Concept and definition of  According to G.E.

caiden ` No body really knows the

word development really stands for any more.
Development Economists identify it with economic productivity,
sociologist with social change or social differentiation ,
Development means “improvement in country’s
political scientist with democratization , political
economic and social conditions”.
capacity of government, administrator with
Development is a process of improvement and
bureaucratization, optimum efficiency, performance.
changes required for better living and existence.
There is no consensus about the definition of
development, the term development seems amorphous  It is found that there is no consensus about the
so its definition cannot be objectively indicated. definition of development. Development refers to the
process of growth, societal transformation, changing
mindset of individuals and societies for the well being,
life sustenance, self – esteem, freedom of choice.
1 2

Dimensions of development
‘development is positive, qualitative and quantitative
 development is multidimensional concept it has
change
following dimension
Devt. = resource x infrastructure x technology x
1. Economic dimension : national income, poverty
good governance eradication, distributive justice.(economic growth
and economic development)
2. Political dimension : capacity of political system,
solution of political Disputes (political stability and
political freedom)

3 4
 Conceptual evolution of
[Link]-cultural dimension: conservation,
empowerment(social change and social
development/philosophy of development
development)
 1950s – economic growth
[Link] dimension : administrative reform.
 1960s – economic development
[Link] dimension
 1970s – people's participation
[Link] dimension: human development  1980s – sustainable development
_ decentralization
_ good governance
 1990s – human development
 2000s – social equity
 After 2000-onwards – social inclusion

Pre-conditions to development Constraint to development

 Geographical setting
 Unambiguous policy formulation
 Unstable government and weak administration
 Stable political condition
 Foreign influence
 Impartial bureaucracy
 Social constraints
 Practical planning
 Domestic resource gap
 People’s participation
 Trade gap
 Adequate resources
 Inability to mobilize domestic resources
 Development of standard culture
 Skill gap
 Farsightedness and commitment
 Inadequate infrastructure
 Effective leadership
 Regular monitoring and evaluation

8
7
 Theories of public administration Theories of development
Politics administration dichotomy(1880s)
Scientific management theory(1911) Economic growth (1950s)
Principles of public administration(1916) Economic development (1960s)
Bureaucracy theory(1920s) Peoples participation (1970s)
Comparative public administration (1960s) Decentralization (1980s)
Development administration(1960s) Sustainable development (1980s)
New public administration(1970s)
Good governance (1980s)
New public management (1980s)
New public service (1990s)
Human development (1990s)
New public governance (2006) Inclusion (2000s)
1 2

Theories of Motivation
Theories of economics
Hierarchy of need theory (1943)
Public choice theory Motivation hygiene theory (1959)
Principal agent theory McClelland`s Theory of needs (1960s)
Transaction cost theory Equity theory of motivation (1963)
ERG theory of motivation (1969)
Expectancy theory of motivation (1964)
Reinforcement theory of motivation (1957)

3 4
 Phases of theories Paradigm shift in public
Motivational theories (1940s) administration
Goal setting theories (1960s) Pre modern phase (1080s to 1920s)
Strategic management theory (1980s) Bureaucracy phase ( 1920s to 1980s)
Performance management (late 1980s) Normative approach phase ( 1980s to
2000s)
Networking governance ( 2000)
Civic responsive governance ( 2000onward)

5 6

Paradigm shift in public

administration Evolution(roots) of Development
Politics administration dichotomy (1887 to
administration
•Comparative administrative group (CAG)
1926) •The Joint Impact of the great economic
Principle of administration (1927 to 1937) depression and World War-II
•The task of the post war reconstruction
Challenge phase (1938 to 1947) •The global struggle for hegemony between the
Crisis of public administration (1948 to USA and USSR(union of soviet socialist
1970) republics )
Public administration as public
administration (1970 onward)
8
7
 concept of Development Administration Dimensions of development administration
• First development administration was coined by Go  These two dimensions of development administration are also
swami in 1955. and popularized by Riggs and Weidner known as principles of development administration
• The concept developed in around 1960s, after the A. Administration of development
independence of many African and Asian, and some B. Development of administration
other countries in the world.
• The concept evolved for addressing social change,
transformation and nation building
• It is to focus on facilitating development , creating
stable and orderly change

9 10

Features of development administration

Defining development administration
 Development oriented
Development administration is action oriented, goal-oriented
administrative system. Furthermore it focuses on the process of  People oriented
planned or intended change in the direction of modernity or  Goal oriented
nation building and socio-economic change-Edward Weidner,
1962.
 Change oriented
Development administration is concerned with setting goals,  Time bound oriented
formulation and implementation of the plans, policies programs  Client oriented
and projects- Donald C. Stone,1986
 Action oriented
Development Administration has two elements: a) the
implementation of programs designed to bring about modernity  Result oriented
b)the changes within an administrative system which increase its  Progress oriented
capacity to implement such programs-Harry J Friedman
 Creativity and innovation oriented
11 12
 Approaches to development administration
There are so many approaches of development
administration some of which are given below
Functions of development administration
 Decentralization  Formulation of development goal and policies
 People participation  Program formulation and program management
 Sustainable development  Reorganization of administrative structures and
procedures
 Bureaucracy
 Evaluation of result
 Institutionalism
 Ensuring peoples participation in development effort
 Comparative public administration
 Promoting growth of social and political
 Human relation approach
infrastructure

13 14

Conclusion Political System Capability

 Focuses on achievement of goals, Efficiency,
Stability
 Innovation
 Decentralization: Delegation and consultation
for making administration grassroots oriented
 Fulfilling the requirements of future challenges
 A process of guiding an organization towards
the achievement of development objectives.

15
 Contd.
Politics • Public issues and problems within a society are
• Distorted nature : politics involves abuse of political problems which are solved by politics/
power, violence, telling lies, cheating and government decisions. It directs government
dishonesty and so on and exercises authority to make and implement
• Real nature: it is a fact of social life and essential decisions to solve public problems
part of human beings living in a society • Public/people live under the control /authority
• Political matters are connected with multiple of politics
human beings or society • Politics also includes the use of authoritative and
coercive means.

Contd.
System
• Government and politics are universal
System always has inputs and outputs. An input is
phenomena and essential aspects of human life whatever you put into a system. An output is
• Government and politics both arise from the whatever comes out of the system
need of the people to live in a society A system is a group of interacting or interrelated
• It is the activity of acquiring the power of making elements that act according to a set of rules.
public and authoritative decisions and of
exercising this power
 Political System Contd.
Political parties, interest groups, mass media,
a political system is a type of social system that is
community, school, think tanks, political
concerned with formulating and implementing
organizations are the parts of politics.
authoritative public decisions.
Political system refers to the whole collection/set
a political system consists of the institutions of
of institutions and agencies that directly or
government
indirectly involve in formulating and
A political system also consists of other parts of
implementing public decisions/policies
society ( non government structure)
A political system exists/ functions in both a
domestic environment and an international
environment

The Capability of Political System

Types of political system capability
The capability of a political system refers to its [Link] capability
overall performance in its environment [Link] capability
It emphasizes behaviors (activities) of the system [Link] capability
in relation to other social system and to the [Link] capability
environment [Link] capability
It refers to system's abilities, qualities and 6. International capability
effectiveness to perform certain functions as a
unit of its environment
 The Extractive Capability The Regulative Capability
The extractive capability of a political system
refers to the exercise of control over behavior of
refers to the performance of the system in
individuals and groups by the political system
drawing resources from its environment (both
the political system's capability in using
domestic and international)
legitimate coercion to control human behaviors
The capability to obtain resources determines the
and social activities
other capabilities of political
A political system has to regulate economic,
Extractive capability is measured in terms of:
social and cultural life of people
-the amount of resources which flow into the
political system

The Distributive Capability Symbolic Capability

Refers to the capability of a political system to
allocate different kinds of resources, goods, Refers to the flow of symbols from the political
services, opportunities to individuals and groups system into the society and the international
in the society environment
It is the activity of the political system to
distribute benefits among individuals and groups
This capability is measured in terms of benefits
provided by government and the expenditures
designed by government.
 The Responsive Capability The International Capability
Every political system must be responsive to a Political systems interact constantly with their
variety of internal and external demands or domestic societies (environments) and
pressures. international environments (foreign political
The structures and cultural attitudes of the systems)
political system have great impact on the This capability helps to analyze the international
responsive capability of a political behavior of political systems
Our judgments towards the forms of political It is measured in terms of:
systems are based on their responsiveness • international extractive capability: [such as
towards environments i.e. demand and support income from abroad including trade and tourism,
international investment, international services, etc.]

Contd. Factors affecting the capability of a

• International regulative capability : [Capability of political system
a political system to impact on the political
system of another country/ the capability of a [Link] goals and strategies
political system to control over another/foreign [Link] and use of resources
political system, its politics and public policy] [Link] system
• international distributive capability: [subsidies, [Link] and participation
grants, loans and technical assistance to other [Link] stability
countries] [Link] unity and interaction
• international symbolic capability [Link] development and self- reliance
8. Political legitimacy
 Background
In the world, some countries/societies are rich and
Institutionalism others are poor.
• What determine the level of development
(wealth, health, education and living standard of
people) of a country?
• Why do some countries/societies/groups
become rich while others remain poor?
[One emerging theory on why some societies /
countries become rich while others remain poor
is the institutionalism]

Concept • Informal Institutions are collection of informal

Two perspectives:
rules, norms, and organized practices that
[Link] institutions/ structured perspective:
prescribe appropriate behavior for specific
institutions includes all formal governmental
actors in specific situations.
institutions, including their formal rules,
• They give direction and meaning to behavior,
regulations, norms, code of conducts, etc.
explain, justify, and legitimate behavioral codes.
[Link] institutions/ unstructured or cultural
• They create capabilities for actions, empower
perspective: organizational culture, established
and constrain actors differently and make them
practices, customs, norms and values that evolve
more or less capable of acting according to
& become important for the activities of formal
prescriptive rules.
organization
 General conception
• Institutions consists of both formal institutions
and informal institutions How do institutions come from?
Common Features: Existence over a long period,
Two views:
impact on individual behaviors/ organizational
• Informal institutions gradually develop
functions, determines the outcomes of political
through natural development process and
processes, a sense of shared values and meaning
change naturally.
among the members
• Formal Institutions can be designed or
created [they do not naturally emerge rather
they are deliberately designed

Neo -institutionalism
• Neo institutionalism provides a valuable
• Neo institutionalism is an approach to the theoretical framework for understanding the
study of institutions that focuses on the effect role of institutions in shaping social, political,
of formal and informal rules on the behavior and economic phenomena.
of individuals and groups. • Neo institutionalism encompasses three major
• Neo institutionalism assumes that institutions strands which are explained as follows
play a crucial role in shaping individual and
collective behavior. Institutions are the rules ,
norms, and practices that guides human
interactions and shape social order.
 [Link] institutionalism [Link] choice institutionalism
• It predicts that the norms and formal rules of • Institutions are creation of rational individuals
institutions guide and shape the actions and who decides on the basis of calculation of cost
behavior of actors within institutions. benefits associated with alternatives.
• Sociological institutionalism is a form of neo • Rational choice theory assumes that
institutionalism that concerns the way in individuals weigh the costs and benefits of
which institutions create meaning for their actions and make decision accordingly.
individuals. However it recognizes that individuals are also
influenced by the institutional context in
which they operate.

