consult a doctor for a structured plan."

print(f"Category: {category}")

if age < 18:

print(f"Note (under 18): BMI norms differ for children.")
print(f"Please consult a paediatrician.")
else:
print(f"Advice: {advice}")

Sample Output (70 kg, 1.75 m, age 25):

BMI: 22.9
Category: Normal
Advice: Maintain current diet and exercise.

Question 1 (Easy)

Find the area and perimeter of a rectangle

Formula:

 Area = length × width

 Perimeter = 2 × (length + width)

Solution:
length = float(input("Enter length: "))
width = float(input("Enter width: "))

area = length * width

perimeter = 2 * (length + width)

print("Area:", area)
print("Perimeter:", perimeter)

Question 2 (Easy → Medium)

Convert temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit

👉 Formula:
F = (C × 9/5) + 32

Solution:
celsius = float(input("Enter temperature in Celsius: "))

fahrenheit = (celsius * 9/5) + 32

print("Temperature in Fahrenheit:", fahrenheit)

Question 3 (Medium)

Calculate simple interest

👉 Formula:
SI = (P × R × T) / 100

Where:
P = Principal, R = Rate, T = Time

Solution:
p = float(input("Enter principal: "))
r = float(input("Enter rate: "))
t = float(input("Enter time: "))

si = (p * r * t) / 100

print("Simple Interest:", si)

Question 4 (Medium → Hard)

Calculate total salary

Conditions:
  Basic salary entered by user
 HRA = 20% of basic
 DA = 10% of basic
 Total Salary = Basic + HRA + DA

Solution:
basic = float(input("Enter basic salary: "))

hra = basic * 0.20

da = basic * 0.10

total_salary = basic + hra + da

print("Total Salary:", total_salary)

Question 5 (Hard)

Swap two numbers WITHOUT using third variable

Use arithmetic operators only

Solution:
a = int(input("Enter first number: "))
b = int(input("Enter second number: "))

a = a + b
b = a - b
a = a - b

print("After swapping:")
print("a =", a)
print("b =", b)
Comparison Operators
Question 1:
Write a program that takes three integers from the user and determines whether they are strictly
increasing, strictly decreasing, or neither using only comparison operators.

Answer:
a = int(input("Enter first number: "))
b = int(input("Enter second number: "))
c = int(input("Enter third number: "))

if a < b and b < c:

print("Strictly Increasing")
elif a > b and b > c:
print("Strictly Decreasing")
else:
print("Neither")

Question 2:
Write a program that checks whether a given year is a leap year using comparison operators.

Condition:
A year is a leap year if:

 It is divisible by 4 AND not divisible by 100

OR
 It is divisible by 400

Answer:
year = int(input("Enter year: "))

if (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0) or (year % 400 == 0):

print("Leap Year")
else:
print("Not a Leap Year")

Question 3:
Write a program that takes a number and checks whether it lies within two given ranges:
Range1: 10 to 50
Range2: 100 to 200
Use comparison operators to determine the result.

Answer:
num = int(input("Enter number: "))

if (num >= 10 and num <= 50) or (num >= 100 and num <= 200):
print("Number is within the valid ranges")
else:
print("Number is outside the ranges")

Question 4:
Write a program that takes two numbers and checks if they are equal without using the equality
operator (==). Use only other comparison operators.

Answer:
a = int(input("Enter first number: "))
b = int(input("Enter second number: "))

if not (a < b or a > b):

print("Numbers are equal")
else:
print("Numbers are not equal")

Question 5:
Write a program that takes three numbers and finds the greatest among them using only
comparison operators (no max function).

Answer:
a = int(input("Enter first number: "))
b = int(input("Enter second number: "))
c = int(input("Enter third number: "))

if a >= b and a >= c:

print("Greatest is:", a)
elif b >= a and b >= c:
print("Greatest is:", b)
else:
print("Greatest is:", c)

Logical Operators
Question 1:
Write a program that takes a username and password and checks access using logical operators.
Access is granted only if:

 Username is "admin" AND password is "1234"

 OR username is "guest" AND password is "guest123"

Answer:
username = input("Enter username: ")
password = input("Enter password: ")

if (username == "admin" and password == "1234") or (username == "guest" and password ==

"guest123"):
print("Access Granted")
else:
print("Access Denied")

Question 2:
Write a program that takes a number and determines whether it is a positive even number OR a
negative odd number using logical operators.

Answer:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if (num > 0 and num % 2 == 0) or (num < 0 and num % 2 != 0):
print("Condition Satisfied")
else:
print("Condition Not Satisfied")

Question 3:
Write a program that checks whether a character entered by the user is a vowel (a, e, i, o, u)
using logical operators only.

