GENERAL ENGLISH–STUDY MATERIAL

SEMESTER- II
THE VOICE OF HUMANITY

RABINDRANATH TAGORE

Rabindranath Tagore was an Indian poet, writer, playwright, composer, philosopher, social reformer
and painter. He joined in the Indian National Moment and was a great friend of M.K. Gandhi. He was
the author of our national anthem Jana Gana Mana. He received Noble prize in 1913 for his poem
Gitanjali.
The Voice of Humanity' was a speech made in Milan by Rabindranath Tagore during his visit to
Italy. First he felt sorry for using English which is neither his nor the Italian’s language. Tagore said
that he visited Europe as a pilgrimage to meet the European mind which was fully awake. He praised
the great poets, heroes and the ideal Europe literature which was full of love of freedom and
humanity. Tagore recollected his boyhood memories with an Italian town, Brindisi and appreciated
the beauty and hospitality of an Italian girl. Later he explained the conditions which made him to go
to England for his studies. Tagore said that he felt lonely and unable to adjust in England. After few
months he returned to India. He explained to the youngsters of Italy that he avoided the standardized
educational training.

Tagore told that he loved the children most and decided to start a beautiful and secluded spot which
is close to Mother Nature. While he was busy in doing service to children, he got a call of pilgrimage.
Rabindranath Tagore said that he started his second visit to Europe. He praised the beauty of Europe
and patriotism, nationalism of the European people. He appealed them to know the right spirit of
humanity and patience. He offered homage to Europe for its gift of science. After that Tagore told
them that progress in the name of science should not destroy the human spirit and its joy of living.
Tagore appealed to the people of Italy to grow their volume for the survival of humanity.

IF

RUDYARDKIPLING

Rudyard Kipling was a poet, novelist and a short-story writer. He was the first writer in English to
receive a Noble Prize in literature. The poem 'If’ by Rudyard Kipling is an advice by a father to his
son who attempts to give him certain values to live by. It contains a set of rules for a better and more
meaningful life. This advice is applicable to all youngsters even today.

The poet advises his son to be rational when he is blamed for no fault of his. People may doubt his
honesty and nobility but he should have confidence in himself. He should be brave enough to face all
difficulties and always be truthful. He should neither hate others nor be hated by others. A person
should not try to look too good or talk too wise.
The poet tells his son that a man should dream, but he cannot live just on his dreams. A man must
learn to handle both victory and defeat with grace and go on with his life. Sometimes a person learns
that people twists what a person has said and use it against him. Even though a man loses everything
that he has achieved in his life, he should begin again and rebuild what has been broken with hard
work and determination.

Kipling tells his son that risk and losses are a part of life. If he loses all that he has gained, he should
gather his courage to regain it. A man should never discuss the losses he suffered with anyone. He
should work hard with will power and become a perfect man. He should hold on to his principles and
make full use of the time.

The poet advises not to lose a person’s noble qualities whenever he mixes with common people. He
must not forget the common people while moving with the rich and wealthy people. A person must
be balanced that neither enemies nor loving friends can harm him. If he follows this advice, he will
have a rewarding and enriching life. He will have everything he can wish for.

RIDERS TO THE SEA

[Link]

John Millington Synge was an Irish playwright, poet, writer, collector of folklore, and a key figure
in the Irish Literary Revival. 'Riders to the Sea' is a one-act play inspired by Synge's hearing the
story of a man whose body was found washed up on the shore of the Aran Islands. The play begins
with Nora bringing in a small bundle with her and telling Cathleen that these may be the clothes of
their brother Michael. The young priest told her about the body of a drowned man was found at
Donegal, and the body might be Michael's. The sisters do not want to show their mother, Maurya.
Michael has been missing for a week and the family had already lost five men to the sea. They hide
the bundle in the turf loft of the cottage.

Maurya is a woman who is seen lamenting all the time and worrying that her sons will never come
back from the sea. Bartley, her only surviving son is also planning to go the sea to sell the family
horses so they could get some money. Maurya tries to stop him, but he says he wants to make a halter
for the horses. Bartley leaves without receiving any blessings from his mother. Bartley leaves with a
red mare and a grey pony tied behind. Maurya leaves using a stick that Michael brought. She saw the
ghost of Michael behind the Barley with grey pony. She comes back and tells her daughters that she
saw Michael on the grey pony; she could not bless Bartley due to the shock. Nora and Cathleen show
Maurya the clothes. Islanders bring the body of Bartley into the cottage and tell the women that the
grey pony knocked Bartley into the sea. Maurya sprinkles holy water on him. Maurya prays that the
souls of her husband, her husband's father, and four sons may rest in peace.
 [Link] MAN WHO SAVED PUMPELSDROP