Institutions and development

[Link] institutionalism
• The relationship between development
• Historical institutionalism emphasizes the
outcome and institutional activities is very close
importance of historical continuity in the
and complex (indirect and long term) . Thus
development and persistence of institutions
institutional arrangements have large impact on
• It argues that institutions arises as a result of
development outcomes.
historical processes.
• some institutions can have quite different
• Historical institutionalism is a new
consequences under different situations.
institutionalism that emphasizes how timing,
order, and path dependence affect institutions
and shape social, political and economic
behavior and change
 Contd. Contd.
• Institutionalism focuses on the relationship • Development programs are determined and
between state institutions and their impact in implemented by state institutions. Informal
achieving development outcomes institutions are created in such a way that may
• Decisions of formal government arrangements facilitate or hinder development outcomes.
are influenced by the characteristics of informal • Formal structures and organizational cultures,
institutions rules may provide advantage to certain interests
• The development plans, programs ...are directed of particular groups
by state institutions. The interest of society and • Some societies become poor because their
activities of formal organizational structures or institutions constrain the economic activities of
government institutions are also shaped by the citizens
established informal rules and norms

Contd.
• Institutions serve as the basis for rewarding or
punishing individual behaviors. They have the
ability to create appropriate incentives of
desirable economic activities for some groups
Basic needs approach
and limit the productive activities of others.
• Institutionalism is concerned with the question
of how best to design, promote and organize
institutions so that development of a country
may be maximized.
• Some countries become poor because they lack
basic institutional structure for development
 Introduction • The basic need approach is one of the major
• There is no single universally accepted definition approaches to the measurement of absolute
of basic needs. poverty in developing countries.
• Basic needs approach to development is one • Developing program following the basic needs
which gives priority to meeting the basic needs of approach do not invest in economically
all the people. productive activities rather it focuses on
• The actual content of basic need have been allowing the society to consume just enough
variously defined. They always include the to rise above the poverty line and meets its
fulfilment of certain standards of food, shelter, basic needs.
health, education, clothing, sanitation,
transportation.

Who introduced the basic needs

approach?
• It influenced the programs and policies of
• The basic needs approach was introduced by the
countries and multilateral organization.
international labor organization`s(ILO)world
conference in 1976. • The ILO report goes on to indicate two crucial
elements in the basic need approach.
• It proposed the satisfaction of basic human
needs as the overriding objective of national and • First :they include certain minimum
international development policy. requirements of a family for private consumption
such as: adequate food, shelter, clothing,
• The basic need approach to development was
household equipment and furniture.
endorsed by government , workers and
employer`s organization from all over the world.
 Objectives of basic need approach
Second: they include essential services provided • To provide opportunities for the full physical,
by and for the community at large such as: safe mental, and social development of the
drinking water, sanitation, public transport, individual.
health, education, and cultural facilities.
• To mobilize particular resources for particular
The basic needs included not only the essential groups, identified as deficient in these
to physical survival , but also to access to resources.
services, employment, and participation in
• To provide security and to participate in decision
decision making.
making.

Characteristics of basic needs

approach
• Adequacy of food and clean drinking water Human right based approach
• Decent shelter
• Education
• Security and livelihood
• Adequate transport
• People`s participation in decision making
• Upholding an individual`s dignity and self
respect
 Classification of human rights
Human rights
Based on the generation
• Human rights are rights inherent to all human
beings, irrespective of their nationality, place of [Link] generation (civil and political right):
residence, sex, ethnic origin, color, religion, The first generation rights i.e. civil and political
language or any other status. rights are the initial form of natural rights.
• Human rights include the right of life and liberty, these rights were developed in 16th century.
freedom from slavery, and torture, freedom of The first generation rights includes: right to life,
opinion and expression, the right to work and right to liberty, right to property, freedom from
education and many more. discrimination, freedom of thought and
expression, freedom of religion, freedom of
movement.

[Link] generation(economic, social and 3. Third generation(solidarity rights)

cultural right) Third generation rights emerged after 1970s and
The effort for the economic, social and are referred to as solidarity rights
cultural rights were developed in 20th century The rights are concentrated with social groups
as a result of the world war. and society on the whole rather than an
The second generation rights includes: the individual they are seen as collection right
right to work, right to health care, right to These rights include: right to development, right
education, right to social security and so on. to environmental protection, right to self
determination, right to peace.
 Principles of human rights
• Universal
[Link] generation
• Inalienable
The 4th generation rights were developed after
• Indivisible
1990s
• Interdependent
Fourth generation rights include: right to
protection against stress, right to die, sexual • Nonderogable
right, right to change sex. • Equality and non discrimination

Human rights treaties • Convention against torture and other cruel,

• Universal declaration of human right, 1948 inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment,1984
• International covenant on civil and political
rights, 1966 • Convention on the rights of the child, 1989
• International covenant on economic, social and • Convention on the rights of persons with
cultural rights,1966 disabilities,2006
• International covenant on the elimination of all
forms of racial discrimination,1965
• Convention on all forms of discrimination against
women,1979
 Human rights in development
context
• Social inclusion for disadvantage group • Human rights and sustainable development
• Empowerment of women goals
• Concept of right to development and right • Human rights and good governance
based approach to development
• Concept of right to live peacefully
• Concept of right to environment
• Human right and climate change

Major human rights issues

• Human trafficking • Disappearances
• Disaster and human rights: disaster induced • Education disparities
internal displacement, right of rehabilitation • Gender inequality
and resettlement of internally displaced • Child rights violations
persons
• Conflict and violence in the context of truth
and reconciliation and rehabilitation and
resettlement measures
 Introduction
Ecological approach • An ecological approach to development management
refers to a perspective that considers the interconnection
and interdependence of social, economic, and
environmental factors in the process of development.
• This approach recognizes that human well being is
closely linked to the health of ecosystems and that
sustainable development requires the integration of
ecological principles into decision making and planning.

Key aspects of ecological approach

Sustainability
Holistic perspective  Focused on sustainable development that meets the
 This perspective emphasizes a holistic understanding needs of the present without compromising the ability
of development that takes into account social, of future generation to meet their own needs.
economic, and environmental dimensions.  Balances economic development with social equity and
 Recognizes that changes in one aspect of a system environmental conservation.
can have effects on other components.
 Ecosystem services
 Focused on the importance of ecosystem services to Biodiversity conservation
human well being and development.  Recognizes the importance of biodiversity.
 Ensures that development activities do not degrade  Promotes conservation efforts to protect diverse
essential ecosystem services. species.
Community involvement Climate change mitigation
 Encourages the active participation of local communities  Addresses the challenges posed by climate change.
in decision making process.
 Values indigenous knowledge and local practices in
managing natural resources sustainably.

Integrated planning and management

 Promotes integrated planning that considers the
interconnectedness of social, economic, and ecological Sustainable Development
systems.
 Uses tolls such as environmental impact assessments to
evaluate and minimize negative effects of development
projects.
Policy frameworks
 Advocates for the formulation and implementation of
policies that supports an ecological approach to
development
 Seeks to align national and regional policies with
international sustainable development goal.
 Background Cont.
• In 1983 the United Nations set up an • The Report stressed the importance of
independent commission called 'The World 'sustainable development' as a goal towards which
Commission on Environment and Development - the entire international community should work.
WCED (consisting 22 people from the developed • The report examined: the environment
and developing countries/ headed by Gro Harlem challenges facing the world,
Brundtland, the Prime Minister of Norway) to
examine the problems of environment and
development facing the world and to consider
possible solutions
• In 1987 the WCED published a report entitled
'Our Common Future' (also known as The
Brundtland Report)

Concept Cont.
• The term ‘sustainability’ belongs to ecology and • - SD is a broad, dynamic and complex concept. it
refers to the potential of an ecosystem to is a process of change (social change) .
survive over time. • In the broader sense, it includes:
• Literally, SD refers to maintaining development - Environmental sustainability: preservation of
over time. [sustain = going on/ maintain/ keep alive] natural environment/ addressing environmental
• According to Brundtland Report, sustainable issues
development refers to development that meets - Social sustainability/sustainable society:
the demand of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs.
 Cont. Dimensions
• SD focuses on global level and makes the link
• Generally, there are four dimensions/
between the fulfillment of the needs of the
components of sustainable development .
developing countries/ world's poor and the
reduction in the wants of the developed • the economic, the social, the environment and
countries/world's rich. It emphasizes the the political (good governance)
interactions of three complex systems: the • 1. The Economic Dimensions: [growth, and stability/
Maximize income ]
world economy, the global society, and the
Earth’s physical environment. It primarily • The core idea of SD is that current development efforts
should not hamper the prospects for maintaining or
focuses on society and its aim is to include
improving future living standards
environmental considerations in the steering of
societal change.

Cont. Cont.
• Sustainable economic growth means that real
• SD is directly concerned with increasing the
GNP per capita is increasing over time and it is
standard of living of the poor, which can be
not threatened by from either environmental
measured in terms of increased food, real
impacts (pollution, resource degradation) or
income, education, health care, water supply,
from social impacts
sanitation, etc.
• SD is an approach that emphasizes continuing
3. The Environmental Dimensions: [Maintain the
improvements in the quality of life with a lower
ability of natural and physical environmental
amount of resource use
systems/ healthy environment for human
2. Social/cultural Dimensions: [Maintain the social beings, rational use of renewable natural
and cultural stability/ equity, / solidarity, resources, conservation of nonrenewable
participation and cultural identity] natural resources]
 Cont. Cont.
• Sustainable development is about maintenance • Social benefits should not be maximized without
of essential ecological processes, the satisfying economic and environmental
preservation of genetic diversity/ bio-diversity, constraints.
SD is about maximizing economic, social, and
environmental benefits. Similarly, It is critical
(extremely important) that each dimension should
be given equal attention in order to ensure a
sustainable outcome .