Answer:
ch = input("Enter a character: ")

if ch == 'a' or ch == 'e' or ch == 'i' or ch == 'o' or ch == 'u':

print("Vowel")
else:
print("Not a Vowel")

Question 4:
Write a program that determines if a student is eligible for admission. Eligibility criteria:

 Marks in Math, Physics, and Chemistry are entered

 Student is eligible if:
(Math >= 65 AND Physics >= 55 AND Chemistry >= 50)
OR
(Total of all three >= 190)

Answer:
math = int(input("Enter Math marks: "))
physics = int(input("Enter Physics marks: "))
chemistry = int(input("Enter Chemistry marks: "))

total = math + physics + chemistry

if (math >= 65 and physics >= 55 and chemistry >= 50) or (total >= 190):
print("Eligible for admission")
else:
print("Not eligible")

Question 5:
Write a program that takes three boolean inputs (True/False) and determines the result of a
complex logical expression:
Result is True if:

 At least two values are True

 AND not all three are True
Answer:
a = input("Enter True/False for a: ") == "True"
b = input("Enter True/False for b: ") == "True"
c = input("Enter True/False for c: ") == "True"

if ((a and b) or (a and c) or (b and c)) and not (a and b and c):
print("Result: True")
else:
print("Result: False")

Match Case
Question 1:
Write a program that takes a number and checks multiple properties using match-case:

 If number is divisible by both 3 and 5 → print "FizzBuzz"

 If only divisible by 3 → print "Fizz"
 If only divisible by 5 → print "Buzz"
 Otherwise → print "None"

Answer:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

match (num % 3 == 0, num % 5 == 0):

case (True, True):
print("FizzBuzz")
case (True, False):
print("Fizz")
case (False, True):
print("Buzz")
case _:
print("None")

Question 2:
Write a program that takes a character and classifies it using match-case:

 Uppercase vowel
 Lowercase vowel
 Uppercase consonant
 Lowercase consonant
 Digit
 Special character

Answer:
ch = input("Enter a character: ")
match ch:
case 'A' | 'E' | 'I' | 'O' | 'U':
print("Uppercase Vowel")
case 'a' | 'e' | 'i' | 'o' | 'u':
print("Lowercase Vowel")
case _ if [Link]() and [Link]():
print("Uppercase Consonant")
case _ if [Link]() and [Link]():
print("Lowercase Consonant")
case _ if [Link]():
print("Digit")
case _:
print("Special Character")

Question 3:
Write a program that takes three numbers and an operator (+, -, *, /, //, %, **) and performs the
operation using match-case. If operator is invalid, print error.

Answer:
a = float(input("Enter first number: "))
b = float(input("Enter second number: "))
op = input("Enter operator: ")

match op:
case '+':
print("Result:", a + b)
case '-':
print("Result:", a - b)
case '*':
print("Result:", a * b)
case '/':
if b != 0:
print("Result:", a / b)
else:
print("Division by zero error")
case '//':
if b != 0:
print("Result:", a // b)
else:
print("Division by zero error")
case '%':
if b != 0:
print("Result:", a % b)
else:
print("Division by zero error")
case '**':
print("Result:", a ** b)
case _:
print("Invalid operator")

Question 4:
Write a program that takes a tuple of three values (day, month, year) and uses match-case with
pattern matching:

 If date is (1, 1, any year) → print "New Year"

 If date is (25, 12, any year) → print "Christmas"
 If day > 31 or month > 12 → print "Invalid Date"
 Otherwise → print "Normal Day"

Answer:
day = int(input("Enter day: "))
month = int(input("Enter month: "))
year = int(input("Enter year: "))

match (day, month, year):

case (1, 1, _):
print("New Year")
case (25, 12, _):
print("Christmas")
case (d, m, _) if d > 31 or m > 12:
print("Invalid Date")
case _:
print("Normal Day")

Question 5:
Write a program that takes a list of exactly 3 numbers and uses match-case to:

 Check if all are equal → print "All Equal"

 Check if strictly increasing → print "Increasing"
 Check if strictly decreasing → print "Decreasing"
 Otherwise → print "Mixed"

Answer:
nums = list(map(int, input("Enter three numbers separated by space: ").split()))

match nums:
case [a, b, c] if a == b == c:
print("All Equal")
case [a, b, c] if a < b < c:
print("Increasing")
case [a, b, c] if a > b > c:
print("Decreasing")
case [_, _, _]:
print("Mixed")
case _:
print("Invalid Input")

while loop
Question 1:
Write a program that keeps taking numbers from the user until the user enters 0. For each
number:

 Skip negative numbers using continue

 If number is positive, add it to sum
 If number is greater than 100, stop the loop using break
Finally, print the sum of valid numbers.

Answer:
total = 0

while True:
num = int(input("Enter number (0 to stop): "))

if num == 0:
break

if num < 0:
continue

if num > 100:

break

total += num

print("Sum of valid numbers:", total)

Question 2:
Write a program that asks the user to enter a number and checks if it is a prime number using a
while loop.

Answer:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if num <= 1:
print("Not Prime")
else:
i=2
is_prime = True
while i <= num // 2:
if num % i == 0:
is_prime = False
break
i += 1

if is_prime:
print("Prime Number")
else:
print("Not Prime")

Question 3:
Write a program that keeps asking the user for a password until the correct password "admin123"
is entered. After 3 wrong attempts, stop the program using break.

