PHILIPPINE CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENCE

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY • Bamboo Incubator – Dr. Fe Del Mundo (rural communities without electricity)
Complete Lecture Reviewer • DHVTSU • Erythromycin – Dr. Abelardo Aguilar (antibiotic for respiratory/urinary/STD infections)
LESSON 1: OVERVIEW • Jeepney – converted US military jeeps
• Single-Chip GUI Accelerator – Diosdado Banatao (faster computers; enabled internet via
KEY DEFINITIONS Ethernet chip)
Science – from Latin Scientia (knowledge). An organized body of knowledge attained via the • Karaoke Sing-Along System – Roberto Del Rosario
scientific method (systematic observation & experimentation). • Fluorescent Lamp – Agapito Flores
Technology – from Greek techne (skill) + logos (study). Application of scientific knowledge to • Feminine Hygiene – Virgilio Manalang
practical aims of life. Involves: tools & devices, procedures & techniques. • Salt Lamps – electricity from salt for rural communities
Society – from Latin Societas (friend/ally). A group of individuals with common interest, distinctive • Amphibious Vehicle – runs on land and water
culture & institutions.
LESSON 3: SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
SCIENCE vs. TECHNOLOGY
• Science = Theory / search for knowledge (explores to KNOW) PARADIGM SHIFT
• Technology = Practice / application (explores to MAKE something useful) A paradigm is a worldview or particular way of doing things in a field. A paradigm shift occurs
• Example: Coal + water → steam → steam train when new evidence overturns the accepted view.
Normal Science → Anomalies observed → Crisis → Revolutionary Science → New Normal
S–T–S RELATIONSHIP Science
Science & Technology → improves Society Example: Aristotle's 'motion relative to mass' overturned by Galileo & Newton (dropping objects
Society's needs & problems → demands more from Science & Technology experiment → 3 Laws of Motion).
Key idea: Technology makes life convenient; society drives further innovation.
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
LESSON 2: HISTORY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 1. How Does the Universe Work?
• Geocentric Theory (Ptolemy, 2nd c.) – Earth is the still center; sun, moon, stars orbit Earth
PRE-HISTORIC • Heliocentricism (Copernicus, 1543) – Sun is center; accepted with support of Galileo's
• Primitive stone tools for hunting & gathering telescope
• Recognized difference between living/non-living things
2. How Did Humans Come About?
• Practiced instinctive therapeutics
• Divine Creation – God created all life unchanged
ANCIENT WORLD • Darwin Theory of Evolution (1859) – species evolved via natural selection; those who adapt
survive; those who don't, die off
Mesopotamia / Sumeria (4100–1750 BCE)
• Cuneiform – first writing system (word pictures carved in clay) 3. What Makes Us Who We Are?
• Wheel – farming & food processing Mental illness once seen as purely organic (brain disease). Freud changed this.
• Sailboat – first mode of water transportation • Freud Psychoanalytic Theory – mental illness results from human experience, not just
• Irrigation & Dikes – water control for farming biology
• Id – instincts, unconscious | Ego – reality, conscious | Superego – morality, preconscious
Ancient Babylon (2300 BCE)
• Id & Superego must balance for Ego to function
• Babylonian Astrology – predictions based on star/moon movement
• Cartography – science of map-making 4. What Makes Up Stuff? (Matter)
• Lunisolar Calendar – based on math & astronomy 3 Paradigms: Aristotle (4 elements: Earth, Water, Air, Fire) → Alchemy (gold is everything;
philosopher's stone) → Chemistry
Ancient Egypt (2300 BCE)
• Alchemy – believed metals are alive & grow; sought philosopher's stone to heal, prolong life, &
• Papyrus – plant-based paper
transmute metals to gold
• Ink – vegetable gum, beeswax, carbon
• Chemistry – Robert Boyle (first modern chemist, 1627–1691) disagreed with 4-elements idea
• Hieroglyphics – Egyptian writing system
in The Skeptical Chymist (1661)
• Clepsydra – water clock
• John Dalton – proven that all matter is made of atoms (originally proposed by Democritus)
• Cosmetics – health & eye disease protection
• Mummification – body preservation (drying/embalming)
LESSON 4: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & NATION BUILDING
• Pyramids – massive structures