Cont. Cont.
4. Political/ good governance: [ political: the in public decision making, political stability,
direction of social and economic development, government effectiveness/ quality of public
social justice and the process of social change services and policy making, absence of violence,
largely depend on general political acceptance, rule of law, control of corruption/ public sector
political will, political struggle and democratic integrity, etc. All these elements are relevant for
politics[ SD rest on political will of the governments] pursuing / achieving sustainable development.
To achieve economic, social and environmental • All other dimensions (economic, social and
sustainability. the quality of governance (good environmental) are under the influence of good
governance) must be enhanced. governance principle.
Good governance: good governance is closely
related to public accountability, greater openness
(transparency), participation of civil society/citizen
 sustainable development goals [Link] inequality
[Link] cities and communities
[Link] poverty
[Link] consumption and production
[Link] hunger
[Link] action
[Link] health and well being
[Link] below water
[Link] education
[Link] on land
[Link] equality
[Link] justice and strong institutions
[Link] water and sanitation
[Link] for the goals
[Link] and clean energy
[Link] work and economic growth
[Link], innovation, infrastructure

Human development
• Human development is defined as the process of
Human development approach enlarging people`s choices, freedom, opportunity,
and improving their well being.
• Human development is about the real freedom
ordinary people have to decide who to be, what to
do, how to live.
• The term human development was first reported
in 1990 as a new approach for advancing human
flourishing.
 Domains of human development
Dimensions of human development
1. physical development: Knowledge
Growth of body and brain, sensory capacities Long and healthy life
[Link] development: Participation in political process and community
Learning, memory, language, thinking, reasoning life
and creativity Environmental sustainability
[Link] development: Human security and rights
Emotions, personality, social relationships Promoting equality and social justice
Decent standard of living

Objectives of human development Indicators of human development

Income
To develop human capacity
Life expectancy
To create environment for the use of human
capacity literacy
 Pillars of human development Importance of human development
According to amartysen:
Improves productivity
Equity
Better utilization of resources
Sustainability
Control population growth
Productivity
Improves the quality of life
Empowerment
Encourages the research and development
Co-operation
Development of agriculture and industry
security
Change in attitude

Cont.
Strengthening measures of human
development • Ensuring access to justice
• Addressing epidemics, shocks and crisis • Promoting inclusion
• Combating violence and ensuring people`s • Ensuring accountability
security
• Maintaining human well being in post conflict
situations
• Addressing climate changes
• Promoting social protection
• Upholding human rights
 Meaning
 It is measured by the level of income, life expectancy, education,
health, happiness, creativity, and empowerment.
 Human development is also the ultimate goal of development.
 Human development is the progress and advancement in the
physical, mental, and intellectual aspects of every individual or
human community,
 Human development expands the capacity, empowerment, and
rationality of people. It is not only the physical aspect of
Human Development development, but also the moral and human aspects of
development.
 Human development is the belief that humans are at the center of
development.
 Human development is the expansion of human prosperity, the
increase of human opportunities and choices.
 Human development is defined as the process of expanding people's
1 freedoms, opportunities and improving their well-being.
2

 Human development is the process of positive growth, The concept of human development emphasizes 6 pillars:
positive change, expansion of choices, and development of
capabilities over the course of human life.  1. Equity
2. Empowerment
 Human development is the progress and development of a 

person's physical, mental, and intellectual abilities, and the  3. Cooperation

resulting improvement in their standard of living.  4. Security
 Human development is originally a concept that emerged in  5. Sustainability
the 1980s. Before the 1990s, humans were considered as a  6. Productivity
means to economic development only. After the 1990s,
humans began to be considered as both a means and an end
to development.
 The concept of human development was pioneered by
Pakistan's Mohammad ul Haq. Indian economist Amanya
Sen broadened its concept by discussing human potential.
 Currently, human development has become a rights-based
approach to development. 3 4
 Key aspects of human development Human Development Index (HDI)
Physical development: this aspect of development encompasses  The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of average
achievement in key dimensions of human development
changes in the body`s size, structure and abilities.
 The human development index(HDI) evaluates a nation`s well being by
Cognitive development: cognitive development refers to changes in considering health, education, and living standards.
intellectual abilities, thinking process, and problem solving skills.
Components of HDI
Emotional development: emotional development involves the growth Life Expectancy: represents health and well-being
and understanding of one`s own emotions and ability to recognize and
respond to the emotions of others Per Capita Income: reflects dignified living standard
Education: measured by literacy rates
Social development: social development focuses on how individuals
form relationships , interact with others and social skills and Other Indices
behaviours. Gender Development Index (GDI): highlights disparities between women and
men in life expectancy, education, and income.
Moral and ethical development: this aspect of development examines
how individuals develop their sense of right and wrong, their moral Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) : assesses women`s participation in
values, and ethical reasoning. economic, political and professional domains.
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) : evaluates poverty across education,
Identity development: identity development involves the formation of health, and living standards.
a coherent sense of self, including one`s self -esteem and self-identity.
Gender Inequality Index (GII) : analyzes disparities in reproductive health,
Language development: language development encompasses the empowerment, and labor market participation.
acquisition of languages skills, including speech production, Inequality- adjusted HDI (IHDI) : accounts for inequality in the distribution of
comprehension and communication. 5 HDI dimensions. 6

Objectives of human development

 to live a long and healthy life
SDG Indicators and Targets
 to be educated and knowledgeable
 To have access to resources needed for a decent standard of living
Poverty: reduce to 8% by 2030

 To enjoy political freedom and human rights Multidimensional poverty: reduce to 10% by 2030
 To participate in the decisions that affects one`s life Gender Inequality Index: improve to 0.05 by 2030
 To have a clean and sustainable environment Gender empowerment Index: increase to 0.69 by 2030
 To have gender equality and social inclusion Gender Equality: achieve 58.1% by 2030
 To have cultural diversity and respect Inequality: reduce to 65.7% by 2030
 To have innovation and technology
 To have peace and security.

7 8
 Challenges of human development in Nepal
 reducing inequality,
 Ending racial and cultural discrimination,
 Addressing the issue of social exclusion, Inclusive approach
 Achieving sustainability in development,
 Effectively advance social security,
 Utilizing the opportunities created by globalization for human development,
 Effectively mobilizing non-governmental actors in development,
 Implementing federalism
 Reducing unemployment and underemployment

Introduction Key principles and aspects

An inclusive approach to development Participation and engagement
management refers to a strategy or philosophy  Actively involve communities and stakeholders in the
that seeks to involve and benefit all stakeholders decision making processes related to development
initiative.
in the development process.
This approach recognizes the diversity of people, Equity and social inclusion
their needs and their contributions aiming to  Identify and address existing social and economic
create sustainable and equitable development disparities to ensure that development initiative
benefit all segment of the population.
outcomes.
 This involves paying attention to the needs of
marginalize group and designing policies that
promotes social inclusion.
 Collaboration and partnerships Capacity building
 Foster collaboration among various stakeholders,  Focuses on building the capacity of communities to
including government agencies, non governmental actively participate in and contribute to the
organization, private sectors and local communities. development process.
 This collaborative approach can enhance the  This may involve providing education, training, and
effectiveness and sustainability of development resources to enhance the skills and capabilities of
projects. individuals and group.
Cultural sensitivity accessibility
 Consider and respect the cultural, linguistic, and social  Ensure that development benefits and opportunities are
diversity of communities. Development initiatives accessible to all, regardless of gender, age, ethnicity,
should culturally sensitive. disability, or socioeconomic status.

Sustainable development
Gender equality
 Emphasize sustainability by considering the long term
 Pay attention to gender dynamics and work toward
impacts of development activities on the
promoting gender equality in all aspect of
environment, economy, and society.
development.
 Inclusive development management aims to create
 This includes ensuring equal opportunities for men
positive change that benefits current and future
and women and addressing gender based
generation.
discrimination.
Transparent and accountable governance
 Foster transparency in decision making processes and
resource allocation.
 Inclusive development management requires clear
communication and openness to build trust among
stakeholders.
 Introduction
 Electronic governance refers to the use of information
and communication technology to enhance and
support the delivery of government services, exchange
of information, communication, and transaction
E-governance between government and citizens, business, and other
government agencies.
 The primary goal of e-governance is to improve the
efficiency, effectiveness, transparency, and
accountability of government process.
 E-governance initiatives aim to overcome traditional
bureaucratic challenges.

Dimensions of E-governance
 E-governance helps to reduce corruption, enhance
1. Infrastructure
accessibility, and ultimately makes government
services more citizen centric. 2. Policy
 The success of e-governance relies on a combination 3. Governance
of technological infrastructure, policy frameworks,
and the active participation of citizens and
stakeholders.
 Content of E-governance
1. Information content : 4. Collaborative content :
e-governance platforms often provide citizens with access to
information about government services, policies and programs. governance platforms can enable citizens to
[Link] content : collaborate with each other or with government
Governance platforms can allow citizens to complete transactions officials on various projects or initiatives.
online, such as paying taxes, or registering for government
programs. [Link] and reporting : e-governance
[Link] content : platform can allow citizens to monitor government
governance platforms can facilitate interactions between activities and can report.
citizens and government officials, allowing citizen to provide
feedback,

Institutional provisions
• Ministry of communication and information,
technology
Provisions of E- governance in Nepal • Ministry of education, science and technology
• National information commission
• National information technology center
• Cyber bureau Nepal
• Department of information technology
• Information technology park development
committee
• Integrated data management center.
 Constitutional and legal provisions Functional provisions
• Right to information – Article 27, constitution of • E-governance master plan started from 2006.
Nepal
• Provision of Information officer in all ministry,
• Right to communication- Article 19, constitution of department and offices.
Nepal
• Provision of website in all offices.
• Right to information Act, 2064
• Civic help desk, e-citizen charter, electronic
• Copy right Act, 2059 attendance,
• Electronic transaction Act, 2063 • Digital Nepal framework
• Nepal telecommunication Act, 2053 • Management information system
• Broadband policy, 2071 • Online service
• E-governance master plan, 2062 • E-grievence handling

Miscellaneous provisions
• LMBIS(line ministry budget information system) Advantages of E-governance
• TSA(treasury single account)  Increase efficiency
• PAMS(public asset management system)  Enhance accessibility
• ASYCUDA  Transparency and accountability
• Su-Tra( sub national treasury regulatory application)  Citizen empowerment
• Nagarik app  Time saving
• Hello sarkar  Improve data accuracy
• Digital citizen charter  Facilitation of digital economy
• Share market  Better planning and decision making
• E- bidding
• E-driving license
• ATM service, online transaction
 Disadvantages of E-governance Challenges of E-governance
 Digital divide
 Cybersecurity concern  Eliminating digital divide
 Privacy issues
 Infrastructures requirements  Eliminating bureaucratic constraints
 Skill gap  Maintaining privacy
 Legal and regulatory challenges
 Dependency on technology
 Maintaining information security
 Developing new technology
 Maintaining inter-agency coordination
 Enhancing management capacity

Introduction
 Climate change refers to long-term changes in
temperature, precipitation, wind, and other
atmospheric conditions on Earth.
Climate change  It is primarily driven by human activities, such
as the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and
industrial processes, which release
greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO2)
and methane into the atmosphere. These
gases trap heat, leading to a warming of the
Earth's surface.
The consequences of climate change are wide-
International agreements, such as the Paris
ranging and include rising global temperatures,
Agreement, aim to bring countries together to
more frequent and extreme weather events (such
collectively combat climate change by setting
as hurricanes, droughts, and floods), melting ice
targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions
caps and glaciers, rising sea levels, and disruptions
and promoting sustainable practices. However,
to ecosystems and biodiversity.
the effectiveness of these efforts depends on
Efforts to address climate change involve mitigation,
global cooperation and the implementation of
which aims to reduce or prevent the emission of
policies at national and local levels.
greenhouse gases, and adaptation, which involves
Individuals can also contribute to climate
making adjustments to social, economic, and
change mitigation by adopting sustainable
environmental practices to minimize the damage
practices in their daily lives.
caused by climate change.