Answer:
correct_password = "admin123"
attempts = 0

while True:
password = input("Enter password: ")
attempts += 1

if password == correct_password:
print("Access Granted")
break
else:
print("Wrong Password")

if attempts == 3:
print("Too many attempts. Access Denied")
break

Question 4:
Write a program that reverses a number using a while loop. Example: 1234 → 4321

Answer:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
reverse = 0

while num > 0:

digit = num % 10
reverse = reverse * 10 + digit
num = num // 10

print("Reversed number:", reverse)

Question 5:
Write a program that continuously takes numbers from the user and:
  Count how many numbers are divisible by 3
 Count how many numbers are divisible by 5
 Stop when user enters -1
 Skip numbers divisible by both 3 and 5 using continue

Answer:
count3 = 0
count5 = 0

while True:
num = int(input("Enter number (-1 to stop): "))

if num == -1:
break

if num % 3 == 0 and num % 5 == 0:

continue

if num % 3 == 0:
count3 += 1

if num % 5 == 0:
count5 += 1

print("Divisible by 3:", count3)

print("Divisible by 5:", count5)

FOR LOOP QUESTIONS

Question 1:
Write a program that prints all numbers between 1 and 200 that are divisible by 7 but not
divisible by 5.

Answer:
for i in range(1, 201):
if i % 7 == 0 and i % 5 != 0:
print(i)

Question 2:
Write a program that finds the factorial of a number using a for loop. If the number is negative,
print "Invalid input".

Answer:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if num < 0:
print("Invalid input")
else:
fact = 1
for i in range(1, num + 1):
fact *= i
print("Factorial:", fact)

Question 3:
Write a program that takes 10 numbers from the user and finds:

 Maximum number
 Minimum number

Answer:
nums = []

for i in range(10):
n = int(input("Enter number: "))
[Link](n)

max_num = nums[0]
min_num = nums[0]

for n in nums:
if n > max_num:
max_num = n
if n < min_num:
min_num = n

print("Maximum:", max_num)
print("Minimum:", min_num)

Question 4:
Write a program that prints the following pattern using nested for loop:

1
12
123
1234
12345

Answer:
for i in range(1, 6):
for j in range(1, i + 1):
print(j, end="")
print()
Question 5:
Write a program that checks whether a number is an Armstrong number using a for loop.

Answer:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
power = len(str(num))
sum_val = 0

for digit in str(num):

sum_val += int(digit) ** power

if sum_val == num:
print("Armstrong Number")
else:
print("Not an Armstrong Number")

DO-WHILE LOOP QUESTIONS (Python Simulation)

Note: Python does not have a built-in do-while loop, so we simulate it using while True.

Question 1:
Write a program that keeps asking the user for a number until the user enters a positive number.

Answer:
while True:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if num > 0:
print("Valid number entered:", num)
break
else:
print("Invalid, try again")

Question 2:
Write a program that keeps taking input numbers and prints their square. Stop when the user
enters 0.

Answer:
while True:
num = int(input("Enter number (0 to stop): "))
print("Square:", num * num)
if num == 0:
break

Question 3:
Write a program that simulates a menu:
 1. Add
2. Subtract
3. Exit
Keep running until the user chooses Exit.

Answer:
while True:
print("1. Add")
print("2. Subtract")
print("3. Exit")

choice = int(input("Enter choice: "))

if choice == 3:
break

a = int(input("Enter first number: "))

b = int(input("Enter second number: "))

if choice == 1:
print("Result:", a + b)
elif choice == 2:
print("Result:", a - b)
else:
print("Invalid choice")

Question 4:
Write a program that keeps asking for a password until the correct one is entered. After correct
entry, print "Welcome".

Answer:
correct = "python123"

while True:
pwd = input("Enter password: ")
if pwd == correct:
print("Welcome")
break
else:
print("Wrong password")

Question 5:
Write a program that keeps taking numbers and prints whether they are even or odd. Stop only
when user enters -1.

Answer:
while True:
num = int(input("Enter number (-1 to stop): "))
if num == -1:
break

if num % 2 == 0:
print("Even")
else:
print("Odd")

Question 1:
Write a program to check whether a number is a palindrome (same forward and backward).

Answer:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
original = num
reverse = 0

while num > 0:

digit = num % 10
reverse = reverse * 10 + digit
num //= 10

if original == reverse:
print("Palindrome")
else:
print("Not Palindrome")

Question 2:
Write a program to find the second largest number in a list of n numbers entered by the user.

Answer:
n = int(input("Enter count: "))
nums = []

for i in range(n):
[Link](int(input("Enter number: ")))

largest = second = float('-inf')

for num in nums:

if num > largest:
second = largest
largest = num
elif num > second and num != largest:
second = num

print("Second Largest:", second)

Question 3:
Write a program to count frequency of each digit in a number.

Answer:
num = input("Enter a number: ")

for d in "0123456789":
count = 0
for ch in num:
if ch == d:
count += 1
if count > 0:
print(d, ":", count)

Question 4:
Write a program to print all prime numbers between 1 and 100.