Ancient Greece
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (900–1560s)
• Philippines had its own belief system & indigenous knowledge
Built on influence of Egypt & Mesopotamia. Knowledge based on deductive reasoning (pure
thought; observation undervalued). • Plants & herbs as medicine (herbolario)
• Systems of farming and animal-raising
• Greek Architecture, Water Mills
• Transportation: maritime & terrestrial development
Roman Empire • Banaue Rice Terraces – complex mountain farming with irrigation from mountaintop; cultivates
Focused on refinements over new ideas. crops in cold temperature
• Gazettes – first newspaper
COLONIAL PERIOD (1565–1898)
• Bound Books – papyrus with animal-skin cover
• Roman Numerals, Roman Architecture Spanish Colonization
• Modern means of construction: churches, roads, bridges, large infrastructure
Ancient China • Formal educational system via parish schools (for Principalia class only)
• Silk Production – paper & cloth • Curriculum: Spanish language, math, geography, history, PE, foreign language
• Tea Production – China's signature beverage
• Great Wall – defense structure American Occupation
• Gunpowder – accidental invention (attempted elixir of life) • Government agencies established
• Bureau of Science
MIDDLE / MEDIEVAL AGES (Dark Ages) • Modern agriculture & food processing
• Islamic Science: Arabic numerals, Algebra, Trigonometry, Geometry; discovered • Public education system
smallpox/measles are caused by pathogens • Modern engineering & public healthcare
• Scholasticism & Scientific Method – St. Thomas Aquinas & Robert Grosseteste; involves • Universities: UP, TUP (Manila Trade School), PNU (Philippine Normal School), PUP (Manila
experimentation & prediction Business School)
• Printing Press – duplicate & record knowledge
• War Weapons & Armor – chain mail POST-COLONIAL PERIOD (1902–Present)
• Telescope – initially for navigation; developed by Galileo for astronomy Under President Marcos
• Microscope – observe microscopic organisms; find cures • Pioneering hospitals: Philippine Heart Center, Lung Center, National Kidney & Transplant
Institute
MODERN AGE (Scientific Revolution) • Manila Light Rail Transit System
• Computer – programmable, mathematical calculations • PAGASA – established in place of Weather Bureau for environmental protection & safety
• Pasteurization – prevent bacterial growth in food/drink • National Academy of Science & Technology → became Dept. of Science & Technology (DOST)
• Plastic (1905) – substitute for ivory
• Telephone – Alexander Graham Bell (accidental invention) LESSON 5: SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Light Bulb – Tesla & Edison
• Motor Car – Karl Benz, 1898 TIMELINE
• Camera – George Eastman (Kodak box camera) • 1904 – Science introduced by Americans as 'nature study'; abolished a year later
• Mobile X-ray – Marie Curie (1914) • 1935 – Re-introduced with focus on nature & health
• Aeroplane – Wright Brothers • 1950s – Science recognized as important to development
• Radar System – Edward Appleton • 1957 – Science became part of curriculum from Grade 1–6

21ST CENTURY CONCEPTS

• Internet (1973), WiFi (1997), Mobile phones (1980s) • Teaching Science – developing effective ways to teach (pedagogy, theories, models)
• Personal computers (1980), Smartphones (2007) • Learning Science – helping students understand & love science

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• Understanding Science – developing science-process skills; using science literacy in 4 Cardinal Virtues of Stoicism:
everyday life • Wisdom, Temperance, Justice, Courage