Causes of climate change

• Industrial Processes: Certain industrial
• Burning of Fossil Fuels: The combustion of activities release greenhouse gases, such as
fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) for energy methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), into the
is a major source of carbon dioxide (CO2) atmosphere. Agriculture, waste management,
emissions. Power plants, vehicles, and industrial and manufacturing processes can contribute to
processes release significant amounts of CO2 the overall GHG emissions.
into the atmosphere, contributing to the • Use of Synthetic Chemicals: Certain industrial
greenhouse effect and global warming. processes and agricultural practices involve the
• Deforestation: The clearing of forests for use of synthetic chemicals that release
agriculture, logging, and other purposes reduces greenhouse gases. For example, the production
the number of trees that can absorb CO2 from and use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were
the atmosphere through photosynthesis. This major contributors to the depletion of the ozone
leads to an increase in atmospheric CO2 levels, layer and had a warming effect.
contributing to the greenhouse effect.
• Land Use Changes: Changes in land use, such Impacts of climate change
as urbanization and conversion of natural
landscapes to agricultural or industrial areas, • Rising Temperatures: Global temperature is
can alter the balance of greenhouse gases in increasing, leading to heatwaves and altered
the atmosphere. weather patterns. This can result in more
• Waste Management: Improper waste droughts, affecting water supplies and
management, particularly the decomposition of agriculture.
organic waste in landfills, produces methane. • Melting Ice and Rising Sea Levels: Warming
• Increase in Population: The growing global temperatures contribute to the melting of
population results in increased energy glaciers and ice caps, leading to rising sea
consumption, demand for resources, and levels. This brings a threat to coastal
expansion of agricultural activities, all of which communities, ecosystems, and infrastructure.
contribute to higher levels of greenhouse gas
emissions.

• Extreme Weather Events: Climate change is • Changes in Ecosystems: Climate change can
associated with an increase in the frequency disrupt ecosystems and biodiversity. Shifts in
and intensity of extreme weather events such as temperature and precipitation patterns can alter
hurricanes, cyclones, floods, droughts, and the distribution of plant and animal species,
wildfires. These events can cause widespread affecting food webs and ecosystem services.
destruction, displacement of populations, and • Threats to Agriculture: Changes in temperature
loss of life. and precipitation patterns can impact crop yields
• Ocean Acidification: The absorption of excess and the suitability of certain regions for
atmospheric carbon dioxide by the oceans leads agriculture. Pests and diseases may also
to ocean acidification. This brings a threat to proliferate under altered climate conditions,
marine life, particularly organisms with calcium posing additional challenges to food security.
carbonate shells and skeletons, such as corals
and certain shellfish.
 • Health Impacts: Climate change can affect • Loss of Biodiversity: Climate change, along
human health directly and indirectly. Heat- with other human activities, contributes to the
related illnesses, and changes in air quality loss of biodiversity. Species may struggle to
can have significant public health adapt or migrate to more suitable habitats,
implications. • Impacts on Water Resources: Changes in
• Social and Economic Disparities: precipitation patterns can affect the availability
Vulnerable populations, including those in and distribution of water resources. This can
low-income countries and marginalized lead to water scarcity, affecting agriculture,
communities, are affected by the impacts of industry, and human populations.
climate change.

• Afforestation and Reforestation: Planting trees

Climate change mitigation initiatives and restoring forests are effective ways to
absorb carbon dioxide. Initiatives focus on
• Paris Agreement: afforestation (planting trees on unused land) and
• Adopted in 2015, the Paris Agreement is an reforestation (replanting trees in deforested
international treaty that aims to limit global areas) to enhance carbon capture and
warming. biodiversity.
• Countries that are parties to the agreement have • Electric Vehicles and Sustainable
committed to nationally determined contributions Transportation: Many countries are
outlining their specific targets and actions to encouraging the adoption of electric vehicles and
reduce greenhouse gas emissions. investing in sustainable transportation
• Renewable Energy : infrastructure. This includes incentives for
• Many countries are investing in renewable energy electric vehicle purchases, the development of
sources such as solar, wind, hydro, to reduce charging infrastructure, and the promotion of
dependency on fossil fuels public transportation.
 • Stockholm conference and UNEP
• International Climate Funds: Various • UNEP plays an important role in negotiating and
funds, such as the Green Climate Fund, supervising environmental agreements,
have been established to support • Catalyze the environmental actions , monitoring
developing countries in their efforts to environmental actions,
mitigate and adapt to climate change.
• Facilitates scientific research on specific
These funds provide financial assistance
environmental issues.
for projects that reduce carbon emission

• Rio Earth summit

 Rio earth summit was held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 • Conference of party(COP)
and produce some fruitful results on global
environment governance by considering:
• Depletion of ozone layer
• Global warming
• Climate change as a major global environmental
problems.
 Citizen charter
 A Citizen's Charter is a document or a set of
commitments made by an organization or
government agency to its citizens.
 It outlines the rights and responsibilities of both the
Citizen Charter organization and the citizens it serves.
 The primary purpose of a Citizen's Charter is to
improve the quality of public services and make
government agencies more transparent,
accountable, and citizen-friendly.
 Citizen`s charter is a document which is the
dedication of the government toward its citizens for
improving the quality of services, choices of
services, accountability and transparency of service
providers.

Principles of citizen charter

 Citizen charter is written document of commitment
of organization to customer in the respect of • Set service standards
standard service deliver, accessibility of information
including mechanism for grievance redressal • Be open and provide full information
• Consult and involve
1991 : UK(citizen charter) • Encourage access and promotion of choice
1992 : France (charter for public service users)
1993:America(customer first) • Treat everyone fairly
1995: Canada(serviced standard initiatives) • Put things right when they go wrong
1997: south Africa(people first) • Use resources effectively
1997: India(citizen charter)
2001: Sweden(service dialogue) • Innovate and improve
1998: Nepal(citizen charter) • Work with other providers
 Key components of citizen charter Objectives of citizen charter
• To promote transparency in the functioning of
• Vision and mission statement of the service provider government agencies by clearly outlining the
• Details of the services to be provided services provided, the standards of service, and
• Contact information of key officers the procedures involved.
• Expectations of the citizens, and stakeholders • To establish accountability by defining the
• Details of the grievance redressal mechanisms and how responsibilities and obligations of the service
to access them provider.
• Additional commitment such as compensation in the • To empower citizens by providing them with
event of failure of service delivery
information about their rights, and the procedures
• Possibilities and mechanisms for regular improvement
in delivery to access services.
• Information dissemination and feedback system • To enhance the quality and efficiency of public
services by setting clear standards.

• To focus on meeting the needs and • To promote ethical conduct and integrity within
expectations of citizens, emphasizing courteous government agencies. The Charter often
and responsive service delivery. includes commitments to uphold ethical
• To provide a structured mechanism for standards and maintain integrity in all
addressing grievances and complaints from interactions with citizens.
citizens. • To establish a framework for continuous
• To reflects the diverse needs and expectations improvement in public services. The Charter is
of the community it serves. a dynamic document that should be regularly
• To encourage efficient use of resources by reviewed and updated to reflect changing
setting performance standards and timelines. circumstances, technological advancements,
and evolving citizen needs.
 Preconditions • A robust information technology infrastructure
• There must be strong commitment and support is important.
from top leadership within the organization or • A well-defined grievance redressal mechanism
government agency. is a precondition for handling complaints and
• A supportive legal and policy framework is crucial concerns raised by citizens.
for the implementation of Citizen's Charters. • Implementing a Citizen's Charter often
• The involvement of key stakeholders, including requires a cultural shift within the organization.
government officials, employees, and citizens, is • Commitment to regularly review and update
essential. the Citizen's Charter is essential.
• Adequate training and capacity-building programs
are necessary to equip employees with the skills
and knowledge required to implement the Citizen's
Charter successfully.

Compensation based citizen charter Key components

• The Citizen's Charter should clearly define the
 A compensation-based Citizen's Charter refers
service standards, including the quality, timeliness,
to a set of commitments made by a government
and efficiency of services.
agency or organization to compensate citizens
• Specify the compensation mechanisms in case the
for any failure to meet the defined standards of
service standards are not met.
service.
• Establish a transparent and accessible grievance
 In this context, compensation typically involves
redressal mechanism for citizens to report
offering redress, financial reimbursement, or
instances where service standards have not been
other remedies to citizens when the service
met.
provider fails to meet the stipulated service
standards outlined in the Citizen's Charter.
 The compensation-based approach is an
additional layer of accountability and aims to
reinforce the commitment to quality service
delivery.
• Ensure effective communication about the
compensation-based Citizen's Charter.
Issues and challenges in Nepal
• Regularly review the performance of the
government agency against the standards set in • Regular monitoring and evaluation
the Citizen's Charter. • Reward and punishment system
• Ensure that the compensation-based Citizen's
Charter aligns with existing legal frameworks and • Multi language based public charter
regulations. • Disable friendly charter
• Maintain detailed records of cases where • ICTs friendly
compensation is provided.
• Train government employees on the • Adequate resources
compensation-based approach, emphasizing the
importance of meeting service standards and
understanding the procedures for compensating
citizens when necessary.

Basic concepts
Management:
 management is the process through which the
affairs/activities of an organization are carried out in
Management Audit order to achieve its desires goals by maximum utilization
of available resources within the various constrains.
 The basic functions of management are to determine
appropriate goals, plans, policies, programs and to make
necessary arrangement to implement them effectively to
achieve desired results of the organization.
 Audit: audit is a systematic examination and evaluation
of something.
 Management Audit
 Management audit deals with the various aspects of  It is concerned with examining the effectiveness of
the management process. It attempts to evaluate the programs or the efficiency of the organization or both
performance of various managerial functions [whether programs are achieving the desired results,
(managerial policies and actions) and all aspects of how well the organization is organized and managed and
management performance (productivity and efficiency) how it utilizes its resources]
 A management audit is a comprehensive  It involves the examination of all aspects of the
examination of an organization's management management functions.
structure, policies, processes, and practices to  Thus it is conducted by a team of experts (a variety of
evaluate their effectiveness and efficiency in skills/expertise are needed to examine all aspects of
achieving the organization's goals. managerial actions)
 The primary purpose of a management audit is to
assess the overall performance of the management
team and identify areas for improvement.

Major aspects of management audit Decision-Making Processes:

Leadership Effectiveness: Evaluation of decision-making processes at
Evaluation of leadership styles and capabilities various levels of the organization.
of top executives. Communication:
Assessment of the alignment between Assessment of communication channels within
leadership strategies and organizational the organization.
objectives.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of
Organizational Structure: communication strategies.
Examination of the organizational hierarchy and
reporting relationships.
Assessment of the efficiency and effectiveness
of the current organizational structure.
Performance Management: Financial Management:
Analysis of financial management practices,
Review of performance appraisal systems and
including budgeting and financial reporting.
processes.
Evaluation of cost control measures.
Evaluation of goal-setting mechanisms and
performance metrics. Human Resources Management:
Strategic Planning: Review of HR policies, recruitment processes,
and training programs.
Examination of the organization's strategic
planning processes. Assessment of employee morale and
engagement.
Assessment of the alignment between strategic
goals and day-to-day operations. Risk Management:
Evaluation of risk assessment and mitigation
strategies.
Analysis of the organization's ability to adapt to
changes and uncertainties.