W.J TURNER

Walter James Red fern Turner was an Australian-born, English-domiciled writer and critic. He
was a poet, drama critic and literary editor of The Spectator. He also wrote novels, and
plays."The Man who Saved Pumpelsdrop," centers on a city suffering from a severe economic
crisis, where celebrations, including Christmas, have ceased for two years. The turning point
comes when a customer orders a pair of Rolls Royces from a local dealership, reviving the spirits
of the car dealer who, in his joy, contributes part of his savings for his wife to buy a diamond
necklace. The jeweler was surprised that someone is buying a diamond necklace. He went home
and told his wife to buy the coat she wanted.
This act of spending ignites a chain reaction, leading others in the community to also spend,
ultimately revitalizing the local economy. Within weeks, the town of Pumpelsdrop transforms,
bustling with activity again, and prepares to celebrate Christmas. Interestingly, a rumor of a
lunatic writing fake checks surfaces, but by then, the surge of economic activity has already
taken hold, illustrating how one man's actions can bring a wider change. Thus, the lunatic
accidentally saves Pumpelsdrop, highlighting themes of economic revival and the
interconnectedness of community spending.

V. ON THE PLEASURES OF NO LONGER BEING VERY YOUNG

G.K CHESTERTON

[Link] was an English writer, philosopher, theologian, and literary and art critic. The
essay, 'On the Pleasure of No Longer Being Very Young', argues for the advantages of old age,
presenting a realistic view of the ongoing conflict between the old and the new. It contrasts the
sentimental perceptions of old age, often associated with happiness and wisdom, with a more
nuanced understanding. Chesterton posits that while old age allows for adventure and romance,
it is rooted in a rich appreciation for traditions and customs, which the older generation sees as
practically useful, in contrast to the youthful perception of these traditions as outdated.

Proverbs serve as practical wisdom derived from human history, emphasizing their relevance in
modern times, especially during economic crises. The author argues that older generations,
possessing experiences from the past, can discern the differences between old and new
phenomena, including the perception of supernatural beliefs. In contrast, younger individuals
struggle to appreciate traditional knowledge due to their limited experiences. Ultimately, the text
advocates for recognizing the importance and validity of older wisdom in understanding
contemporary issues.
 I. NEGOTIATION

Negotiation is an oral interaction between two or more parties each with their own
perspectives and aims to find a way out through a difficult or problematic situation to the
satisfaction of both sides.

A meeting has to be arranged to discuss problem on a scheduled date and time. The
individuals or members of each side put forward their cases as they see them. Through
discussion, the goals, interests and view points of both sides of the disagreement need to be
clarified.

This will lead to what is termed a win-win outcome where both sides feel they have gained
something positive through the process of negotiation and both sides feel their point of view
has been taken into consideration. Both sides reach an agreement once view points and
interests have been considered. Agreement needs to be clear. From the agreement, a course
of action has to be formed and implemented to carry through the action.

[Link] MAKING

A decision can be defined as a course of action purposely chosen from a set of alternatives to
achieve organizational or managerial objectives or goals. The process of deciding about
something important, especially in a group of people or in an organization. You realize that
you need to make a decision. Try to clearly define the nature of the decision you must make.
Collect some pertinent information before you make your decision: what information is
needed, the best sources of information, and how to get it. This step involves both internal and
external work. As you collect information, you will probably identify several possible paths of
action, or alternatives. You can also use your imagination and additional information to
construct new alternatives. In this section, you will list all possible and desirable alternatives.
Draw on your information and emotions to imagine what it would be like if you carried out
each of the alternatives to the end. Evaluate whether the need identified.

Once you have weighed all the evidence, you are ready to select the alternative that seems
to be the best one for you. You may even choose a combination of alternatives. You are now
ready to take some positive action by beginning to implement the alternative you chose
among alternatives. Consider the results of your decision and evaluate whether or not it has
resolved the need you identified in alternatives. If the decision has not met the identified
need, you may want to repeat certain steps of the process to make a new decision.

[Link]

The action of leading a group of people or an organization is called leadership.

Leadership is a process of social influence, which maximizes the efforts of others, towards the
achievement of a goal. A leader must have the qualities like the trust, belief in others, cherishing
democratic values in the team, identifying the talent in each and assigning jobs accordingly and
maintaining a healthy and jovial atmosphere in the workplace.
 A good leader doesn’t wait around for others to get things started, instead they act on
opportunities and work ‘with’ the team towards completion of goals. Inspire the team to work
efficiently and develop an optimistic work environment with positive energy. A leader displays
high integrity. honesty and discipline. Leader’s responsibility is a clear channel of
communication. A leader must be confident and inspire confidence in others. Good leader builds
relationships, is unbiased and solves problems.

Many successful leaders never had any formal training as leadership is a state of mind.
We find leadership roles professionally, socially and at home in family settings.
Leaders become leaders because they have credibility and because people want to
follow them.

[Link]

Stress is a feeling of emotional, psychological, physiological and physical tension. It can

come from any event or thought that makes you feel frustrated, angry, or nervous. Stress can
manifest through many physical and mental features, with vary with each individual. These may
lead to worsening physical health and depression. With positive attitude, care and sustained
effort, one can learn to handle situations successfully in life. Prioritizing tasks and having a
systematic plan to execute them can reduce stress.