Answer:
for num in range(2, 101):
is_prime = True
for i in range(2, int(num**0.5) + 1):
if num % i == 0:
is_prime = False
break
if is_prime:
print(num)

Question 5:
Write a program to find the sum of series:
1 + 11 + 111 + 1111 + ... up to n terms.

Answer:
n = int(input("Enter number of terms: "))
term = 0
total = 0

for i in range(1, n + 1):

term = term * 10 + 1
total += term
print("Sum:", total)

Question 6:
Write a program to check whether two strings are anagrams.

Answer:
s1 = input("Enter first string: ")
s2 = input("Enter second string: ")

if sorted(s1) == sorted(s2):
print("Anagram")
else:
print("Not Anagram")

Question 7:
Write a program to print Fibonacci series up to n terms.

Answer:
n = int(input("Enter number of terms: "))

a, b = 0, 1

for i in range(n):
print(a, end=" ")
a, b = b, a + b

Question 8:
Write a program to remove duplicates from a list without using built-in set.

Answer:
n = int(input("Enter number of elements: "))
nums = []

for i in range(n):
[Link](int(input("Enter number: ")))

unique = []
for num in nums:
if num not in unique:
[Link](num)

print("Unique list:", unique)

Question 9:
Write a program to find whether a number is a perfect number.
(A number is perfect if sum of its divisors excluding itself equals the number)

Answer:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
sum_div = 0

for i in range(1, num):

if num % i == 0:
sum_div += i

if sum_div == num:
print("Perfect Number")
else:
print("Not Perfect")

Question 10:
Write a program to implement a simple calculator using loop. Keep running until user chooses
exit.

Answer:
while True:
print("[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]")
choice = int(input("Enter choice: "))

if choice == 5:
break

a = float(input("Enter first number: "))

b = float(input("Enter second number: "))

if choice == 1:
print("Result:", a + b)
elif choice == 2:
print("Result:", a - b)
elif choice == 3:
print("Result:", a * b)
elif choice == 4:
 if b != 0:
print("Result:", a / b)
else:
print("Division by zero error")
else:
print("Invalid choice")
LIST QUESTIONS (5)

Question 1:
Write a program to find the second smallest element in a list.

Answer:
nums = list(map(int, input("Enter numbers: ").split()))

smallest = second = float('inf')

for num in nums:

if num < smallest:
second = smallest
smallest = num
elif num < second and num != smallest:
second = num

print("Second Smallest:", second)

Question 2:
Write a program to rotate a list to the right by k positions.

Answer:
nums = list(map(int, input("Enter numbers: ").split()))
k = int(input("Enter k: "))

k = k % len(nums)
rotated = nums[-k:] + nums[:-k]

print("Rotated List:", rotated)

Question 3:
Write a program to count how many times each element appears in a list.

Answer:
nums = list(map(int, input("Enter numbers: ").split()))
count_dict = {}

for num in nums:

if num in count_dict:
count_dict[num] += 1
else:
count_dict[num] = 1

print(count_dict)

Question 4:
Write a program to find all pairs in a list whose sum equals a given number.

Answer:
nums = list(map(int, input("Enter numbers: ").split()))
target = int(input("Enter target sum: "))

for i in range(len(nums)):
for j in range(i + 1, len(nums)):
if nums[i] + nums[j] == target:
print(nums[i], nums[j])

Question 5:
Write a program to remove all even numbers from a list.

Answer:
nums = list(map(int, input("Enter numbers: ").split()))

result = []

for num in nums:

if num % 2 != 0:
[Link](num)

print("List after removal:", result)

TUPLE QUESTIONS (5)

Question 1:
Write a program to find the maximum and minimum values in a tuple.
Answer:
t = tuple(map(int, input("Enter tuple values: ").split()))

max_val = t[0]
min_val = t[0]

for num in t:
if num > max_val:
max_val = num
if num < min_val:
min_val = num

print("Max:", max_val)
print("Min:", min_val)

Question 2:
Write a program to count occurrences of an element in a tuple.

Answer:
t = tuple(map(int, input("Enter tuple values: ").split()))
x = int(input("Enter element to count: "))

count = 0

for num in t:
if num == x:
count += 1

print("Count:", count)

Question 3:
Write a program to convert a tuple into a list and remove duplicates.

Answer:
t = tuple(map(int, input("Enter tuple values: ").split()))

lst = list(t)
unique = []

for num in lst:

if num not in unique:
[Link](num)
print("Without duplicates:", unique)

Question 4:
Write a program to find index of a given element in a tuple.

Answer:
t = tuple(map(int, input("Enter tuple values: ").split()))
x = int(input("Enter element: "))

index = -1

for i in range(len(t)):
if t[i] == x:
index = i
break

print("Index:", index)

Question 5:
Write a program to unpack a tuple into variables and find their sum.

Answer:
t = tuple(map(int, input("Enter three values: ").split()))

a, b, c = t

print("Sum:", a + b + c)

SET QUESTIONS (5)

Question 1:
Write a program to find union and intersection of two sets.