Technology and Innovation: Objectives of management audit

Assessment of the organization's use of  Assessing Effectiveness and Efficiency
technology and innovation.  Ensuring Compliance
Evaluation of the impact of technology on  Enhancing Decision-Making
productivity and efficiency.  Optimizing Organizational Structure
 Improving Leadership
Compliance:  Enhancing Communication
Review of compliance with legal and  Strengthening Performance Management
regulatory requirements.  Identifying Operational and Financial Risks
Assessment of ethical standards.  Improving Human Resources Practices
 Enhancing Strategic Planning
 Promoting Innovation and Technology Adoption
 Ensuring Ethical Standards
 Preconditions to management  Audit Team Competence:
audit Assemble a competent audit team with
 Clear Objectives and Scope: expertise in management practices,
Clearly define the objectives and scope of the knowledge, and relevant audit methodologies.
management audit.  Audit Standards and Guidelines:
 Management Support: Adhere to established audit standards,
Obtain support and commitment from top guidelines, and best practices to ensure the
management to ensure cooperation and the credibility and integrity of the audit process.
allocation of necessary resources for the audit.  Risk Assessment:
 Access to Information: Conduct a preliminary risk assessment to
Ensure that auditors have access to relevant identify potential areas of concern or focus
information, data, and documents related to within the organization's management
management practices, policies, and processes. processes.

 Communication Plan:  Compliance with Legal and Ethical

Develop a communication plan to inform Standards:
employees and stakeholders about the audit, Ensure that the audit process complies with
its purpose, and the expected outcomes. legal and ethical standards, and obtain
 Data Integrity and Accuracy: necessary approvals or permissions for
Verify the integrity and accuracy of data used conducting the audit.
in the audit. Reliable information is crucial for
making informed assessments and
recommendations.
 Timeframe and Schedule:
Establish a realistic timeframe and schedule
for the audit, taking into account the
complexity of the organization and the scope
of the audit.
 Types of management audit
Principles of management audit  Financial Management Audit:
1. Principle of efficient operation Focuses on the financial policies and
2. Principle of comprehensive and constructive procedures of an organization.
examination Evaluates financial reporting, budgeting,
3. Principle of review and appraisal of an organization accounting practices, and financial controls.
4. Principle of reformative action  Operational Management Audit:
Examines the efficiency and effectiveness of an
organization's day-to-day operations.
Focuses on production processes, workflow,
resource allocation, and overall operational
efficiency.

 Human Resources Management Audit:

Evaluates the effectiveness of human resources  Information Systems Management Audit:
policies and practices. Focuses on the organization's information
Assesses recruitment, training, performance technology infrastructure and systems.
appraisal, employee relations, and compliance Assesses data security, system reliability, and
with labor laws. the alignment of IT with overall organizations
 Strategic Management Audit: goals.
Analyzes the organization's strategic goals and  Compliance Management Audit:
the implementation of its strategic plans. Ensures that the organization complies with
Assesses the alignment of organizational laws, regulations, and internal policies.
objectives with market conditions and
competitive positioning.
 Quality Management Audit:  Risk Management Audit:
Examines the organization's adherence to Evaluates the organization's risk management
quality standards and processes. policies and procedures.
Assesses quality control, product/service Identifies potential risks, assesses risk
quality, and continuous improvement initiatives. mitigation strategies, and ensures compliance
 Environmental Management Audit: with risk management protocols.
Focuses on the organization's environmental
practices and compliance.
Assesses environmental impact, resource
usage, and sustainability efforts.

introduction
 Migration" generally refers to the movement of
individuals or groups of people from one place to
another.
 This movement can occur within a country or
Migration across international borders.
 Migration can be voluntary, such as people
moving for better economic opportunities,
education, or lifestyle, or it can be forced due to
factors like conflict, persecution, or environmental
disasters.
 Types of Migration  Forced Migration: People are compelled to
move due to factors beyond their control, such
as war, persecution, or natural disasters.
 Internal Migration: Movement within a country's
borders. This could be rural-to-urban migration,  Voluntary Migration: People choose to move
urban-to-rural migration, or movement between for reasons such as better job opportunities,
different regions. improved quality of life, or personal preferences.
 International Migration: Movement across  Seasonal Migration: Temporary movement,
international borders. This can be for economic often for work, which is common in industries
reasons, family reunification, or seeking asylum. like agriculture.

Factors affecting Migration

Economic Opportunities: Political Factors:
Pull Factor: Job opportunities, higher wages, Pull Factor: Political stability and security in a
and better economic prospects in the destination country may attract migrants
destination area can attract migrants seeking escaping political unrest, conflict, or
improved financial conditions. persecution in their home country.
Push Factor: Lack of employment Push Factor: Political instability, human rights
opportunities, low wages, and economic abuses, and conflict can force people to
hardship at the place of origin can push migrate in search of safety and security.
individuals to seek better prospects
elsewhere.
Social Factors: Environmental Factors:
Pull Factor: Better education, healthcare, Pull Factor: Favorable environmental
and social services in the destination area can conditions may attract individuals seeking
attract migrants looking for an improved better living conditions.
quality of life. Push Factor: Environmental disasters,
Push Factor: Limited access to education, climate change, and natural disasters can
healthcare, and social services in the place of force people to migrate due to the
origin may drive people to migrate for better degradation of their living environment.
opportunities.

Technological Advances:
Demographic Factors:
Pull Factor: Improved transportation and
Pull Factor: Demographic trends, such as a
communication technologies make it easier
younger population or a need for skilled
for people to migrate, connecting them with
workers, may attract migrants to fill specific
information about opportunities in other
labor market demands.
locations.
Push Factor: Overpopulation or demographic
Push Factor: The same technological
imbalances in the home country may
advances can expose individuals to
contribute to migration as individuals seek
disparities in living standards, prompting them
better prospects elsewhere.
to seek better opportunities in more
developed areas.
Globalization: Government Policies:
Pull Factor: Global economic integration and Pull Factor: Immigration policies, such as
the interconnectedness of economies can welcoming skilled workers or refugees, can
create opportunities for employment and influence migration patterns.
investment in various regions. Push Factor: Restrictive immigration policies
Push Factor: Disparities in economic or political measures in the home country may
development and globalization's uneven promote individuals to seek better prospects
impact may drive people to migrate in search elsewhere.
of a better standard of living.

Impacts of MIGRATION Impact on Receiving Countries

(Destination):
Impact on Sending Countries (Origin): Economic Contributions:
Remittances: Positive Impact
Positive Impact Cultural Diversity:
Brain Drain Positive Impact
 Negative Impact Innovation and Entrepreneurship:
Dependency and Aging Population: Positive Impact
Negative Impact Social Challenges:
Social Impact: Negative Impact
Positive Impact Demographic Impact:
Negative Impact Positive Impact
Impact on Migrants Themselves: Global Impact:
Economic Opportunities:
Economic Interconnectedness:
Positive Impact
Positive Impact
Educational and Skill Development:
Diaspora Contributions:
Positive Impact
Positive Impact
Social Integration and Identity:
Positive Impact Global Cultural Exchange:
Challenges and Vulnerabilities: Positive Impact.
Negative Impact

Human Resource
 Human resource is one of the most crucial resource of
the organization. It is concerned with work-force of the
organization.
 Most productive and live resource.
 Human capital of organization.
Human Resource Development  Competitive strength of the organization.
 Human resource includes all of the individual
employees who contribute to the operation of an
organizations, whether they are employed full time,
part time, on a temporary or permanent basis.
 Human Resource Development
 HRD is concerned with the recruitment and retention
 Human resource is the most pivotal resource in of high quality people who are best fitted to fulfill the
any country and organization. It is the human organization's objectives, defining and measuring levels
resources which mobilize the other material of performance and providing continuous opportunities
resources to achieve the organizational ends. for training and development.
 HRD as the part of human resource management.
 Concerned with increasing the competencies through
knowledge, skills, attitude and experience of people in
organization.
 Goals and objectives of an organization depend on the
efforts and performance of people working in
organization.
 Better people achieve better results.

 HRD is an essential part of every manager's job in

organizations.
 People possessing energy and physical strength  Therefore, human resource development has
alone are not human resources. People became been described as the process of "Value adding
human resources when they also acquire in organization through people." It includes
competencies, such as knowledge, skills, attitudes, human resource planning, career development,
experiences and growth potential. training and skill development and promotion
 Human resource development is concerned with strategies.
developing competencies of people in an
organizational setting.
 Definition of HRD
In general HRD helps: DeCenzo and Robbins HRD is concerned with preparing
 To develop specific type skilled persons in required employees to work effectively and efficiently in the
number. organization.
 To fulfill the demand of skilled human resources. T.V. Rao: HRD aims at developing a variety of
 To support the industrial expansion. competencies of employees and developing a culture in
 To strengthen economic growth. the organization to utilize these competencies and
 To increase enthusiasm in working condition. contribute to organizational growth.
 To develop desired attitude of the people. Govinda Ram Agrawal Human resource development is a
 To enhance the entrepreneurial abilities etc. process for developing human competencies through time
bound organized experiences to improve productive
contribution of people for achieving organizational goals
efficiently and effectively.