Regular physical exercise such as yoga, walking, jogging, aerobics, swimming,

cycling, music and dancing, will give us joy and also help you fight stress. Laughter is
an effective way of fighting stress. A healthy and balanced diet along with six hours
of sleep equips the body to fight the negative effects of stress. Social relationship with
friends and relatives will develop love and help us to cope with stress.

. [Link] AND GROOMING

Etiquette refers to polite and courteous behavior that is considered acceptable in work or social
situations. If you behave well and exhibit good manners, then people are likely to remember
you in a positive way.
Posture refers to the way one moves and conducts physically. The body language of a person
reveals whether one is arrogant, diffident, confident or careless. Facial expressions can commu-
nicate a lot even without speaking and add meaning to the verbal communication. Conducting
oneself gracefully and courteously making appropriate gestures are part of a being a well-
adjusted personality.

Personality is a combination of thoughts, feelings and behavior that makes a person unique. It is
a complex integration of body, mind and level of energy. A person with a friendly and
wholesome personality displays affable behavior, impeccable manners, pleasant demeanour
 unaffected posture and expressions and good social skills all form a part of etiquette and
grooming.

PRONUNCIATION

FRICATIVES
Circle the /f/ sound and box the /v/ sound in the following words.
Phobia /f/ Vine /v/ Phosphate
Wave /v/ Laugh /f/ River
Staff /f/ Feet /f/ Nephew

Circle the /θ/ sound and box the /ð/ sound in the following words.
Thought birthday northern
Youth Method earth
Breathe

Circle the /s/ sound and box the / z/ sound in the following words.
Science /s/ Boss /z/ Husband /z/
Acid /s/ Dogs /z/ Disease /z/
Race /s/ Rose /z/ Lazy /z/

Circle the /ʃ/ sound and box the /ʒ/ sound in the following words:
Sugar mesh pleasure
Nation mirage passion
Fusion
Circle the /h/ sound in the following words:
Behind /h/ Hide /h/ heart /h/
Perhaps /h/ Ahead /h/ hold /h/

AFFRICATES AND NASALS

Identify the affricates in the following sentences.
1. The shopkeeper didn't charge me much for these shoes. Ans: ch, ge, ch
2. He is a master of chess. Ans: ch
3. She wore a ruby chain to the party. Ans: ch
4. Her father tried his best to make her go the gym everyday ,but she would not budge.
Ans: g, ge
5. He appears to be a charlatan; do not trust him. Ans: No Affricate
NASALS
Identify the nasals in the following sentences.
1. The pen is in the main top drawer of the table. Ans: n, n, m, n ,
2. The men in blue carried a pen in their pockets. Ans: m, n, n,
 3. Where is the main door to the palace? Ans: m, n
4. Will you make me a plate of rice? Ans: m, m
[Link] is the parcel you need to carry with you to the mess. Ans: n, m

LATERALS
Semivowel Vowel(syllabic)
Palatal approximant Close front unrounded vowel)
labio-palatal approximant Close front rounded vowel)
Velar approximant) Close back unrounded vowel)
Labiovelar approximant Close back rounded vowel)

PLURAL ENDINGS AND PAST TENSE ENDINGS

Pronounce the following 'ed' Endings. Write ’t’ for sound /t/, 'id' for sound /id/ and ’d’
for sound /d/
1. Mary has finished her assignment. Ans: /t/
2. When I was younger, I wanted to become a doctor. Ans: / id/
3. They laughed at my English in the beginning. Ans: /t/
4. The cat killed the rat. Ans:/d/
5. The thief jumped over the wall. Ans: /t/
6. We stopped at the market. Ans: /t/
7. Sita locked the door and left for College. Ans: /t/
8. Gandhi is respected all over the world. Ans: /id/
9. We started at the match at10a.m. Ans: /id/

I. SYLLABLE
Mark the syllables in the following words. Use a diagonal line to separate one syllable
from other.

Word Number of syllables

teabag 2
waterproof 3
wholesale 2
anything 3
backbone 2
earthquake 2
hot-tempered 3
afternoon 3
halfway 2
middle-aged 3
Northwest 2
 goldsmith 2

GRAMMAR

ADJECTIVE
Fill in the blanks with appropriate adjectives.
1. Suresh is an ………… friend. Ans: honest
...................................................................2. Mount Everest is the peak of Himalayas. Ans:
...................................................................highest
..........................................................3. While this is very book, I did not like that one.
..........................................................Ans: bore
..........................................4. Lead is. Than metal. Ans: more dense
..............................................5. Priti is a. artist. Ans: famous

ADVERB
Pick out the adverbs in the following and identify their type.
1. This is very sweet mango. Ans: very(adverb of manner)
2. The milk man came again. Ans: again(adverb of time)
3. The puppy followed Manju everywhere. Ans: everywhere ( adverb of place)
4. Our soldiers fought bravely. Ans: bravely(adverb of manner)
5. You may be partly right but does it solve our problem. Ans:
partly ( adverb of degree)
6. We usually have the English class at 11a.m. Ans: usually (adverb of
time)