Answer:
set1 = set(map(int, input("Enter set1: ").split()))
set2 = set(map(int, input("Enter set2: ").split()))

print("Union:", set1 | set2)

print("Intersection:", set1 & set2)
Question 2:
Write a program to check if one set is subset of another.

Answer:
set1 = set(map(int, input("Enter set1: ").split()))
set2 = set(map(int, input("Enter set2: ").split()))

if [Link](set2):
print("set1 is subset of set2")
else:
print("Not a subset")

Question 3:
Write a program to remove common elements from two sets.

Answer:
set1 = set(map(int, input("Enter set1: ").split()))
set2 = set(map(int, input("Enter set2: ").split()))

result1 = set1 - set2

result2 = set2 - set1

print("Set1 unique:", result1)

print("Set2 unique:", result2)

Question 4:
Write a program to find symmetric difference between two sets.

Answer:
set1 = set(map(int, input("Enter set1: ").split()))
set2 = set(map(int, input("Enter set2: ").split()))

print("Symmetric Difference:", set1 ^ set2)

Question 5:
Write a program to count unique elements in a list using set.
Answer:
nums = list(map(int, input("Enter numbers: ").split()))

unique_set = set(nums)

print("Unique count:", len(unique_set))

DICTIONARY QUESTIONS (5)

Question 1:
Write a program to count frequency of each character in a string using dictionary.

Answer:
s = input("Enter string: ")

freq = {}

for ch in s:
if ch in freq:
freq[ch] += 1
else:
freq[ch] = 1

print(freq)

Question 2:
Write a program to merge two dictionaries.

Answer:
d1 = {"a": 1, "b": 2}
d2 = {"c": 3, "d": 4}

[Link](d2)

print("Merged Dictionary:", d1)

Question 3:
Write a program to find the key with maximum value in dictionary.
Answer:
d = {"a": 10, "b": 25, "c": 15}

max_key = None
max_val = float('-inf')

for key in d:
if d[key] > max_val:
max_val = d[key]
max_key = key

print("Key with max value:", max_key)

Question 4:
Write a program to invert a dictionary (swap keys and values).

Answer:
d = {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3}

inv = {}

for key in d:
inv[d[key]] = key

print("Inverted:", inv)

Question 5:
Write a program to group numbers by even and odd using dictionary.

Answer:
nums = list(map(int, input("Enter numbers: ").split()))

result = {"even": [], "odd": []}

for num in nums:

if num % 2 == 0:
result["even"].append(num)
else:
result["odd"].append(num)

print(result)
 Functions
Question 1:
Write a function that accepts variable number of arguments (*args) and returns:

 sum of even numbers

 product of odd numbers

Answer:
def process_numbers(*args):
even_sum = 0
odd_product = 1

for num in args:

if num % 2 == 0:
even_sum += num
else:
odd_product *= num

return even_sum, odd_product

result = process_numbers(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
print(result)

Question 2:
Write a recursive function to calculate power (x^y) without using ** operator.

Answer:
def power(x, y):
if y == 0:
return 1
return x * power(x, y - 1)

print(power(2, 5))

Question 3:
Write a function using lambda and map to square all numbers in a list.

Answer:
nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
result = list(map(lambda x: x * x, nums))
print(result)
Question 4:
Write a higher-order function that takes another function and a list, and applies the function only
to even numbers.

Answer:
def apply_to_even(func, lst):
result = []
for num in lst:
if num % 2 == 0:
[Link](func(num))
return result

def square(x):
return x * x

print(apply_to_even(square, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]))

Question 5:
Write a function that demonstrates closure. The outer function should take a number and inner
function should multiply it with another number.

Answer:
def outer(x):
def inner(y):
return x * y
return inner

multiply_by_5 = outer(5)
print(multiply_by_5(3))

Question 6:
Write a decorator function that prints "Function Started" and "Function Ended" before and after
execution.

Answer:
def my_decorator(func):
def wrapper():
print("Function Started")
func()
print("Function Ended")
return wrapper

@my_decorator
def say_hello():
print("Hello")

say_hello()

Question 7:
Write a function that uses default mutable argument and explain its behavior by showing
repeated calls.

Answer:
def add_item(item, lst=[]):
[Link](item)
return lst

print(add_item(1))
print(add_item(2))
print(add_item(3))

Question 8:
Write a generator function that yields Fibonacci numbers up to n terms.

Answer:
def fibonacci(n):
a, b = 0, 1
count = 0

while count < n:

yield a
a, b = b, a + b
count += 1

for num in fibonacci(5):

print(num)

Question 9:
Write a function that returns another function and keeps track of how many times it has been
called.
Answer:
def counter():
count = 0
def inner():
nonlocal count
count += 1
return count
return inner

c = counter()
print(c())
print(c())
print(c())

Question 10:
Write a function that takes a list and returns:

 a list of prime numbers

 count of non-prime numbers
Use helper function inside.