Features of HRD
The main features of HRD are:  It consists of variety of mechanism, such as
 Concerned with the human element in training, management development, career
organizations; planning and development, performance appraisal
 Consist of organized learning experiences; and counseling, employee welfare and
 It is time bound. There is a definite time period organizational development.
for completing a particular phase of learning.  It develops an organization culture which provides
 It enhances employee competencies required to opportunities for the use of competencies
perform current future job;
 It aims at improving job performance to achieve
organizational goals efficiently and effectively.
 Human resource development
mechanisms HRD problems in Nepal
• Training mechanism • Lack of conceptual clarity
• Management development mechanism • Lack of clear-cut policy
• Performance appraisal mechanism • Poor planning
• Career planning and development mechanism • Unsupportive organizational climate
• Employee welfare and quality of work life
mechanism • Lack of appropriate structure
• Organizational development mechanism • Weak institutional capacities
• Reward management mechanism • Inadequate budget

Need/significance of HRD Human resource development system

Human resource development is concerned with  Organizations are open system which operates within
developing competencies of people in organizational the environment.
settings. HRD is needed in organization due to following  System approach to HRD provides a conceptual
reasons: framework for integrating the various competencies
Improve competencies with in the HRD system and linking HRD with HRM and
Enhance effectiveness the larger organizations system.
Foster team work  HRD is an open system. It operates within the
Facilitate career development environment. It consists of input-output and feed-back
Increase job satisfaction components.
Improve decision making
Manage change and conflict
Environmental adaptation
Succession Planning
 Input Processing Output

• Increased competencies of
employees
• Human resources • Training • Higher productivity
• HRD Plan • Development • Better quality of human
• HR information System resources

Performance Management

Feed Back

Environment

Introduction  Providing opportunities for individuals to identify their

 Performance management is a means of getting better own goals and develop their skills and competencies;
results from the organization, teams and individuals/ A motivating people to use and develop their skills and
systematic managerial approach to improving individual abilities; providing opportunities for personal growth;
and team performance in order to achieve developing a performance culture:
organizational goals. 1. Talent management (identification and development
 Aligning individual objectives to organizational of talented people),
objectives, encouraging individuals to uphold/adopt 2. Employee segmentation (identifying those segments
organizational values. of employees whose performance drives
 It is a process for establishing common/ collective organizational results),
understanding about what is to be achieved and how it
3. Rewards system (appropriate reward system by
is to be achieved, and an approach for managing and
combining financial and nonfinancial rewards),
developing people that improves individual, team and
organizational performance. 4. Creating an environment to achieve high performance.
 Major concerns of performance
management  Feedback and Coaching: Providing
constructive feedback to employees on their
 Goal Setting: Establishing clear and measurable performance and offering guidance and support
goals for individuals, teams, and the organization. to help them improve.
Goals should align with the overall strategic
 Performance Appraisal: Conducting periodic
objectives of the organization.
evaluations of employee performance.
 Performance Planning: Developing plans and
 Recognition and Rewards: Acknowledging and
strategies to achieve the established goals.
rewarding employees for their achievements and
 Performance Monitoring: Regularly tracking and contributions. Recognition can boost morale and
assessing individual and organizational motivation.
performance against established goals.

 Development and Training: Identifying

Objectives of performance
opportunities for employee development and management
providing training programs to enhance skills  Goal Alignment
and competencies.
 Enhanced Productivity
 Performance Improvement Plans: In cases
 Employee Development
where performance falls below expectations,
developing plans to address performance issues  Continuous Feedback
and support improvement.  Recognition and Rewards
 Identifying Training Needs
 Employee Engagement
 Fair and Objective Evaluation
 Improving Communication
 Outcomes from Effective Performance
management
Clarifies performance expectations and standards  Improves relationships, understanding and mutual
cooperation between employees and managers
Improves productivity at all organizational levels
Motivates employees to do their best  Functions as an indicator of accountability
(accountability for performance) and efficiency
Ensures that employees have skills and capabilities
to contribute  Enhances the service quality in the public sector
Aligns performance between  Focuses on result rather than behavior and activities
departments/divisions and levels with the  It links organizational activities and processes to the
organization’s values, goals, and strategy goals of the organization

 It is an instrument that can be used to achieve a

high-performance culture. It aims to develop the
capacity of people to meet and to achieve their full
potential to the benefit of themselves and the
organization.
Administrative culture
 The real goals of any performance management are
threefold – to correct poor performance, to sustain
good performance and to improve existing
performance
 Dimensions of administrative culture
Introduction
Administrative culture refers to the shared [Link] Distance:
values, beliefs, norms, and practices that I. High Power Distance: Organizations with a high
shape the behavior and attitudes of power distance culture tend to have hierarchical
individuals within an organization, particularly structures with clear authority and a significant
within administrative or bureaucratic gap between leaders and subordinates.
functions. II. Low Power Distance: Organizations with a low
 It encompasses the way people in an power distance culture promote a more
organization interact with each other, make egalitarian approach, where there is less
decisions, and carry out their responsibilities. emphasis on hierarchy and a greater sense of
equality among team members.

[Link] vs. Collectivism: [Link] Avoidance:

I. Individualistic Culture: Emphasizes individual I. High Uncertainty Avoidance: Organizations
goals, achievements, and autonomy. with a high uncertainty avoidance culture prefer
Employees are encouraged to take personal structure, rules, and clear guidelines.
initiative and responsibility. II. Low Uncertainty Avoidance: Cultures with
II. Collectivistic Culture: Prioritizes group low uncertainty avoidance are more open to
cohesion, teamwork, and shared goals. change, ambiguity, and risk-taking. There is a
Collaboration and consensus-building are greater tolerance for uncertainty.
valued.
 [Link]-Performance Orientation:
[Link] vs. Femininity: Organizations with a high-performance
orientation emphasize achievement,
I. Masculine Culture: Values competitiveness, continuous improvement, and excellence.
achievement, and aggressive. Success is often There is a strong commitment to delivering
measured in terms of performance and results. results and surpassing standards.
II. Feminine Culture: Emphasizes cooperation, [Link] and Risk-Taking:
collaboration, and a focus on quality of life.
Success is measured in terms of relationships Cultures that encourage innovation and risk-
and work-life balance. taking foster creativity, experimentation, and
adaptability. Employees are encouraged to
explore new ideas and approaches.

[Link] Focus: Negative features of Nepalese

A customer-focused culture places a strong administrative culture
emphasis on meeting the needs and
1. Bureaucratic Inefficiency
expectations of customers.
2. Corruption
[Link] Orientation:
3. Lack of Transparency
Ethical cultures prioritize honesty, integrity,
and moral conduct. Organizations with a 4. Political Interference
strong ethical orientation value adherence to 5. Inadequate Infrastructure
ethical standards and codes of conduct. 6. Limited Accountability
7. Nepotism and Favoritism
8. Limited Employee Training and Development
9. Unequal Distribution of Resources
 Measures to improve
administrative culture
[Link] oriented behavior 1. Leadership Development
[Link] oriented behavior 2. Transparent Communication
[Link] quo oriented 3. Merit-Based Recruitment and Promotion
4. Anti-Corruption Measures
5. Performance Management Systems
6. Technology and Process Improvement
7. Empowerment of Employees
8. Conflict Resolution Mechanisms

[Link] Recognition and Well-being Programs

[Link]-Centric
[Link] Monitoring and Evaluation Administrative Reform
 Background  But fulfilling the several points raised by the
 Since the formation of states in the past, the leader during the struggle for freedom was
government required capable and efficient
impossible for new government to fulfill.
administration to maintain law and order, extract
necessary resources, protect the country from external  The working hand of government
aggression and enhance physical boundaries. (administrative System) was inadequate and
After the second world war, a number of sates were incapable to meet the challenges. Therefore,
free from colony in Asia, Africa, and other countries. this situation emphasized on reforming the
 At this moment, these new states and newly administrative system in the changed
independent states have to attain the goal of economic context.
development, social reforms, nation building and
internal harmony, security etc.

 The impetus of administrative reform was  The external inducements towards the administrative
experienced since the 1853 reformed movement reform provided a flow of assistance for
started by the UK, and the major reforms initiated administrative modernization and transfer of
by the US government in 1883. technology and institutions.
 The Scientific Management Movement developed  Besides, Development administration, Comparative
new techniques and inspired the western Public Administration, New public Administration etc.
governments to eliminate waste, improve output, have urged the administration to reform so that the
maintain financial requirements and maximize administrative system would be able to meet the
resource utilization. needs and aspirations of people.
 Ultimately, there emerged the human relation  In more recent time the leading themes have included
approach in administration. privatizing state institutions, reducing the size of
bureaucracies, building management capacity and
promoting greater accountability.
 There are many terms which are used to spell out
Definition the meaning of administrative reform such as:
 administrative change,
Administrative reform refers to the process of  administrative modernization,
making changes and improvements to the  administrative development,
structure, functions, and processes of  administrative innovation,
government agencies and institutions.  administrative reorganization,
 downsizing government,
The goals of administrative reform are often  right sizing government,
to enhance efficiency, effectiveness ,  reengineering government.
transparency and accountability in the
delivery of public service.

Why administrative reform?

Forms/nature/trends 1. Bureaucratic inefficiency
1. Policy reform 2. administrative incapability
2. Structural reform 3. Market failure
3. Functional reform/procedural reform 4. Social instability
4. normative attitudinal reform 5. unemployment
 Administrative reforms are Reform Agents /Agencies
Agents:
necessitated for  Political Leaders
 Meeting demand and expectations of people.  Expert and academicians
 Fulfilling the political demands and supports.  Bureaucrats
 Ensuring democracy and peoples participation.  consultants and experts
 Inducing new values and norms. Agencies:
 Institutionalizing the government bureaucracy.  Legislature
 Giving multi dimensional role to bureaucracy.  Executive
 Judiciary
 commissions

[Link] commission(1952) ,headed by

[Link]
Recommendations
• Reducing the number of ministries
Administrative reform efforts in Nepal • Creation of post of chief secretary
• Necessity of civil service Act
• Highlight the necessity of accounting and financial
regulations
• Need for administrative training
• Not necessity of planning commission
• Establishment of police office
 [Link] reform planning [Link] reform commission
commission (1957), headed by tanka (1968), headed by bedananda jha
p. acharya Recommendations
• Reducing number of ministries
Recommendations
• Introduction of civil service rule regulation
• Position classification
• Establishment of O and M office • Unified civil service
• Establishment of institute of public administration and training • Consultation with public service commission
center • Detach the role of Bada hakim from panchayat
• Necessity of national planning commission • Programmed budgeting
• There should be technical committee in every ministry • Reducing political role in personnel management
• Need of district development committee and Bada hakim should • Necessity of administrative court
be the chief of the committee
• Necessary of national planning council and prime
• Establishment of Nepal Rastra bank minister should be the chief of the council
• Anti- corruption Act
• Administrative procedure Act

[Link] reform
[Link] reform
commission(1975),headed by bhekh
commission(1991),headed by G.P. koirala
bahadur thapa
Recommendations Recommendations
• Organizational development • Scope of government
• Procedural improvement • Establishing efficiency in service delivery
• Improving financial administration • Reducing the role of NPC
• Improving budgetary system
• Establishing civil service training institute
• The involvement of non government sectors in
• Promoting regional service by establishing regional service delivery
offices
• Reforming civil service
• Introduction of job descriptions
6. Administrative reform commission [Link] reform suggestion
(2008), headed by pampha bhusal committee (2012),headed by kashiraj
Recommendations
dahal
• Make transparency in security organizations Recommendations
• No political interference in administration • Reducing the number of ministries
• No political and trade union involvement in job • Dissolve the regional offices
promotion and rotation of personnel. • There should be only one trade union
• Implementing the machine readable password • Remove provision for lateral entry
• Review the foreign aid policy

Concept
 Poverty is found everywhere. However, its conception
varies from country to country and society to society
 It is a state of deprivation where a section of the
society ( people cannot meet the minimum
Poverty requirement of daily life). It is the root cause of social
evils and creates a number of political, economic,
social, and cultural problems in the society
 It refers to the lack of opportunities to the people to
enlarge choices: lack of opportunities to lead a long and
healthy life.
 Types of poverty
 Poverty is a complex and multifaceted social
issue characterized by the lack of resources,
income, and basic necessities needed to meet 1. Absolute Poverty: This refers to a condition
the minimum standard of living within a specific where individuals or households lack the basic
society or geographical area. necessities of life, such as food, clean water,
 It is a global challenge that affects individuals, shelter, and healthcare.
families, and communities, leading to various 2. Relative Poverty: In contrast to absolute poverty,
social, economic, and health-related problems. relative poverty is defined in relation to the
economic status of the wider society. Individuals or
households experiencing relative poverty have a
lower income or standard of living compared to the
average in their society, leading to social exclusion
and the inability to participate fully in normal
activities and life.