ARTICLES
Fill in the blanks in the sentences with a, an or the. If the blank space doesn't need any of
the three words, indicate this with an X.
1. ……………. peacock is in danger of extinction. Ans: the
2. Could you get me..............kilogram of tea. Ans: a
3. There is ......... European and............Eskimo among the tourists. Ans: a, an
4. ………… Sally I know lives in Bhubaneswar. Ans: the
5. Sahita found ........ wallet on her way home. She took......Wallet to the police station.
Ans: a, the
6. We must work to save............tigers from becoming extinct. Ans: the
7. Have you had...............breakfast. Ans: X
8. It is.........beautiful sight to see.............Brahmaputra in the rainy season. Ans: a ,
the
9. This is a painting of …..... Western Ghats, and that is a photograph of …........
Mahabaleshwar peak. Ans: The, X
10. You must reach. School before 9a.m. Ans: the
 PREPOSITIONS
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with suitable prepositions.
1. The child sat...................her father's lap. Ans: in
2. I met him.................Monday. Ans: on
3. What do you know......................your country? Ans: about
4. He goes to college...................car. Ans: by
5. Swathi is good...................mathematics. Ans: at
6. I passed my SSC..............2014. Ans: in
7. Abdul Kalam is a man..................letters. Ans: of
8. He lived in Chennai..........2012...................2016. Ans: from, to
9. Ramu's house is................the temple. Ans: beside
10. The bus fell.............the river. Ans: into
11. Ravi is suffering..................fever. Ans: from
12. Jaya Shankar died....................cancer. Ans: of
13. He came here...............foot. Ans: on
14. I presented him a very expensive pen........................his birthday. Ans: on
15. Vijay is not afraid....................anything. Ans: of

CONJUNCTIONS

Fill in the blanks with appropriate conjunctions.

1. My brother loves animals. He just brought a puppy...................................a kitten
home with him. Ans: and
2. I had liked to thank you.....................that were lovely gift. Ans: for
3. I want to go for a hike.................I have to go to work. Ans: so
4. They do not smoke….they play cards.
Ans: but
5. I am getting good grades.........................I Study everyday. Ans: as

Rewrite the following sentences correctly with the correct conjunctions in place.

1. Both you and also I have a lot to learn about the hotel industry.
Ans: Both you and I have a lot to learn about the hotel industry.
2. The cat cannot move for its paw is badly hurt.
Ans: The cat cannot move as its paw is badly hurt.
3. The drama was very good that the audience could not stop clapping.
Ans: The drama was so good that the audience could not stop clapping.
4. We have never lied to our parents, or we will ever do it.
 Ans: we have not lied to our parents nor we will ever do it.
5. This DVD player does not work well as the one we had earlier.
Ans: This DVD player does not work well like the one we had earlier.

VOCABULARY

OXYMORON AND HYPERBOLE

Try to Identify the OXYMORON in each of the following sentences.

1. I like a smuggler. He is the honest thief. Ans: honest theif
2. And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true. Ans: falsely true
3. Modern dancing is so old fashioned. Ans: old fashioned
4. A business that makes nothing but money is poor business. Ans:
makes nothing
5. I am busy doing nothing. Ans: doing nothing
Underline the oxymorons in the sentences given below.
[Link] room was filled with a deafening silence. Ans: deafening silence
[Link] clown was seriously funny. Ans: seriously funny
[Link] are clearly confused by the explanation. Ans: clearly confused
4. Did you bring the original copy. Ans: Original copy
5. She is deeply superficial. Ans: deeply superficial
6. That dog is pretty ugly. Ans: pretty ugly
7. She let out a quiet scream. Ans: quiet scream
8. The design is composed of an irregular pattern. Ans: irregular pattern
Underline HYPERBOLIC expressions in the sentences given below.
1. We had to wait forever for the bus. Ans: wait forever
2. I have a million things to do. Ans: million things
3. I could sleep for a year. Ans: see for a year
4. It was the most amazing sight ever. Ans: most amazing
 5. I am so hungry I could eat a horse. Ans : I could eat a horse
6. I have told you a hundred times to wash the dishes. Ans: hundred times

PORTMANTEAU WORDS
1 Education + Entertainment Edutainment 18. Parachute + Troops Paratroops
2 Fan + Magazine Fanzine 19. Motor + Hotel Motel
3 Oxford + Cambridge Oxbridge 20. Camera + Recorder Camcorder
4 Telephone + Marathon Telethon 21. Web + Log Blog
5 Medical + Care Medicare 22. Ipod + Broadcasting Podcasting
6 Smoke + Fog Smog 23. Breakfast + Lunch Brunch
7 Situation + Comedy Sitcom 24. Information + Commercial Infomercial
8 Absolutely + Positively Absotively 25. Advertising + Inflation Adflation
9 Beauty + Utility Beautility 26. Web + Log Blog
10 Diplomacy + Economics Diplonomics 27. Electronic + Commerce Ecommerce
11 Electronic + Mail Email 28. Fact + Fiction Faction
12 Gasoline + Alcohol Gasohol 29. High + Technology Hi-Tech
13. International + Network Internet 30. International + Police Interpol
14. Laundry + Automat Laundromat 31. Modem + Modulator Demodulator
15. Internet + Citizen Netizen 32. Television + Broadcast Telecast
16. Science + Fiction Sci-fi 33. Telephone + Telecom
Communication
17. Transfer + Resistor Transistor

