ENGINEERED SOLUTIONS
CDS Guide
Operation, Design, Performance and Maintenance
CDS® Design Basics
Using patented continuous deflective separation technology, the There are three primary methods of sizing a CDS system. The
CDS system screens, separates and traps debris, sediment, and Water Quality Flow Rate Method determines which model size
oil and grease from stormwater runoff. The indirect screening provides the desired removal efficiency at a given flow rate for a
capability of the system allows for 100% removal of floatables defined particle size. The Rational Rainfall Method™ or the and
and neutrally buoyant material without blinding. Flow and Probabilistic Method is used when a specific removal efficiency of
screening controls physically separate captured solids, and the net annual sediment load is required.
minimize the re-suspension and release of previously trapped
Typically in the Unites States, CDS systems are designed to
pollutants. Inline units can treat up to 6 cfs, and internally bypass
achieve an 80% annual solids load reduction based on lab
flows in excess of 50 cfs (1416 L/s). Available precast or cast-in-
generated performance curves for a gradation with an average
place, offline units can treat flows from 1 to 300 cfs (28.3 to
particle size (d50) of 125 microns (μm). For some regulatory
8495 L/s). The pollutant removal capacity of the CDS system has
environments, CDS systems can also be designed to achieve an
been proven in lab and field testing.
80% annual solids load reduction based on an average particle
size (d50) of 75 microns (μm) or 50 microns (µm).
Operation Overview
Stormwater enters the diversion chamber where the diversion Water Quality Flow Rate Method
weir guides the flow into the unit’s separation chamber and In some cases, regulations require that a specific treatment rate,
pollutants are removed from the flow. All flows up to the often referred to as the water quality design flow (WQQ), be
system’s treatment design capacity enter the separation chamber treated. This WQQ represents the peak flow rate from either
and are treated. an event with a specific recurrence interval, e.g. the six-month
storm, or a water quality depth, e.g. 1/2-inch (13 mm) of
Swirl concentration and screen deflection force floatables and
rainfall.
solids to the center of the separation chamber where 100% of
floatables and neutrally buoyant debris larger than the screen The CDS is designed to treat all flows up to the WQQ. At influent
apertures are trapped. rates higher than the WQQ, the diversion weir will direct most
flow exceeding the WQQ around the separation chamber. This
Stormwater then moves through the separation screen, under
allows removal efficiency to remain relatively constant in the
the oil baffle and exits the system. The separation screen remains
separation chamber and eliminates the risk of washout during
clog free due to continuous deflection.
bypass flows regardless of influent flow rates.
During the flow events exceeding the treatment design capacity,
Treatment flow rates are defined as the rate at which the CDS
the diversion weir bypasses excessive flows around the separation
will remove a specific gradation of sediment at a specific removal
chamber, so captured pollutants are retained in the separation
efficiency. Therefore the treatment flow rate is variable, based
cylinder.
on the gradation and removal efficiency specified by the design
engineer.
GRATE INLET Rational Rainfall Method™
CLEAN OUT (CAST IRON HOOD FOR
(REQUIRED) CURB INLET OPENING) Differences in local climate, topography and scale make every
site hydraulically unique. It is important to take these factors into
DEFLECTION PAN, 3 SIDED consideration when estimating the long-term performance of
(GRATE INLET DESIGN)
any stormwater treatment system. The Rational Rainfall Method
CREST OF BYPASS WEIR
(ONE EACH SIDE) combines site-specific information with laboratory generated
SEPARATION CYLINDER
performance data, and local historical precipitation records to
estimate removal efficiencies as accurately as possible.
INLET FLUME
Short duration rain gauge records from across the United States
and Canada were analyzed to determine the percent of the total
annual rainfall that fell at a range of intensities. US stations’
depths were totaled every 15 minutes, or hourly, and recorded in
INLET
(MULTIPLE PIPES POSSIBLE)
0.01-inch increments. Depths were recorded hourly with 1-mm
OIL BAFFLE
resolution at Canadian stations. One trend was consistent at
OUTLET
all sites; the vast majority of precipitation fell at low intensities
TREATMENT SCREEN
and high intensity storms contributed relatively little to the total
annual depth.