Causes of poverty [Link] Issues: Poor health, whether due to lack of

[Link] Inequality: Unequal distribution of wealth access to healthcare or environmental factors, can lead
and resources within a society can contribute to poverty. to increased medical expenses and reduced
This includes disparities in income, land ownership, and productivity. This, in turn, can contribute to economic
access to education and employment opportunities.
hardship and poverty.
[Link] of Education: Limited access to quality education
can perpetuate the cycle of poverty. [Link] Discrimination and Exclusion: Discrimination
[Link] and Underemployment: Lack of job based on factors such as race, gender, ethnicity, or
opportunities or access to stable, adequately paying disability can limit certain groups' access to education,
employment is a significant cause of poverty. Additionally, employment, and other opportunities, leading to
underemployment—where individuals are working in
jobs that do not fully utilize their skills or provide higher rates of poverty among these populations.
sufficient income—can contribute to poverty.
• .
 [Link] and Financial Exclusion: High levels of
[Link] Instability and Conflict: Societies facing personal or national debt can contribute to
political instability, armed conflict often increased poverty. Individuals burdened by debt may
poverty. Conflicts disrupt economic activities, displace struggle to meet their basic needs, while
populations, and strain resources, leading to countries facing significant debt challenges may
widespread poverty. allocate resources away from poverty alleviation
[Link] Infrastructure: Lack of basic programs.
infrastructure, such as reliable transportation, [Link] Factors: Natural disasters,
electricity, and sanitation facilities, can hinder climate change, and environmental degradation
economic development and limit opportunities for can have severe economic consequences,
individuals to improve their living conditions. especially in regions where communities rely on
agriculture or natural resources for their
livelihoods.

Impacts of poverty Steps for poverty alleviation

1. Limited Access to Education 1. Education:
2. Health Disparities Universal Education
3. Housing Insecurity Vocational Training
4. Food Insecurity 2. Employment Generation:
5. Limited Access to Clean Water and Sanitation Job Creation
6. Impaired Cognitive Development Support for Small and Medium Enterprises
3. Social Protection and social security
4. Agricultural Development
[Link] Development:
Basic Infrastructure
Digital Connectivity [Link] to Financial Services:
[Link]'s Empowerment: Microfinance
[Link] Policies and Governance: Financial Literacy
Pro-poor Policies [Link] Partnerships:
Anti-Corruption Measures International Cooperation
[Link] Development: Technology Transfer
Community-Based Initiatives
Participatory Approach

The Vicious Circle of Poverty poor family

 Concept
Trust in public institutions is a social,
psychological, and political concept that reflects
the confidence, faith, and belief that individuals
and communities have in the ability of
Trust in public institutions governmental entities to act in their best
interests.
It is a vital component of the relationship
between citizens and the institutions that serve
them.
Trust in public institutions plays a crucial role in
the functioning of a democratic society and the
effectiveness of governance.

Key factors to the trust in public

 Efficiency and Effectiveness: Citizens
institution are more likely to trust public institutions
 Transparency: Openness and transparency in that demonstrate efficiency and
government actions and decision-making effectiveness in delivering public services.
processes contribute significantly to building trust  Fairness and Equity: Public institutions
 Accountability: Public institutions must be must treat all citizens fairly and equitably.
accountable for their actions. This includes taking Policies and decisions should be made
responsibility for mistakes, addressing corruption, without discrimination, and there should be
and ensuring that public officials are held to high a sense that the government is working to
ethical standards. Accountability mechanisms, address the needs and concerns of all
such as independent oversight and audits, play a segments of society.
crucial role in fostering trust.
 Public Engagement: Involving citizens in  Economic Performance: Economic stability
decision-making processes through public and growth can impact trust in public institutions.
consultations, feedback mechanisms, and civic A strong and stable economy may positively
participation can enhance trust. influence perceptions of government
 Political Stability: Stability in government and a competence.
consistent policy direction can contribute to trust.  Rule of Law: A strong and impartial legal
Rapid changes in leadership or frequent policy system that upholds the rule of law contributes
reversals may erode confidence in public to trust. When citizens believe that the legal
institutions. system is fair and just, it enhances confidence in
 Communication: Effective communication by public institutions.
public institutions is essential. Clear and timely  Protection of Civil Liberties: Respecting and
communication helps citizens understand protecting individual rights and civil liberties are
government actions, policies, and the decisions, critical for trust in public institutions. Citizens
contributing to a sense of trust. need to feel that their fundamental rights are
safeguarded by the government.

Introduction
 A social audit is a process that evaluates an
organization's or a company's performance in
terms of its social and ethical responsibilities and
Social Audit impacts on society.
 Unlike traditional financial audits that focus on
financial statements, a social audit examines non-
financial aspects related to social and
environmental sustainability, ethical practices, and
the overall impact on stakeholders.
 Major components
 Stakeholder Engagement: Identifying and  Transparency and Reporting:
involving relevant stakeholders such as Communicating the findings of the social
employees, customers, suppliers, local audit to stakeholders through transparent
communities, and NGOs in the audit process and comprehensive reporting.
 Data Collection and Measurement: Gathering  Continuous Improvement: Identifying
relevant data on social and environmental areas for improvement and developing
performance. strategies to enhance social and
 Performance Metrics: Establishing key environmental performance.
performance indicators to measure the
organization's progress and impact in social and
environmental areas.
 Compliance with Regulations: Ensuring that the
organization complies with relevant laws and
regulations related to social and environmental

 Promote Sustainable Practices: Social audits

Purposes of social audit encourage organizations to adopt sustainable
 Evaluate Social Impact: Social audits help business practices. This includes assessing
organizations assess their impact on society and environmental impact, promoting fair labor
the community. practices, and contributing to the long-term well-
 Ensure Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): being of communities.
Social audits are often a key component of CSR  Comply with Regulations and Standards:
initiatives. Social audits help ensure that organizations
 Enhance Accountability: Social audits contribute comply with relevant laws, regulations, and
to transparency and accountability by providing a industry standards related to social and
structured process for organizations to evaluate environmental issues.
and communicate their social and ethical  Engage Stakeholders: Social audits involve
performance. engaging with a range of stakeholders, including
 Identify Strengths and Weaknesses: Through employees, customers, suppliers, and local
the audit process, organizations can identify areas communities.
where they excel in terms of social and ethical  Enhance Reputation: A positive social audit
 Encourage Continuous Improvement: Social Steps of social audit
audits are not a one-time event but part of an  Define Objectives and Scope:
ongoing process of improvement. They provide Clearly define the objectives of the social audit.
a framework for organizations to set goals,  Establish Criteria and Standards:
implement action plans, and continuously Develop criteria and standards against which the
monitor and enhance their social and ethical organization's social performance will be measured.
performance.  Engage Stakeholders:
 Demonstrate Commitment to Stakeholders: Identify and engage key stakeholders.
organizations show their commitment to  Data Collection:
address social and ethical concerns. This Collect relevant data and information related to the
commitment can foster stronger relationships organization's social, environmental, and ethical
with stakeholders and contribute to long-term practices.
organizational success.

 Performance Measurement: Evaluate the Principles of social audit

organization's performance against the  Multi perspective
established criteria and standards.  Comparative
 Analysis and Interpretation: Analyze the
 Regularity
collected data to identify strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related  Transparency
to social performance.  Accountability
 Report Generation: Prepare a comprehensive  Improve in performance
social audit report that includes the  Independence
methodology, data sources, findings, and
 Disclose of the result
recommendations.
 Feedback and Verification: Seek feedback
from stakeholders on the audit findings.
 Challenges of social audit
Scope of social audit  Data Quality and Availability:
 Organizational governance Obtaining accurate and reliable data can be difficult.
 Program planning and implementation  Stakeholder Engagement:
Engaging a diverse range of stakeholders can be
 Financial management and performance
challenging
 Relationship management  Resource Constraints:
Conducting social audit requires resources,
including time, finances, and expertise.
 Lack of Standardization:
The absence of standardized social audit
frameworks can lead to inconsistent methodologies
and varying interpretations of social responsibility.

 Resistance to Change:
Organizations may resist implementing
recommended changes.
 Measurement Challenges:
Millennium Development Goals
Defining and measuring social impact can be
challenging.
 MDGs Goals
Concept
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger,
At the millennium summit of september2000,the
member states of the united nations adopted the 2. Achieve universal primary education,
millennium development declaration. 3. Promote general equality and empower
The main objective of MDG was to bring peace, women,
security, and development to all people. 4. Reduce child mortality,
MDGs drawn from the millennium declaration, 5. Improve maternal health,
are a groundbreaking international development
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other disease,
agenda for the 21st century to which all nations
are committed. 7. Ensure environmental sustainability,
8. Develop a global partnership for development.

[Link] extreme poverty 2. Achieve universal primary education

Globally ,the number of people living in The primary school net enrolment rate in the
extreme poverty had declined by more than developing region had reached 91 percent in
half, falling from 1.9 billion in 1990 to 836 2015, up from 83 percent in 2000.
million in 2015. most progress had occurred Sub-Saharan Africa had the best record of
since 2000. improvement in primary education of any region
since the MDGs were established. The region
achieved 20 percent point increase in the net
enrolment rate from 2000 to 2015, compared to
a gain of 8 percentage points between 1990 and
2000.
 [Link] gender equality and
empower women
The literacy rate among youth aged 15 to 24
had increased globally from 83 percent to 91 The developing regions as a whole had achieved
percent between 1990 and 2015. the gap the target to eliminate gender disparities in
between women and men had narrowed. primary, secondary, and tertiary education.
In southern Asia only 74 girls were enrolled in
primary school for every 100 boys in 1990. but in
2015, 103 girls were enrolled for every 100
boys.
The average proportion of women in parliament
had nearly doubled during the same period.

[Link] child mortality Measles vaccination helped prevent nearly 15.6

The global under-five mortality rate had declined million death between 2000 and 2013. The
by more than half, dropping from 90 to 43 deaths number of globally reported measles cases
per 1,000 live births between 1990 and 2015. declined by 67 percent for the same period.
In the developing region the number of death of About 84 percent of children worldwide received
children under five had declined from 12.7 at least one dose of measles containing vaccine
million in 1990 to almost 6 million in 2015 2013 up from 73 percent in 2000.
globally.
Since the early 1990s, the rate of reduction of
under-five mortality had more than tripled
globally.
 5. Improve maternal health 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other
Since 1990, the maternal mortality ratio had Diseases
declined by 45 percent worldwide, and most New HIV infections fell by approximately 40
of the reduction had occurred since 2000. percent between 2000 and 2013.
In southern Asia the maternal mortality ratio The global malaria incidence rate had fallen by
declined by 64 percent between 1990 and an estimated 37 percent and the mortality rate
2013, and in sub-Saharan Africa it felt by 49 by 58 percent
percent. More than 900 million insecticide-treated
mosquito nets were delivered to malaria-
endemic countries in sub-Saharan Africa
between 2004 and 2014.

