Verify that If Two Lines Intersect Each Other

OBJECTIVE

To verify experimentally that if two lines intersect each other, then

1. the vertically opposite angles are equal.

2. the sum of two adjacent angles is 180°.
3. the sum of all the four angles is 360°.

Materials Required

1. Cardboard
2. White paper
3. A full protractor
4. A nail
5. Two transparent strips marked as AB and CD
6. Adhesive

Prerequisite Knowledge

1. Basic knowledge of lines and angles.

2. Pair of angles; adjacent angles, linear pair of angles, vertically opposite angles.

Theory
1. Lines and Angles

1. Line Segment: A part of a line with two end points, is called a line segment. Line
segment AB is denoted by .

A line segment has a definite length, which can be measured. The line
segment is the same thing as the line segment .
2. Angle: The figure formed by two rays with the same initial point, is called an
angle.
In Fig. 11.2, the common initial point B is known as the vertex of the angle and the
rays ( and ) forming the angle are called its arms or sides.
There are different types of angles such as acute angle, right angle, obtuse angle,
straight angle, reflex angle and complete angle, which are discussed below :

1. (a) Acute Angle: An angle whose measure is more than 0° but less than
90°, is called an acute angle.

In Fig. 11.3, ∠AOB is an acute angle.

Since, 0° < ∠AOB < 90°

2. (b) Right Angle: An angle whose measure is 90°, is called a right angle.

In Fig. 11.4, ∠AOB is a right angle and BO ⊥ OA.

3. (c) Obtuse Angle: An angle whose measure is more than 90° but less than
180°, is called an obtuse angle.
 In Fig. 11.5, ∠AOB is an obtuse angle.
Since, 90° < ∠AOB < 180°

4. (d) Straight Angle: An angle whose measure is 180°, is called a straight

angle. In Fig. 11.6, ∠AOB = 180° is a straight angle.

A straight angle has two right angles.

5. (e) Reflex Angle: An angle whose measure is more than 180° but less than
360°, is called a reflex angle.

In Fig. 11.7 and Fig. 11.8, ∠AOB and ∠PQR are reflex angles.
180° < reflex ∠AOB < 360°
180° < reflex ∠PQR < 360°

6. (f) Complete Angle: An angle whose measure is 360°, is called a complete

angle. In Fig. 11.9, ∠AOA = 360° is a complete angle.
2. Pair of Angles
There are some relations between the angles which are described below:

1. Adjacent Angles: Two angles are called adjacent angles, if

1. (a) they have a common vertex,

2. (b) they have a common arm and
3. (c) their non-common arms are on different sides of the common arm.
In Fig. 11.10, ∠AOC and ∠COB are adjacent angles because these angles
have a common vertex 0, a common arm OC and non-common arms OA
and OB are on different sides of the common ray OC.

When two angles are adjacent, then their sum is always equal to the angle
formed by the two non-common arms. So, here ∠AOB = ∠AOC + ∠COB.
Note Here, ∠AOB and ∠AOC are not adjacent angles because their non-
common arms OC and OB lie on the same side of the common arm OA

2. Linear Pair of Angles: If the non-common arms of two adjacent angles form a
line, then these angles are called linear pair of angles.
In Fig. 11.11, ∠AOC and ∠BOC form a linear pair of angles.

3. Vertically Opposite Angles: Two angles are called a pair of vertically opposite
angles, if their arms form two pairs of opposite rays.
In other words, when two lines intersect each other at a point, then there are two
pairs of vertically opposite angles.
In Fig. 11.12, lines AB and CD intersect each other at 0. So, ∠AOC and ∠BOD are
vertically opposite angles. Also, ∠AOD and ∠BOC are vertically opposite angles.
Procedure

1. Take a cardboard of suitable size and by using adhesive paste a white paper on it.
2. Also, paste a full protractor (0° to 360°) with the help of adhesive on the
cardboard. (see Fig. 11.13)

3. Mark the centre of protractor as O.

4. Now, make a hole in the middle of both transparent strips which contain two
intersecting lines.
5. Fix both strips at 0 by putting a nail, (see Fig. 11.13)

Demonstration
In the different positions of the strips, observe the adjacent angles and the vertically
opposite angles.
In the different positions, also compare vertically opposite angles formed by the two
lines. Check the relationship between the vertically opposite angles.
Check whether the vertically opposite angles, ∠AOD and ∠COB are equal.
Similarly, check whether the vertically opposite angles, ∠BOD and ∠AOC are equal.
Find the sum of two adjacent angles such that ∠AOD + ∠AOC which is equal to 180°.
i.e. ∠AOC + ∠COB = ∠COB + ∠BOD
= ∠BOD + ∠AOD =180°
Now, we obtain the sum of all the four angles formed at the point 0 and it is equal to
360°.
Observation
In one position of the strips, by actual measurement of angles

1. ∠AOD = ……… , ∠AOC = ……… ,

∠COB = ……… , ∠BOD = ……… ,
Hence, ∠AOD = ∠COB and ∠AOC = ∠BOD (vertically opposite angles)
2. ∠AOC + ∠AOD = ……… , ∠AOC + ∠BOC = ……… ,
∠COB + ∠BOD = ……… , ∠AOD + ∠BOD = ……… (linear pairs)
3. ∠AOD + ∠AOC + ∠COB + ∠BOD = ……… (angles formed at a point)

Result
We have verified experimentally that if two lines intersect each other, then

1. the vertically opposite angles are equal.