SEPARATION SLAB SUMP STORAGE
These intensities, along with the total drainage area and runoff
coefficient for each specific site, are translated into flow rates
using the Rational Rainfall Method. Since most sites are relatively
small and highly impervious, the Rational Rainfall Method is
appropriate. Based on the runoff flow rates calculated for each
intensity, operating rates within a proposed CDS system are
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determined. Performance efficiency curve determined from full Two different gradations of silica sand material (UF Sediment
scale laboratory tests on defined sediment PSDs is applied to & OK-110) were used in the CDS performance evaluation. The
calculate solids removal efficiency. The relative removal efficiency particle size distributions (PSDs) of the test materials were
at each operating rate is added to produce a net annual pollutant analyzed using standard method “Gradation ASTM D-422
removal efficiency estimate. “Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils” by a
certified laboratory.
Probabilistic Rational Method
The Probabilistic Rational Method is a sizing program Contech UF Sediment is a mixture of three different products produced
developed to estimate a net annual sediment load reduction for by the U.S. Silica Company: “Sil-Co-Sil 106”, “#1 DRY” and
a particular CDS model based on site size, site runoff coefficient, “20/40 Oil Frac”. Particle size distribution analysis shows that
regional rainfall intensity distribution, and anticipated pollutant the UF Sediment has a very fine gradation (d50 = 20 to 30 μm)
characteristics. covering a wide size range (Coefficient of Uniformity, C averaged
at 10.6). In comparison with the hypothetical TSS gradation
The Probabilistic Method is an extension of the Rational Method specified in the NJDEP (New Jersey Department of Environmental
used to estimate peak discharge rates generated by storm events Protection) and NJCAT (New Jersey Corporation for Advanced
of varying statistical return frequencies (e.g. 2-year storm event). Technology) protocol for lab testing, the UF Sediment covers a
Under the Rational Method, an adjustment factor is used to similar range of particle size but with a finer d50 (d50 for NJDEP
adjust the runoff coefficient estimated for the 10-year event, is approximately 50 μm) (NJDEP, 2003).
correlating a known hydrologic parameter with the target storm
event. The rainfall intensities vary depending on the return The OK-110 silica sand is a commercial product of U.S. Silica
frequency of the storm event under consideration. In general, Sand. The particle size distribution analysis of this material, also
these two frequency dependent parameters (rainfall intensity included in Figure 1, shows that 99.9% of the OK-110 sand is
and runoff coefficient) increase as the return frequency increases finer than 250 microns, with a mean particle size (d50) of 106
while the drainage area remains constant. microns. The PSDs for the test material are shown in Figure 1.
These intensities, along with the total drainage area and runoff
coefficient for each specific site, are translated into flow rates
using the Rational Method. Since most sites are relatively small
and highly impervious, the Rational Method is appropriate. Based
on the runoff flow rates calculated for each intensity, operating
rates within a proposed CDS are determined. Performance
efficiency curve on defined sediment PSDs is applied to calculate
solids removal efficiency. The relative removal efficiency at each
operating rate is added to produce a net annual pollutant
removal efficiency estimate.
Treatment Flow Rate
The inlet throat area is sized to ensure that the WQQ passes
through the separation chamber at a water surface elevation
equal to the crest of the diversion weir. The diversion weir Figure 1. Particle size distributions
bypasses excessive flows around the separation chamber,
Tests were conducted to quantify the performance of a specific
thus preventing re-suspension or re-entrainment of previously
CDS unit (1.1 cfs (31.3-L/s) design capacity) at various flow rates,
captured particles.
ranging from 1% up to 125% of the treatment design capacity of
Hydraulic Capacity the unit, using the 2400 micron screen. All tests were conducted
The hydraulic capacity of a CDS system is determined by the with controlled influent concentrations of approximately 200
length and height of the diversion weir and by the maximum mg/L. Effluent samples were taken at equal time intervals
allowable head in the system. Typical configurations allow across the entire duration of each test run. These samples
hydraulic capacities of up to ten times the treatment flow rate. were then processed with a Dekaport Cone sample splitter to
The crest of the diversion weir may be lowered and the inlet obtain representative sub-samples for Suspended Sediment
throat may be widened to increase the capacity of the system Concentration (SSC) testing using ASTM D3977-97 “Standard
at a given water surface elevation. The unit is designed to meet Test Methods for Determining Sediment Concentration in Water
project specific hydraulic requirements. Samples”, and particle size distribution analysis.