LOAN WORDS
Borrowed from Arabic Algebra algorithm alcohol
Borrowed from Arabic Aubergine Calcium caravan
Borrowed from Arabic Cipher Nadir Saffron
Borrowed from African Safari Zebra Zombie
Borrowed from Chinese Chopsuey Chowchow Chopsticks
Borrowed from Chinese Kowtow Wok
Borrowed from Dutch Apartheid Boulevard Cookie
Borrowed from Dutch Cricket Dredge

PALINDROMES

Text book examples:

1. Malayalam [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] car 7. Stack cats
[Link] it up
9. Was It a car or a cat I saw 10. 'No lemon, no lemon'

Some Examples of palindrome words:

1. noon [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
 [Link] [Link]

ANAGRAMS

Form words related to body parts from the following Anagrams.

[Link] Word Anagram

1 Are ear
2 Keen knee
3 Inch chin
4 Café face
5 earth heart
6 Sink fringe Skin fringe
7 waits waist
8 impart armpit
9 lamp palm
10 below elbow
11 acres cares, races, scare
12 break Baker, brake
13 dowry rowdy, wordy
14 saint satin, stain
15 Nails slain, snail

PHRASAL VERBS

Fill in the blanks with correct Phrasal Verbs chosen from those in brackets.
1. The boy felt..................when none of his friends went to watch him play.
(Let up, let down, let in)
Ans: let down
2. She had no appetite and.....................the food on her plate. (Picked at, picked on)
Ans: picked at
3. The children...................very well with each other.(get through, get on, get by)
Ans: get by
4. Nidhi is.............a bad time in office.(Going through, going about, going into)
Ans: going about
5. He has..................a wonderful idea for the picnic.(Come into, come by, Come up with)
Ans: come up with

Rewrite the sentences using Phrasal Verbs that include the words in brackets.
1. Ajay felt he was far away his home and family.(Cut)
Ans: Ajay felt he cut himself off from his home and family.
2. I want to make the room more attractive by using colours. (Brighten)
Ans: I want to brighten up the room by using colours.

3. The audience was bored because the programme dragged on.

Ans: The audience was bored because the programme went on for too long. (Drag)
4. The tablet will stop your blood sugar level from increasing. (Keep)
Ans: The tablet will keep your blood sugar off from increasing.

5. You must not stop going to guitar class because you find it difficult. (Give)
Ans: You must not give up the guitar class because you find it difficult.
 SPELLING

WORDS ENDING WITH 'able' and 'ible'

Complete the following with ‘able’ or ‘ible’
[Link] Word Answer [Link] Word Answer
1 Convert.... Convertible 2 Digest..... Digestible
3 Palat.... Palatable 4 Miser..... Miserable
5 Answer..... Answerable 6 Perceive....... Perceivable
7 do...... Doable 8 Pass..... Passable
9 Argu... Arguable 10 Believe... Believable

WORDS ENDING WITH THE SUFFIXES

Complete the following using one of the Suffixes: ic, ive, ity, al, ance, ence
[Link] Word Answer [Link] Word Answer
1 Proverb... Preverbal 2 Deliver.... Deliverance
3 Real..... Reality 4 Provinci..... Provincial
5 Perman.... Permanence 6 Disappear.... Disappearance
7 Negativ.... Negativity 8 Posit.... Positive
9 Myip... Myopic 10 Secret.... Secretive

DIFFICULTWORDS

Some words that are liable to be misspelt

Correct spelling Correct spelling

occasion cemetery
playwright millennium
supersede maintenance
recommend foreign
Leisure memento
accommodate conscience
embarrass liaison
Ecstasy occurred
Humorous grateful
License rhythm
committee convalesce
Caribbean pronunciation
Acquire independent
manoeuvre Harass
 IRREGULAR VERBS
Sl. No V1-simplepresent V2-simple past V3-Past Perfect
1 Awake Awoke Awoken
2 Burn Burned/burnt Burned/burnt
3. Draw Drew Drawn
4. Eat Ate Eaten
5 Fling Flung Flung
6 Get Got Gotten
7 Be Was -
8 Where Been -
9 Burst Burst Burst
10 Drink Drank Drunk
11 Fall Fell Fallen
12 Fly Flew Flown
13 Go Went Gone

Completing tables with nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

Write any five nouns ending with 'er'
a. adviser b. animated c. breaker d. builder e. farmer