Answer:
def is_prime(n):
if n <= 1:
return False
for i in range(2, int(n**0.5) + 1):
if n % i == 0:
return False
return True

def analyze_list(lst):
primes = []
non_prime_count = 0

for num in lst:

if is_prime(num):
[Link](num)
else:
non_prime_count += 1

return primes, non_prime_count

print(analyze_list([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]))

Error handling
Question 1:
Write a program that takes two numbers and performs division. Handle division by zero and
invalid input errors.

Answer:
try:
a = float(input("Enter first number: "))
b = float(input("Enter second number: "))
result = a / b
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero")
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input")
else:
print("Result:", result)
finally:
print("Execution completed")

Question 2:
Write a program that takes a list index from the user and prints the element. Handle invalid index
and non-integer input.

Answer:
lst = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

try:
index = int(input("Enter index: "))
print("Element:", lst[index])
except IndexError:
print("Index out of range")
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input")

Question 3:
Write a program that opens a file and reads its content. Handle file not found and permission
errors.

Answer:
try:
f = open("[Link]", "r")
content = [Link]()
print(content)
[Link]()
except FileNotFoundError:
print("File not found")
except PermissionError:
print("Permission denied")

Question 4:
Write a program using nested try-except blocks:

 Outer block handles input errors

 Inner block handles division errors

Answer:
try:
a = int(input("Enter number: "))
try:
result = 100 / a
print("Result:", result)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Division by zero")
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input")

Question 5:
Write a program that raises a custom exception if a number is negative.

Answer:
class NegativeNumberError(Exception):
pass

try:
num = int(input("Enter number: "))
if num < 0:
raise NegativeNumberError("Negative number not allowed")
print("Number is:", num)
except NegativeNumberError as e:
print(e)

Question 6:
Write a program that uses finally to ensure a file is always closed.
Answer:
try:
f = open("[Link]", "r")
print([Link]())
except FileNotFoundError:
print("File not found")
finally:
try:
[Link]()
except:
pass

Question 7:
Write a program that uses assert to check that a number is greater than 0.

Answer:
try:
num = int(input("Enter number: "))
assert num > 0, "Number must be positive"
print("Valid number")
except AssertionError as e:
print(e)

Question 8:
Write a program that handles multiple exceptions in a single except block.

Answer:
try:
a = int(input("Enter number: "))
b = int(input("Enter number: "))
print(a / b)
except (ValueError, ZeroDivisionError):
print("Error occurred: Invalid input or division by zero")

Question 9:
Write a program that demonstrates use of else block with try-except.

Answer:
try:
num = int(input("Enter number: "))
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input")
else:
print("Square:", num * num)

Question 10:
Write a program that keeps asking user input until a valid integer is entered using exception
handling.

Answer:
while True:
try:
num = int(input("Enter integer: "))
print("You entered:", num)
break
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input, try again")

Strings
Question 1:
Write a program to check whether a string is a palindrome without using slicing [::-1].

Answer:
s = input("Enter string: ")
i=0
j = len(s) - 1
is_palindrome = True

while i < j:
if s[i] != s[j]:
is_palindrome = False
break
i += 1
j -= 1

if is_palindrome:
print("Palindrome")
else:
print("Not Palindrome")
Question 2:
Write a program to count frequency of each character in a string without using collections.

Answer:
s = input("Enter string: ")
visited = []

for ch in s:
if ch not in visited:
count = 0
for c in s:
if c == ch:
count += 1
print(ch, ":", count)
[Link](ch)

Question 3:
Write a program to remove all duplicate characters from a string while preserving order.

Answer:
s = input("Enter string: ")
result = ""

for ch in s:
if ch not in result:
result += ch

print(result)

Question 4:
Write a program to find the first non-repeating character in a string.

Answer:
s = input("Enter string: ")

for ch in s:
if [Link](ch) == 1:
print("First non-repeating character:", ch)
break
else:
print("No unique character")
Question 5:
Write a program to check if two strings are anagrams without using sorted().

Answer:
s1 = input("Enter first string: ")
s2 = input("Enter second string: ")

if len(s1) != len(s2):
print("Not Anagram")
else:
is_anagram = True
for ch in s1:
if [Link](ch) != [Link](ch):
is_anagram = False
break

if is_anagram:
print("Anagram")
else:
print("Not Anagram")

Question 6:
Write a program to find the longest word in a sentence.

Answer:
sentence = input("Enter sentence: ")
words = [Link]()

longest = words[0]

for word in words:

if len(word) > len(longest):
longest = word

print("Longest word:", longest)

Question 7:
Write a program to count vowels, consonants, digits, and special characters in a string.

Answer:
s = input("Enter string: ")
vowels = 0
consonants = 0
digits = 0
special = 0

for ch in s:
if [Link]():
digits += 1
elif [Link]():
if [Link]() in "aeiou":
vowels += 1
else:
consonants += 1
else:
special += 1

print("Vowels:", vowels)
print("Consonants:", consonants)
print("Digits:", digits)
print("Special Characters:", special)

Question 8:
Write a program to check if a string is a rotation of another string.