SCIENCE EDUCATION IN BASIC EDUCATION (Grades 1–12) THEISM vs. HUMANISM

• Teaches concepts & facts related to everyday life • Theism – Supreme Being exists; God is anchor of existence; Faith is key to good life.
• Skills: process skills, critical thinking, life skills Polytheism = many gods; Monotheism = one god
• Positive Attitudes: love for knowledge, passion for innovation, curiosity, creativity • Humanism – human experience & rational thinking are the only sources of knowledge &
morality; Logic is key to good life
SCIENCE EDUCATION IN TERTIARY LEVEL
THE GOOD LIFE: Hedonism=Pleasure | Theism=Faith | Stoicism=Tranquility |
• Develops understanding and appreciation of science ideas
Humanism=Logic | Materialism=Possessions
• Prepares science teachers, scientists, engineers, medical professionals
• State provides scholarships to encourage science courses
LECTURE 9: TECHNOLOGY AS A WAY OF REVEALING
SCIENCE SCHOOLS IN THE PHILIPPINES
• PSHS System – govt program for gifted students; research-oriented; under DOST; RA 3661 DEFINITIONS OF TECHNOLOGY
• Manila Science High School – first science HS; emphasizes science & math; aims to produce • Instrumental – technology is a means to an end
'scientists with soul' • Anthropological – technology is a human activity
• Special Science Elementary School (SSES) – started 2007; 57 identified schools; 70 min/day
science (Gr 1–3), 80 min (Gr 4–6) HEIDEGGER'S VIEW
• QC Regional Science High School – est. 1967; became regional HS for NCR in 1999 Martin Heidegger (German philosopher) opposes both views. In The Question Concerning
Technology:
• Central Visayan Institute Foundation – pioneer of Dynamic Learning Program (DLP); has
Research Center for Theoretical Physics (1992) • Technology is NOT an instrument — it is a mode of understanding
• Technology is NOT a product of human activity — it develops beyond our comprehension
LECTURE 5: HUMAN FLOURISHING IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY • Technology IS the highest danger
Technology = A WAY OF REVEALING
WHAT IS FLOURISHING?
KEY CONCEPTS
Experiencing positive emotions, positive psychological functioning, and positive social functioning
• Poiesis – act of bringing something out of concealment
most of the time — living within an optimal range of human functioning.
• Aletheia – Greek for disclosure of truth
HAPPINESS Technology is Poiesis — it reveals Aletheia (truth). Example: The computer is not just a tool; it
• Psychology: mental/emotional well-being; positive emotions from contentment to intense joy reveals new truths but can also harm.
• Behaviorist: cocktail of emotions from doing good or positive things
PRIMITIVE vs. MODERN TECHNOLOGY
• Neurologist: flood of hormones in the brain rewarding survival-prolonging behavior
• Primitive (sailboat): working WITH nature — relationship-based
THEORIES OF HAPPINESS • Modern (car, dam): CONTROLLING nature — productivity-based
Hedonistic Theory • Challenging-forth – reduces objects to 'standing reserve' to be disposed of; natural resources
exploited with little ecological concern
Happiness = maximizing pleasure, minimizing pain. Polar opposite of suffering.
Eudaimonic Theory THE DANGER
Happiness = life purpose, challenges & growth. Eudaimonia (Greek: 'good spirit') = pursuit of • Danger: humans consumed by technology become complacent to existential danger
becoming better. • Social media: connects efficiently BUT causes privacy invasion, online disinhibition, fake news
Sweet Life: High Hedonia, Low Eudaimonia | Fulfilled Life: High Hedonia, High Eudaimonia | • Lack of understanding of technology's essence → ultimate irresponsibility
Void Life: Low-Low | Dry Life: Low Hedonia, High Eudaimonia
LECTURE 10: WHEN TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANITY CROSS
ARISTOTLE ON HAPPINESS
Happiness = achieving, through a whole lifetime, all goods: Health, Wealth, Knowledge, Friends HOW TECHNOLOGY AFFECTED HUMANITY
— that lead to perfection of human nature. I. Mechanization of Agriculture
• Robots & machines replaced animals & manual labor
NICOMACHEAN ETHICS (Nichomachus/Aristotle) • Result: more automated, highly efficient, abundant food resources
• Phronesis – practical wisdom/virtue; good judgment & excellence of character • Phil. advancements: agricultural drones (Japan), farmer guide maps, AgriDoc app,
• Friendship, Wealth, Power → believed to bring happiness solar-powered irrigation
Today: humans expected to be 'man of the world' — working within global institutions toward
common goals. II. Improvement of Transportation
• Trains, buses, cars, planes, speedboats → faster travel
S&T; AND HUMAN FLOURISHING • Phil. goal: reduce air pollution → E-jeep, E-trike, fuel-efficient cars, advanced trains
• Science & Technology eases labor, cures diseases, provides food & clean water, enables
communication & travel III. Improvement in Education
• Intelligence alone is not a survival trait — it is what we DO with it that gives us an advantage • Online gateways allow streamlined access to materials
• Population growth = indicator of a flourishing species • Pandemic reshaped PH education: learning based on community capacity
'Science is perpetual.'
IV. Medical & Health Technology
• RxBox – captures medical signals via sensors; transmits health info via internet
LECTURE 7: THE GOOD LIFE
• Biotek-M – confirmatory test for dengue
ARISTOTLE & THE GOOD LIFE • OL Trap – lowers dengue Aedes aegypti mosquito population
• Change is inherent in all things V. Improvement in Communication
• All entities move from potentiality to actuality • From bird messages & smoke signals → email, phone calls, app messaging
• Every human aspires for happiness = human flourishing • Telecommunication = crucial for global connectivity
• Moral Virtue – disposition to behave correctly through habit & practice
• Intellectual Virtue – wisdom, thoughts, knowledge; achieved through education & experience IS TECHNOLOGY ALL GOOD? (Double-Edged Sword)
Negative Impacts:
MATERIALISM (Leucippus & Democritus)
• Depletion of resources – nonrenewable metals (50% of world's gold consumed by mobiles)
• World made of tiny units called atomos/seed
• Rapid population growth – competition for resources
• Only material things matter; material possession = ultimate happiness
• Increasing pollution – factory emissions
• Transubstantiation – material objects have simultaneous spiritual identities
• Objects can bring out both best & worst of human nature How Technology Changed Humanity:
• Lifestyle – key word: CONVENIENCE; complex tasks done simpler & faster
HEDONISM • Privacy – rise in security breaches, hacks, ransomware attacks
• Named after Greek goddess Hedone (pleasure) • Attitude of Youth – attention span decreased from 12→8 seconds (less than a goldfish);
• Life is limited → live in the present (YOLO) underdeveloped interpersonal skills; decreased memory retention
• Aponia – true pleasure = avoidance of pain (highest bodily pleasure) • Human Behaviour – over-reliance; potential to become lazy & unable to function without
• Ataraxia – pleasant life = abstain from unnecessary desires; inner tranquility with simple things technology
Price of Hedonism: When addiction happens, pleasure becomes a problem. Theory of Use & Disuse: Skills not used are eventually lost.