Performance Results and Modeling
Based on the data from the University of Florida, a performance
Full-Scale Laboratory Test Results
model was developed for the CDS system. A regression analysis
A full-scale CDS system (Model CDS2020-5B) was tested at the
was used to develop a fitting curve representative of the
facility of University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. This CDS unit was
scattered data points at various design flow rates. This model,
evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions of influent flow
which demonstrated good agreement with the laboratory data,
rate and addition of sediment.
can then be used to predict CDS system performance with respect
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to SSC removal for any particle size gradation, assuming the Maintenance
particles are inorganic sandy-silt. Figure 2 shows CDS predictive
The CDS system should be inspected at regular intervals and
performance for two typical particle size gradations (NJCAT
maintained when necessary to ensure optimum performance.
gradation and OK-110 sand) as a function of operating rate.
The rate at which the system collects pollutants will depend more
heavily on site activities than the size of the unit. For example,
unstable soils or heavy winter sanding will cause the grit chamber
to fill more quickly but regular sweeping of paved surfaces will
slow accumulation.
Inspection
Inspection is the key to effective maintenance and is easily
performed. Pollutant transport and deposition may vary from
year to year and regular inspections will help ensure that the
system is cleaned out at the appropriate time. At a minimum,
inspections should be performed twice per year (e.g. spring
and fall) however more frequent inspections may be necessary
Figure 2. CDS stormwater treatment predictive performance for in climates where winter sanding operations may lead to rapid
various particle gradations as a function of operating rate. accumulations, or in equipment washdown areas. Installations
should also be inspected more frequently where excessive
Many regulatory jurisdictions set a performance standard for
amounts of trash are expected.
hydrodynamic devices by stating that the devices shall be capable
of achieving an 80% removal efficiency for particles having a The visual inspection should ascertain that the system
mean particle size (d50) of 125 microns (e.g. Washington State components are in working order and that there are no
Department of Ecology — WASDOE - 2008). The model can blockages or obstructions in the inlet and separation screen.
be used to calculate the expected performance of such a PSD The inspection should also quantify the accumulation of
(shown in Figure 3). The model indicates (Figure 4) that the CDS hydrocarbons, trash, and sediment in the system. Measuring
system with 2400 micron screen achieves approximately 80% pollutant accumulation can be done with a calibrated dipstick,
removal at the design (100%) flow rate, for this particle size tape measure or other measuring instrument. If absorbent
distribution (d50 = 125 μm). material is used for enhanced removal of hydrocarbons, the level
of discoloration of the sorbent material should also be identified
Figure 3. WASDOE PSD
Figure 4. Modeled performance for WASDOE PSD.
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during inspection. It is useful and often required as part of an Cleaning
operating permit to keep a record of each inspection. A simple
Cleaning of a CDS systems should be done during dry weather
form for doing so is provided.
conditions when no flow is entering the system. The use of a
Access to the CDS unit is typically achieved through two manhole vacuum truck is generally the most effective and convenient
access covers. One opening allows for inspection and cleanout method of removing pollutants from the system. Simply remove
of the separation chamber (cylinder and screen) and isolated the manhole covers and insert the vacuum hose into the sump.
sump. The other allows for inspection and cleanout of sediment The system should be completely drained down and the sump
captured and retained outside the screen. For deep units, a fully evacuated of sediment. The area outside the screen should
single manhole access point would allows both sump cleanout also be cleaned out if pollutant build-up exists in this area.
and access outside the screen.