The tuberculosis mortality rate fell by 45 7. Ensure environmental sustainability

percent between 1990 to 2013.
Ozone-depleting substances had been
eliminated since 1990, and the ozone
layer was expected to recovery by the
middle of this century.
In 2015, 91 percent of the global
population was using an improved
drinking water sources, compared to 76
percent in 1990.
 [Link] a global partnership for  Internet penetration had grown from just
development over 6 percent of the world population in
 Development assistance from developed 2000 to 43 percent in 2015. as a result,
countries increased by 66 percent in real 3.2 billion people were linked to a global
term between 2000 and 2014. network.
 As of 2015, 95 percent of the world
population was covered by a mobile-
cellular signal.

Issues not solved yet 2015 Nepal and MDGs

 Gender inequality,  In September 2000, the united nations
 Big gap existed between the poor and rich adopted the millennium development
people and between rural and urban areas, goals- an international time-bound
 Climate change and environmental committed to reduce poverty and advance
degradation undermined progress achieved other social development targets by 2015.
and poor people suffered the most,
 Nepal was one of the 189 countries that
 Conflict remained the biggest threat to
committed to these goals. Since then
human development,
Nepal had aligned its national policies,
 Millions of the poor people were suffered
strategies and plans to achieve the MDGs.
from poverty and hunger without access to
basic services.
 Goal1-eradicate extreme poverty Goal-2 universal primary education
 Nepal had made commendable progress  After 2000, the government`s policies shifted
on reducing extreme poverty and hunger from incremental to fundamental reforms that
in the MDGs period(2000-2015). included the decentralization of school
management to communities,
 The preparation of individual school
improvement plans, the financial and social
auditing of schools,
 The supervision of schools by resource
centers,
 supporting schools through grants.

Goal 4- reduce child mortality

Goal 3- Gender equality  Nepal had achieved all the targets under
 Gender parity had been achieved at MDG 4- reducing the infant mortality rate,
primary and secondary education, reducing the under-five mortality rate and
 The literacy gap between 15-24 year old increasing immunization against measles.
males and females had reduced,
 In civil service, the representation of
women had doubled in the decade due to
affirmative action,
 A large number of women joined the
teaching profession at primary level.
 Goal 5-improve maternal health Goal 6-combat HIV/AIDS, malaria
 Nepal was close to meeting the targets of and other Diseases
reducing the maternal mortality rate and  The spread of HIV in Nepal had halted and
increasing the proportion of births begun to reverse.
attended by skilled birth attendants,  The rate of infection among 15 -24 year
 The maternal mortality rate in Nepal in olds was reduced by 80 percent between
1990 was one of the highest in the world 2000 and 2015.
at 850 deaths per 100,000 live births. It
declined to 281 in 2005 and 258 in 2015.

Goal 7- Environmental sustainability Goal 8- global partnership for

 Nepal made a very small contribution to development
global warming,  The MDGs recognizes the need for
 The government banning of ozone enhanced market access and assistance
depleting substances had resulted in a from development partners.
large decline in the consumption of ozone  As Nepal is a least developed and land
depleting substances. locked countries, Nepal received
comparatively low levels of foreign
assistance mainly due to its weak absorptive
capacity.
 Background
• In 1983 the United Nations set up an
Sustainable Development independent commission called 'The World
Commission on Environment and Development -
WCED (consisting 22 people from the developed
and developing countries/ headed by Gro Harlem
Brundtland, the Prime Minister of Norway) to
examine the problems of environment and
development facing the world and to consider
possible solutions
• In 1987 the WCED published a report entitled
'Our Common Future' (also known as The
Brundtland Report)

Cont. Concept
• The Report stressed the importance of • The term ‘sustainability’ belongs to ecology and
'sustainable development' as a goal towards which refers to the potential of an ecosystem to
the entire international community should work. survive over time.
• The report examined: the environment • Literally, SD refers to maintaining development
challenges facing the world, over time. [sustain = going on/ maintain/ keep alive]
• According to Brundtland Report, sustainable
development refers to development that meets
the demand of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs.
 Cont. Cont.
• - SD is a broad, dynamic and complex concept. it • SD focuses on global level and makes the link
is a process of change (social change) . between the fulfillment of the needs of the
• In the broader sense, it includes: developing countries/ world's poor and the
- Environmental sustainability: preservation of reduction in the wants of the developed
natural environment/ addressing environmental countries/world's rich. It emphasizes the
issues interactions of three complex systems: the
- Social sustainability/sustainable society: world economy, the global society, and the
Earth’s physical environment. It primarily
focuses on society and its aim is to include
environmental considerations in the steering of
societal change.

Cont.
Dimensions
• Sustainable economic growth means that real
• Generally, there are four dimensions/ GNP per capita is increasing over time and it is
components of sustainable development . not threatened by from either environmental
• the economic, the social, the environment and impacts (pollution, resource degradation) or
the political (good governance) from social impacts
• 1. The Economic Dimensions: [growth, and stability/ • SD is an approach that emphasizes continuing
Maximize income ]
improvements in the quality of life with a lower
• The core idea of SD is that current development efforts
amount of resource use
should not hamper the prospects for maintaining or
improving future living standards 2. Social/cultural Dimensions: [Maintain the social
and cultural stability/ equity, / solidarity,
participation and cultural identity]
 Cont. Cont.
• Sustainable development is about maintenance
• SD is directly concerned with increasing the
of essential ecological processes, the
standard of living of the poor, which can be
preservation of genetic diversity/ bio-diversity,
measured in terms of increased food, real
income, education, health care, water supply,
sanitation, etc.
3. The Environmental Dimensions: [Maintain the
ability of natural and physical environmental
systems/ healthy environment for human
beings, rational use of renewable natural
resources, conservation of nonrenewable
natural resources]

Cont. Cont.
• Social benefits should not be maximized without 4. Political/ good governance: [ political: the
satisfying economic and environmental direction of social and economic development,
constraints. social justice and the process of social change
SD is about maximizing economic, social, and largely depend on general political acceptance,
environmental benefits. Similarly, It is critical political will, political struggle and democratic
(extremely important) that each dimension should politics[ SD rest on political will of the governments]
be given equal attention in order to ensure a To achieve economic, social and environmental
sustainable outcome . sustainability. the quality of governance (good
governance) must be enhanced.
Good governance: good governance is closely
related to public accountability, greater openness
(transparency), participation of civil society/citizen
 Cont.
in public decision making, political stability, sustainable development goals
government effectiveness/ quality of public [Link] poverty
services and policy making, absence of violence, [Link] hunger
rule of law, control of corruption/ public sector [Link] health and well being
integrity, etc. All these elements are relevant for [Link] education
pursuing / achieving sustainable development. [Link] equality
• All other dimensions (economic, social and [Link] water and sanitation
environmental) are under the influence of good [Link] and clean energy
governance principle. [Link] work and economic growth
[Link], innovation, infrastructure

[Link] inequality
[Link] cities and communities
[Link] consumption and production
Sustainable Development
[Link] action
[Link] below water
[Link] on land
[Link] justice and strong institutions
[Link] for the goals
 Background Cont.
• In 1983 the United Nations set up an • The Report stressed the importance of
independent commission called 'The World 'sustainable development' as a goal towards which
Commission on Environment and Development - the entire international community should work.
WCED (consisting 22 people from the developed • The report examined: the environment
and developing countries/ headed by Gro Harlem challenges facing the world,
Brundtland, the Prime Minister of Norway) to
examine the problems of environment and
development facing the world and to consider
possible solutions
• In 1987 the WCED published a report entitled
'Our Common Future' (also known as The
Brundtland Report)

Concept Cont.
• The term ‘sustainability’ belongs to ecology and • - SD is a broad, dynamic and complex concept. it
refers to the potential of an ecosystem to is a process of change (social change) .
survive over time. • In the broader sense, it includes:
• Literally, SD refers to maintaining development - Environmental sustainability: preservation of
over time. [sustain = going on/ maintain/ keep alive] natural environment/ addressing environmental
• According to Brundtland Report, sustainable issues
development refers to development that meets - Social sustainability/sustainable society:
the demand of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs.
 Cont. Dimensions
• SD focuses on global level and makes the link
• Generally, there are four dimensions/
between the fulfillment of the needs of the
components of sustainable development .
developing countries/ world's poor and the
reduction in the wants of the developed • the economic, the social, the environment and
countries/world's rich. It emphasizes the the political (good governance)
interactions of three complex systems: the • 1. The Economic Dimensions: [growth, and stability/
Maximize income ]
world economy, the global society, and the
Earth’s physical environment. It primarily • The core idea of SD is that current development efforts
should not hamper the prospects for maintaining or
focuses on society and its aim is to include
improving future living standards
environmental considerations in the steering of
societal change.

Cont. Cont.
• Sustainable economic growth means that real
• SD is directly concerned with increasing the
GNP per capita is increasing over time and it is
standard of living of the poor, which can be
not threatened by from either environmental
measured in terms of increased food, real
impacts (pollution, resource degradation) or
income, education, health care, water supply,
from social impacts
sanitation, etc.
• SD is an approach that emphasizes continuing
3. The Environmental Dimensions: [Maintain the
improvements in the quality of life with a lower
ability of natural and physical environmental
amount of resource use
systems/ healthy environment for human
2. Social/cultural Dimensions: [Maintain the social beings, rational use of renewable natural
and cultural stability/ equity, / solidarity, resources, conservation of nonrenewable
participation and cultural identity] natural resources]
 Cont. Cont.
• Sustainable development is about maintenance • Social benefits should not be maximized without
of essential ecological processes, the satisfying economic and environmental
preservation of genetic diversity/ bio-diversity, constraints.
SD is about maximizing economic, social, and
environmental benefits. Similarly, It is critical
(extremely important) that each dimension should
be given equal attention in order to ensure a
sustainable outcome .

Cont. Cont.
4. Political/ good governance: [ political: the in public decision making, political stability,
direction of social and economic development, government effectiveness/ quality of public
social justice and the process of social change services and policy making, absence of violence,
largely depend on general political acceptance, rule of law, control of corruption/ public sector
political will, political struggle and democratic integrity, etc. All these elements are relevant for
politics[ SD rest on political will of the governments] pursuing / achieving sustainable development.
To achieve economic, social and environmental • All other dimensions (economic, social and
sustainability. the quality of governance (good environmental) are under the influence of good
governance) must be enhanced. governance principle.
Good governance: good governance is closely
related to public accountability, greater openness
(transparency), participation of civil society/citizen
 sustainable development goals [Link] inequality
[Link] cities and communities
[Link] poverty
[Link] consumption and production
[Link] hunger
[Link] action
[Link] health and well being
[Link] below water
[Link] education
[Link] on land
[Link] equality
[Link] justice and strong institutions
[Link] water and sanitation
[Link] for the goals
[Link] and clean energy
[Link] work and economic growth
[Link], innovation, infrastructure