Write any five adverbs ending with 'ly'

a. regularly b. desperately c. customarily d. severely e. moodily

Write any five adjectives ending with 'ing'

a. alarming b. aggravating c. amusing d. annoying e. boring

Write any five Verbs ending with 'ed'

a. baked b. smiled c. freed d. dyed e. travelled

PUNCTUATION
COLON (:)
Rewrite using the necessary colons.
1. I have enrolled for the following courses maths physics computer science.
Ans: I have enrolled for thefollowing courses: maths, physics and computerscience.
2. Sachin said “This is the best match I have played”.
Ans: Sachin said: 'This is the best match I have played'.
3. Students please note no books or papers are allowed in to the examination hall.
Ans: Students please note: no books or papers are allowed in to the examination hall.
4. Bhavana mentioned two important rules Do not turn around to see and do not answer
any call. Ans: Bhavana mentioned two important rules: Do not turn around
 to see and do not answer any call.
5. He explained this is the method of introducing spoken English in the class through the
use of audio CDs and language lab work.
Ans: He explained: this is the method of introducing spoken English in the class through the use
audio CDs and language lab work.
6. The college offered quite a few courses in humanities, science and management it was
difficult to make a decision.
Ans: The college offered quite a few courses in humanities, sciences and management; it was
difficult to make a decision.
7. The students were ready the question papers were distributed the teacher
rang the bell to start.
Ans: The students were ready; the question papers were distributed; the
teacher rang the bell to start.
DASH(--)

1. The police searched everywhere no sign of thief.

Ans: The police searched everywhere -- no sign of thief.
2. Shravan went to work a bit late yesterday it was a rainy day.
Ans: Shravan went to work a bit late yesterday -- it was a rainy day.
3. I am a little curious no very that the shutters are down.
Ans: I am a little curious -- no very -- that the shutters are down.
4. ‘Where’s my helmet,’ asked [Link].
Ans: ‘Where’s my helmet?’ asked [Link].
5. Here are the vegetables I got for you cabbage tomatoes onions brinjals.
Ans: Here are the vegetables I got for you – cabbage, tomatoes, onions, brinjals.
6. What do you think happened there was a downpour yesterday.
Ans: What do you think happened -- there was a downpour yesterday.

HYPEN( -) OR DASH(--)
Rewrite the following, using hyphens where necessary.
[Link] mother in law is the principal of St Ann's school.
Ans: My mother-in-law is the principal of St Ann's school.
2. This is a very well mannered child.
Ans: This is a very well-mannered child.
3. The children arrive usually at five thirty five pm.
Ans: The children arrive usually at five thirty-five pm.
4. Charan has finished three quarters of his work.
Ans: Charan has finished three-quarters of his work.
5. We are getting a six seater cab to the airport.
Ans: We are getting a six-seater cab to the airport.
6. The car took a sudden Uturn.
Ans: The car took a sudden U-turn.
7. Her work shows proMarxist leanings.
Ans: Her work shows pro-Marxist leanings.
 8. Harish is the better trained gymnast.
Ans: Harish is the better-trained gymnast.

DASH(--)
Use commas and dashes where necessary in the following sentences.
1. My son who is in the US is coming down next week.
Ans: My son, who is in the US, is coming down next week.
2. Roshan a professional chess player is also interested in music but that is a hobby.
Ans: Roshan, a professional chess-player, is also interested in music but that is a hobby.
3. The movie predictably enough was a disappointment.
Ans: The movie, predictably enough, was a disappointment.
4. I thought it was a good novel almost could not put it down.
Ans: I thought, it was a good novel, almost could not put it down.
5. The rain battered down relentless for hours on end.
Ans: The rain battered down, relentless for hours on end.

INVERTED COMMA(")
Rewrite the following with inverted commas in the places.
1. Take this route, shouted the man.
Ans: 'Take this route,' shouted the man.
2. Trifles make perfection said the professor to the class.
Ans: 'Trifles make perfection' said the professor to the class.
3. All of us know the famous line of Shakespeare's: Frailty, thy name is woman.
Ans: All of us know the famous line of Shakespeare's: 'Frailty, thy name is woman'.
4. The students came back from the class and said the teacher told them that it was a
holiday. Ans: The students came back from the class and said 'the teacher told them that it
was a holiday'.
5. [Link] is, as they say, a man of principle.
Ans: [Link] is, as they say, 'a man of principle'.

CAPITALISATION

Correct the following sentences using capitals where necessary.

1. John speaks english, french and german.
Ans: John speaks English, French and German.
2. My uncle worked in the cid for ten years.
Ans: My uncle worked in the CID for ten years.
3. I visited new delhi in 2014.
Ans: I visited New Delhi in 2014.
4. My friend, mr ravi is a good artist.
Ans: My friend, Mr. Ravi is a good artist.
5. My favourite book is 'a tiger for malgudi'.
Ans: My favourite book is 'A Tiger for Malgudi'.
Punctuate using capital letters where required in the following sentences.
1. my favorite book is margaret mitchell's gone with the wind.
Ans: My favourite book is Margaret Mitchell's ‘Gone with the Wind.’
2. I will be going to the high court on friday.
Ans: I will be going to the High Court on Friday.
3. ram and jyothi went to the botanical garden.
Ans: Ram and Jyothi went to the Botanical Garden.
4. taku visited japan in summer along with her son michael.
Ans: Tuku visited Japan in summer along with her son Michael.
5. The nile runs through egypt.
Ans: The Nile runs through Egypt.