Answer:
s1 = input("Enter first string: ")
s2 = input("Enter second string: ")

if len(s1) == len(s2) and s2 in (s1 + s1):

print("Rotation")
else:
print("Not Rotation")

Question 9:
Write a program to find the most frequent character in a string.

Answer:
s = input("Enter string: ")

max_char = s[0]
max_count = 0
for ch in s:
count = [Link](ch)
if count > max_count:
max_count = count
max_char = ch

print("Most frequent character:", max_char)

Question 10:
Write a program to reverse each word in a sentence but keep word order same.

Answer:
sentence = input("Enter sentence: ")
words = [Link]()

result = ""

for word in words:

result += word[::-1] + " "

print([Link]())

File Handling
Question 1:
Write a program that reads a text file and counts:

 total number of words

 total number of lines
 total number of characters

Answer:
file = open("[Link]", "r")

lines = [Link]()

word_count = 0
char_count = 0

for line in lines:

word_count += len([Link]())
char_count += len(line)

[Link]()
print("Lines:", len(lines))
print("Words:", word_count)
print("Characters:", char_count)

Question 2:
Write a program to copy contents of one file into another file but remove all blank lines.

Answer:
source = open("[Link]", "r")
target = open("[Link]", "w")

for line in source:

if [Link]() != "":
[Link](line)

[Link]()
[Link]()

Question 3:
Write a program that reads a file and finds the frequency of each word.

Answer:
file = open("[Link]", "r")

word_freq = {}

for line in file:

words = [Link]()
for word in words:
word = [Link]()
if word in word_freq:
word_freq[word] += 1
else:
word_freq[word] = 1

[Link]()

print(word_freq)
Question 4:
Write a program that searches for a specific word in a file and prints all line numbers where it
appears.

Answer:
file = open("[Link]", "r")

search_word = input("Enter word to search: ").lower()

line_no = 0

for line in file:

line_no += 1
if search_word in [Link]():
print("Found at line:", line_no)

[Link]()

Question 5:
Write a program to remove all punctuation marks from a file and save cleaned text into another
file.

Answer:
import string

file = open("[Link]", "r")

output = open("[Link]", "w")

for line in file:

for p in [Link]:
line = [Link](p, "")
[Link](line)

[Link]()
[Link]()

Question 6:
Write a program that reads numbers from a file and writes only even numbers into another file.

Answer:
file = open("[Link]", "r")
even_file = open("[Link]", "w")
for line in file:
nums = [Link]()
for num in nums:
if int(num) % 2 == 0:
even_file.write(num + "\n")

[Link]()
even_file.close()

Question 7:
Write a program that appends user input into a file until the user types "STOP".

Answer:
file = open("[Link]", "a")

while True:
text = input("Enter text (STOP to end): ")

if text == "STOP":
break

[Link](text + "\n")

[Link]()

Question 8:
Write a program that reads a file and finds the longest word.

Answer:
file = open("[Link]", "r")

longest = ""

for line in file:

words = [Link]()
for word in words:
if len(word) > len(longest):
longest = word

[Link]()

print("Longest word:", longest)

Question 9:
Write a program that merges two files into a third file line by line.

Answer:
file1 = open("[Link]", "r")
file2 = open("[Link]", "r")
output = open("[Link]", "w")

lines1 = [Link]()
lines2 = [Link]()

for i in range(max(len(lines1), len(lines2))):

if i < len(lines1):
[Link](lines1[i])
if i < len(lines2):
[Link](lines2[i])

[Link]()
[Link]()
[Link]()

Question 10:
Write a program that reads a log file and separates ERROR and INFO messages into different
files.

Answer:
log = open("[Link]", "r")
error_file = open("[Link]", "w")
info_file = open("[Link]", "w")

for line in log:

if "ERROR" in line:
error_file.write(line)
elif "INFO" in line:
info_file.write(line)

[Link]()
error_file.close()
info_file.close()

JSON with Python

Question 1:
Write a program that reads a JSON string and prints all keys and values recursively (including
nested JSON objects).

Answer:
import json

def print_json(data, indent=0):

for key, value in [Link]():
if isinstance(value, dict):
print(" " * indent + str(key) + ":")
print_json(value, indent + 1)
else:
print(" " * indent + str(key) + ":", value)

json_data = '{"name":"Ali","info":{"age":20,"city":"Karachi"}}'
data = [Link](json_data)

print_json(data)

Question 2:
Write a program that counts how many times each key appears in a list of JSON objects.

Answer:
import json

data = [
{"name": "Ali", "age": 20},
{"name": "Sara", "city": "Lahore"},
{"name": "Ahmed", "age": 22}
]

key_count = {}

for obj in data:

for key in obj:
key_count[key] = key_count.get(key, 0) + 1

print(key_count)

Question 3:
Write a program to filter JSON records where salary > 50000.
Answer:
import json

data = [
{"name": "A", "salary": 40000},
{"name": "B", "salary": 60000},
{"name": "C", "salary": 80000}
]

filtered = []

for emp in data:

if emp["salary"] > 50000:
[Link](emp)

print(filtered)

Question 4:
Write a program that loads JSON data and calculates average age from nested JSON structure.