In installations where the risk of petroleum spills is small, liquid
The CDS system should be cleaned when the level of sediment contaminants may not accumulate as quickly as sediment.
has reached 75% of capacity in the isolated sump or when an However, the system should be cleaned out immediately in the
appreciable level of hydrocarbons and trash has accumulated. event of an oil or gasoline spill. Motor oil and other hydrocarbons
If absorbent material is used, it should be replaced when that accumulate on a more routine basis should be removed
significant discoloration has occurred. Performance will not be when an appreciable layer has been captured. To remove these
impacted until 100% of the sump capacity is exceeded however pollutants, it may be preferable to use absorbent pads since they
it is recommended that the system be cleaned prior to that are usually less expensive to dispose than the oil/water emulsion
for easier removal of sediment. The level of sediment is easily that may be created by vacuuming the oily layer. Trash and debris
determined by measuring from finished grade down to the can be netted out to separate it from the other pollutants. The
top of the sediment pile. To avoid underestimating the level of screen should be cleaned to ensure it is free of trash and debris.
sediment in the chamber, the measuring device must be lowered
Manhole covers should be securely seated following cleaning
to the top of the sediment pile carefully. Particles at the top of
activities to prevent leakage of runoff into the system from above
the pile typically offer less resistance to the end of the rod than
and also to ensure that proper safety precautions have been
consolidated particles toward the bottom of the pile. Once this
followed. Confined space entry procedures need to be followed
measurement is recorded, it should be compared to the as-built
if physical access is required. Disposal of all material removed
drawing for the unit to determine weather the height of the
from the CDS system should be done in accordance with local
sediment pile off the bottom of the sump floor exceeds 75% of
regulations. In many jurisdictions, disposal of the sediments may
the total height of isolated sump.
be handled in the same manner as the disposal of sediments
removed from catch basins or deep sump manholes. Check your
local regulations for specific requirements on disposal.
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Distance from Water Surface
Diameter Sediment Storage Capacity
to Top of Sediment Pile
CDS Model
ft m ft m y3 m3
CDS1515 3 0.9 3.0 0.9 0.5 0.4
CDS2015 4 1.2 3.0 0.9 0.9 0.7
CDS2015 5 1.5 3.0 0.9 1.3 1.0
CDS2020 5 1.5 3.5 1.1 1.3 1.0
CDS2025 5 1.5 4.0 1.2 1.3 1.0
CDS3020 6 1.8 4.0 1.2 2.1 1.6
CDS3025 6 1.8 4.0 1.2 2.1 1.6
CDS3030 6 1.8 4.6 1.4 2.1 1.6
CDS3035 6 1.8 5.0 1.5 2.1 1.6
CDS4030 8 2.4 4.6 1.4 5.6 4.3
CDS4040 8 2.4 5.7 1.7 5.6 4.3
CDS4045 8 2.4 6.2 1.9 5.6 4.3
CDS5640 10 3.0 6.3 1.9 8.7 6.7
CDS5653 10 3.0 7.7 2.3 8.7 6.7
CDS5668 10 3.0 9.3 2.8 8.7 6.7
CDS5678 10 3.0 10.3 3.1 8.7 6.7
Table 1: CDS Maintenance Indicators and Sediment Storage Capacities
Note: To avoid underestimating the volume of sediment in the chamber, carefully lower the measuring device to the top of the
sediment pile. Finer silty particles at the top of the pile may be more difficult to feel with a measuring stick. These finer particles
typically offer less resistance to the end of the rod than larger particles toward the bottom of the pile.
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CDS Inspection & Maintenance Log
CDS Model: Location:
Water Floatable Describe
Maintenance
Date depth to Layer Maintenance Comments
Personnel
sediment 1
Thickness 2
Performed
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1. The water depth to sediment is determined by taking two measurements with a stadia rod: one measurement from the manhole opening to the
top of the sediment pile and the other from the manhole opening to the water surface. If the difference between these measurements is less
than the values listed in table 1 the system should be cleaned out. Note: to avoid underestimating the volume of sediment in the chamber,
the measuring device must be carefully lowered to the top of the sediment pile.
2. For optimum performance, the system should be cleaned out when the floating hydrocarbon layer accumulates to an appreciable thickness. In
the event of an oil spill, the system should be cleaned immediately.
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SUPPORT
• Drawings and specifications are available at [Link].
ENGINEERED SOLUTIONS
• Site-specific design support is available from our engineers.
800-338-1122
[Link]
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