COMMA(,)

1. They sold two ice cream six chunks of candy four chocolate bars and a few toffees at the
school fete.
Ans: They sold two ice creams, six chunks of candy, four chocolate bars and a few toffees at
the school fete.
2. Her mother prepared some desert some fruit cake some guava juice and some ice cream for
the picnic.
Ans: Her mother prepared some desert, some fruit cake, some guava juice and ice cream for
the picnic.
3. Mira, unhappy at the loss of her pet dog sat on the steps leading to her house and cried.
Ans: Mira, unhappy at the loss of her pet dog, sat on the steps leading to her house, and cried.
4. There was no noise there was no response to the door bell and there was an unearthly calm.
Ans: There was no noise, there was no response to the door bell, and there was unhealthy calm.
5. The mango was ripe and large but it was rather tasteless.
Ans: The mango was ripe and large, but it was rather tasteless.
6. Will you please write this for me.
Ans: Will you, please write this for me.
7. Mithun and Naren will you both come here.
Ans: Mitun and Naren, will you both come here.
8. Could you pass the ice cream to me please.
Ans: Could you pass the ice cream to me, please.

Rural Telangana : Devarakonda Fort History

1. Who established the prosperous kingdom of Devarakonda?

Ans: The prosperous kingdom of Devarakonda was established by the ‘Padma Nayaka Veluma
Rajas.’
2. Which was the period of pomp and glory for Devarakonda?
Ans: The period between 1287 to 1482 was the period of pomp and glory.
3. Who was the man of vitality talked about here?
 Ans: The Second Maada Naidu was a man of vitality.
4. What is the famous pilgrim spot in Srisailam?
Ans: The Uma Maheshwara temple and Patala Ganga are the famous pilgrim spot in Srisailam.
5. Who waged war against the Bahamani Sultans?
Ans: Lingama Naidu waged war against the Bahamani Sultans.
6. Who was enthroned after Maada Naidu?
Ans: Peda Vedagiri Nayudu was enthroned after Maada Naidu.
7. Who was Lingama Naidu?
Ans: Lingama Naidu was the youngest son of the third Maada Naidu.
8. Which was the golden age of the kingdom of Devarakonda?
Ans: The period between 1425 to 1475 was the golden age of the kingdom of Devarakonda.
9. What gave rise to discrimination between the Vijaya nagara rulers and the Padma Nayaka
rulers?
Ans: The Vijaya Nagara King Devarayulu attacked Lingama Naidu through his Samantha king
Telugu Raya but had to go back to his kingdom empty-handed. This gave rise to
discrimination between the Vijaya nagara rulers and the Padma Nayaka Rulers.

10. Who was victorious in unifying the Bhuvanagiri fort?

Ans: Lingama Naidu was victorious in unifying the Bhuvanagiri fort.

Cultural Identity of Telangana: Telangana Ballads

1. What does the folk music of Telangana represent?

Ans: The folk music of Telangana represent the ancient culture of the state.
2. Which traditions are the folk music of Telangana derived from?
Ans: The Telangana culture is a mixture of Telugu traditions and Persian traditions from the
Mughals and Nizams.
3. In which country did the Oggu Katha originate?
Ans: Oggu Katha isa traditional folklore singing, praising and narrating the stories of Hindu
gods Mallan, Beerappa and Yellamma.
4. What are the usual themes in Gaddar’s ballads?
Ans: Gaddar’s ballads adapted revolutionary themes depicting the travails of peasants,
labourers and as well as other exploited sections of the society.

5. Mention other chief poets of Telangana and their usual themes.

Ans: Goreti Venkanna and Ande Sri are other chief poets of Telangana.

Handlooms of Telangana: Pochampally

1. What do you understand from ‘handloom’?

Ans: Handloom is a simple machine used for weaving, done by intersecting longitudinal threads
and the warp.

2. What are the two kinds of handloom created by weavers in Telangana?

 Ans: Narayanpet and Ikkat are the two kinds of handloom created by weavers in
Telangana.
3. Mention the different places where handloom textiles are available in Telangana?
Ans: Handloom textiles are available at Narayanpet and Pochampally in Telangana.
4. Where exactly ios Pochampally situated?
Ans: Pochampally, geographically known as Bhoodan Pochampally is a census town in
Nalgondadistrict and is located in Pochampalle Mandal of the Bhongir division.
5. What are the signs of its popularity?
Ans: It hs found a place in the UNESCO tentative list of world heritage sites as part of the
‘iconic sari weaving clusters of India.’
6. What is the status conferred on Pochampally sarees?
Ans: Pochampally saris received Intellectual Property Rights Protection or the Geographical
Indication(GI) status in 2005.