Answer:
import json

data = '''
[
{"name": "A", "info": {"age": 20}},
{"name": "B", "info": {"age": 30}},
{"name": "C", "info": {"age": 40}}
]
'''

records = [Link](data)

total = 0
count = 0

for r in records:
total += r["info"]["age"]
count += 1

print("Average Age:", total / count)

Question 5:
Write a program that merges two JSON arrays based on a common key (id).

Answer:
import json

list1 = [
{"id": 1, "name": "Ali"},
{"id": 2, "name": "Sara"}
]

list2 = [
{"id": 1, "marks": 80},
{"id": 2, "marks": 90}
]

merged = []

for a in list1:
for b in list2:
if a["id"] == b["id"]:
[Link]({**a, **b})

print(merged)

Question 6:
Write a program to find missing keys in JSON objects and replace them with "N/A".

Answer:
import json

data = [
{"name": "Ali", "age": 20},
{"name": "Sara"},
{"age": 25}
]

for obj in data:

if "name" not in obj:
obj["name"] = "N/A"
if "age" not in obj:
obj["age"] = "N/A"

print(data)
Question 7:
Write a program that reads JSON file, modifies values, and writes back to file.

Answer:
import json

data = {"name": "Ali", "salary": 40000}

with open("[Link]", "w") as f:

[Link](data, f)

with open("[Link]", "r") as f:

loaded = [Link](f)

loaded["salary"] += 10000

with open("[Link]", "w") as f:

[Link](loaded, f)

print(loaded)

Question 8:
Write a program that validates JSON structure and handles errors using try-except.

Answer:
import json

json_data = '{"name":"Ali", "age":20,}' # invalid JSON

try:
data = [Link](json_data)
print(data)
except [Link]:
print("Invalid JSON Format")

Question 9:
Write a program that converts a Python dictionary into JSON and formats it with indentation.

Answer:
import json
data = {
"name": "Ali",
"age": 20,
"skills": ["Python", "AI", "ML"]
}

json_string = [Link](data, indent=4)

print(json_string)

Question 10:
Write a program that simulates API response in JSON and extracts only specific fields (name
and salary).

Answer:
import json

response = '''
[
{"name": "Ali", "salary": 50000, "city": "Karachi"},
{"name": "Sara", "salary": 60000, "city": "Lahore"}
]
'''

data = [Link](response)

for emp in data:

print(emp["name"], emp["salary"])

Consuming Apis in python

Question 1:
Write a program that consumes a public API and prints all user names from JSONPlaceholder
API.

Answer:
import requests

url = "[Link]
response = [Link](url)

data = [Link]()

for user in data:

print(user["name"])
Question 2:
Write a program that sends a POST request to an API and creates a new user.

Answer:
import requests

url = "[Link]

payload = {
"title": "Hello",
"body": "This is test data",
"userId": 1
}

response = [Link](url, json=payload)

print([Link]())

Question 3:
Write a program that handles API errors (status codes) properly.

Answer:
import requests

url = "[Link]

response = [Link](url)

if response.status_code == 200:
print("Success")
data = [Link]()
print(data)
else:
print("Error:", response.status_code)

Question 4:
Write a program that fetches data from an API and filters users whose id is greater than 5.

Answer:
import requests
url = "[Link]
response = [Link](url)

data = [Link]()

for user in data:

if user["id"] > 5:
print(user["name"], user["id"])

Question 5:
Write a program that sends request with custom headers.

Answer:
import requests

url = "[Link]

headers = {
"User-Agent": "MyApp/1.0",
"Accept": "application/json"
}

response = [Link](url, headers=headers)

print([Link]())

Question 6:
Write a program that simulates pagination by fetching data in chunks (limit and page).

Answer:
import requests

page = 1

while True:
url = f"[Link]
response = [Link](url)

data = [Link]()

if not data:
break
print(f"Page {page}")

for item in data:

print(item["id"], item["title"])

page += 1

Question 7:
Write a program that extracts nested JSON data from API response (address city of users).

Answer:
import requests

url = "[Link]
response = [Link](url)

data = [Link]()

for user in data:

print(user["name"], "-", user["address"]["city"])

Question 8:
Write a program that retries API request if it fails (basic retry mechanism).

Answer:
import requests
import time

url = "[Link]

for attempt in range(3):

try:
response = [Link](url)

if response.status_code == 200:
print("Success")
print([Link]())
break
else:
print("Failed attempt", attempt + 1)

except:
print("Error occurred")
[Link](2)
Question 9:
Write a program that calculates total number of posts per user from API.

Answer:
import requests

url = "[Link]
response = [Link](url)

data = [Link]()

count = {}

for post in data:

user_id = post["userId"]
count[user_id] = [Link](user_id, 0) + 1

print(count)

Question 10:
Write a program that consumes API and extracts only selected fields (id and title) and stores
them in a new list.

Answer:
import requests

url = "[Link]
response = [Link](url)

data = [Link]()

result = []

for post in data:

[Link]({
"id": post["id"],
"title": post["title"]
})

print(result)