STOICISM TECHNOLOGY needs HUMANITY. HUMANITY needs TECHNOLOGY. Both are interdependent.
• Be calm; don't let emotions take over; accept what is happening
• Control virtues & vices; have compassion for lack of control LECTURE 11: WHY THE FUTURE DOES NOT NEED US
How Stoics Achieve Inner Peace:
• Negative visualization – anticipate bad outcomes to be prepared FLOW OF HUMANITY
• Practice self-control – don't act on impulse • Problems of humanity → desire to survive/flourish → technological advancement
• Don't give too much attention to others' opinions • Technology = path to sustainability, but life has one limit: DEATH
• Awareness of thoughts → influences emotions → decisions → actions → life • Some pursue cryogenic freezing hoping future science can resurrect them
• Memento Mori – reminder of death; keeps you grounded
GNR TECHNOLOGIES OF THE 21ST CENTURY
• View From Above – you are small in the universe; stay humble
G – Genetic Engineering
• Amor Fati – love of fate; focus on the journey

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 • Alter structure & nature of genes via molecular cloning & transformation
• Potential: longer life, defeat disease, new foods, faster plant/animal growth, tailored organisms
Stephen Hawking: genetic engineering could increase DNA complexity & improve the human race
(slow process — 18 years to see changes).

N – Nanotechnology
• Science at 1–100 nanometer scale (1 meter = 1 billion nm; hair = 80,000–100,000 nm wide)
• Uses: energy conservation, anti-cancer drug carriers, water-purifying nanobots

R – Robotic Technology
• AI machines that replicate human actions
• Robots: faster, more consistent, work in hostile environments, no sleep needed, never stop

DANGERS OF GNR
• Nanobots (Gray Goo) – self-replicating nanobots could overpower humans
• Genetic Engineering – wiping one disease may introduce worse ones; pathogens adapt &
grow stronger
• Robotics – desire for immortality via robotic bodies; mind uploading = uncertain; risk of losing
humanity
Bill Joy: 'We may be on the verge of killing ourselves.' GNR may bring happiness &
immortality, but the survival of our species is at risk.

Final question: GNR are so important yet too dangerous to pursue. Should humanity abandon
them or not?

'The key to nation building is the continued development of science and technology.'

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