TELANGANA MARTYR KASOJU SRIKANTHA CHARY

1. Where was Srikantha chary born?

Ans: Kasoju Srikantha Chary was born in a village called Podichedu, Mothkur Mandal, in
erstwhile district undivided Nalgonda, Telangana state.
2. Where did Srikantha Chary study physiotherapy?
Ans: Srikantha Chary studied physiotherapy in a private junior college in Tarnaka ,
Secunderabad.
3. What did the youth feel after the arrest of KCR?
Ans: After the arrest of KCR, the youth felt that it would hamper separate Telangana
movement.
4. When did Srikantha Chary breathe his last?
Ans: Srikantha Chary breathed his last on 3rd December 2009.
5. Give a couple of synonyms for 'desperate'.

Ans: serious, dire

I. RAVI NARAYANA REDDY-FREEDOM FIGHTER –SON OF NALGONDA

1. How did Ravi Narayana get injured?

Ans: Ravi Narayana got injured while playing football.
2. Who was the first president of All India Harijan Sevak Sangh in Hyderabad?

Ans: Padmaja Naidu.

3. Why was Ravi Narayana imprisoned?
Ans: Ravi was imprisoned as he offered Satyagraha against Nizam.
4 How many acres did Ravi donate to the common good?
Ans: 500 acres
5. When did he join the communist party?
 Ans: In 1939,
6. How do you consider Ravi as an atheist?
Ans: As he never visited temples.
7. Whom did he address his last words to? What did he enquire?
Ans: He spoke lastly to [Link] Rao and enquired about pension for freedom fighters.
8. What did he mention in his will?
Ans: He mentioned that his wife should not remove her bangles or her bindi,the vermilion
mark on her forehead.

Hope for the Best and Prepare for the Worst

We should be optimistic in life. By optimism, it is meant that one should firmly believe that the
best would happen. This belief will give us the moral boost to carry on with our efforts. Only
hard and incessant efforts will lead to success. There is another side to this, despite all our
efforts it happens that we don't succeed. If such a thing happens, we should be prepared to
accept it. We should remember that defeat is yet another step to success. Our next endeavor
may succeed. Life is really a mixture of success and failure nobody is entirely successful in
life. Likewise nobody can always be failures. If we fail once, the next time we may succeed.
And so in whatever we do it is always better to hope for the best and at the sometime be
prepared for the worst. Such an attitude will certainly help us in life.

Better late than never

This proverb advises that it is better to do a thing belatedly than regretting for having failed to
do it in time, thinking that it can't be done again. Many times in life we either don't get the
opportunity or we miss the opportunity. During such times we should not worry about the lost
opportunities but instead we should try to continue doing the job. Thus this proverb tells that
no should feel failure in doing something in time. Though it is late when he acts with all the
vigor he can reap the success, for time is not a barrier for a talented man. Life is ceaseless and
lots of opportunities would come in the way of life. Many people take up jobs very early in
life. Such people do not have much scope for promotion since they may not have the correct
educational qualification. But nowadays there are many schemes for this like distance
education and Open University system education where they can join and get their required
qualification.

The pen is mightier than the sword

When we say that "the pen is mightier than the sword," we imply that writings are more effective
than using a sword to convey a message. While the sword represents ruthless power, the pen
represents ideas and thoughts. Though the sword has been used to settle many conflicts throughout
history, the written word has shown to be far more effective in settling conflicts. A writer has the
ability to sway public opinion and affect choices. The power of written language has long been
used by powerful leaders to leave a lasting impression on people. While the sword wins fights
momentarily, the pen—that is, the written word—wins more permanently. In France and other
nations, the works of Rousseau, Voltaire, and Diderot marked the beginning of a new age. Marx's
works brought the world's workers together. While Chenghis Khan, Timur, and Hitler will always
be hated, Tagore, Shakespeare, and Vivekananda will always be admired. Everyone acknowledges
the press's power. The media can successfully reveal the wrongdoings of the regimes and bring
about their overthrow. It may also make or break well-known public personalities' reputations.

Practice makes perfect

The proverb means that perfecting your skill requires a few hours of practice each day? This
holds true for practically anything, for writing, crafts, and all other artistic endeavours. Speaking
in a language on a regular basis helps one become proficient in it. A skilled chef develops with
consistent practice, not overnight. The history of learning every language is the same. Remember
that with consistent practice, one grows more confident and increasingly at ease with the subtleties
of the language. One may improve their language abilities by engaging with native speakers of the
language; this is true for all languages, not just English.

Necessity is the mother of invention

Whenever we find ourselves in a challenging circumstance we eventually figure out how to help
ourselves completely. We even come up with something to get us out of the predicament.
Therefore, the attribute of inventiveness, creativity and innovation is born out of necessity. This
tool is used to understand human psychology. It also serves as the seed for a lot of new scientific
discoveries and innovations. As a result, we cannot undervalue its strength and potential. The
proverbs, according to the renowned Greek philosopher Plato, encapsulate human growth.
Humans lacked shelter and clothing in the early eras, making them vulnerable to weather
extremes. To fight the wild creatures, they had no weapons. However, their knowledge and
willpower led them to create agriculture and fire in order to meet their necessities. To express their
ideas, they created the alphabet. Humans nowadays have more inventions and successes than ever
before, mostly due to their natural curiosity and originality.