2. the sum of two adjacent angles is 180°.
3. the sum of all the four angles is 360°.

Application
These properties are very useful in several geometrical operations.

Viva Voce

Question 1:
What is the measure of a straight angle?
Answer:
180°

Question 2:
If the two adjacent angles are supplementary, then what does that mean?
Answer:
It forms linear pair.

Question 3:
What do you mean by a reflex angle?
Answer:
An angle which is greater than 180° but less than 360° is called a reflex angle.

Question 4:
If the angles are complementary, then what does that mean?
Answer:
Sum of the two angles is 90°.
Question 5:
What is the measure of the angle made at the centre of the circle?
Answer:
360°

Question 6:
If two angles are vertically opposite angles, where the measure of one of the angles is
30°, then what is the measure of other angle?
Answer:
30° because vertically opposite angles are equal.

Question 7:
If out of two angles of linear pair one is 60°, then what is the measure of other angle?
Answer:
In a linear pair, sum of both angles is 180°, so if one angle is 60°, then other angle will
180° – 60° = 120°.

Question 8:
How many points are required to draw an angle?
Answer:
To draw an angle three points are required.

Suggested Activity

To verify that if a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then

1. each pair of corresponding angles are equal.

2. each pair of alternate interior angles are equal.
3. each pair of interior angles on the same side of transversal, is supplementary.
 Verify that the Sum Of the Angles Of a Triangle Is 180°

OBJECTIVE

To verify that the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180°.

Materials Required

1. Cardboard sheet
2. White chart paper
3. Geometry box
4. Scissors
5. Adhesive
6. Drawing sheet
7. Tracing paper

Prerequisite Knowledge

1. Knowledge of straight angle

2. Concept of triangle and its properties

Theory

1. For straight line angle refer to Activity 11.

2. Triangle
A plane figure closed by three intersecting lines is called a triangle, here Tri’
means ‘three’. A triangle has three sides, three angles and three vertices and it is
denoted by the symbol ‘Δ’. A ΔABC is shown in Fig. 12.1.

Some basic properties of triangles are given below:

1. The sum of all the angles of a triangle is always 180°.

2. Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are equal.
3. The sides opposite to equal angles in a triangle are equal.
 4. In a triangle, the angle opposite to longer side is larger and vice-versa.
5. The sum of two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.
6. The exterior opposite angle in a triangle is equal to sum of opposite interior
angles.

Note: The property (1) is called Angle Sum Property of triangle.

Procedure

1. Take a cardboard of suitable size and by using adhesive, paste a white chart
paper on it.
2. Draw a ΔABC of suitable lengths on the drawing sheet and also mark all the
angles as shown in Fig. 12.2.

3. By using tracing paper, cut out the angles respectively equal to ∠A , ∠B and ∠C
from a drawing sheet, (see Fig. 12.3).
 4. Now, draw a line on the cardboard and paste the cut outs of the angles (∠A, ∠B
and ∠C) on the line at a point O as shown in Fig. 12.4.

Demonstration
When all the three cut outs of the angles A, B, C placed adjacent to each other at a
point, then it forms a line forming a straight angle, i.e. 180°.
Flence, it is proved that the sum of the three angles of a triangle is 180°.
Therefore, ∠A + ∠B + ∠C =180°

Observation
Measure of ∠A = ………… ,
Measure of ∠B = ………… ,
Measure of ∠C = ………… ,
Hence, sum (∠A + ∠B + ∠C) = ………… .

Result
The sum of angles of a triangle is 180°, have been verified.

Application
This result can be used in many geometrical problems such as to find the sum of angles
of a quadrilateral, pentagon and hexagon etc.

Viva Voce

Question 1:
What is the angle sum property of a triangle?
Answer:
The sum of angles of a triangle is 180°.
Question 2:
In a triangle, if the sum of two angles is 60°, then what will be the measure of third
angle?
Answer:
180°-60° =120°.

Question 3:
In a triangle, if one of the angles is 80°, then what will be the sum of other angles?
Answer:
180° – 80° = 100°, Le. the sum of other angles = 100°.

Question 4:
If a triangle has all three angles are equal in measure, then what will the measure of
each angle mark?
Answer:
180°/30° = 60°.

Question 5:
What do we mean by scalene triangle?
Answer:
A triangle whose all the three sides are unequal, is called scalene triangle.

Suggested Activity

Find the sum of the angles of pentagon and hexagon.

 Verify Exterior Angle Property Of a Triangle

OBJECTIVE

To verify exterior angle property of a triangle.

Materials Required

1. Cardboard sheet
2. Adhesive
3. Glazed papers
4. White chart paper
5. Geometry box
6. Tracing paper
7. Cutter

Prerequisite Knowledge

1. Straight angle
2. Exterior angle property of a triangle.

Theory

1. For straight line refer to Activity 11.

2. For exterior angle property of a triangle refer to Activity 12.

Procedure

1. Take a cardboard sheet of suitable size and by using adhesive, paste a white
chart paper on it.
2. Cut out a ΔABC from a glazed paper and paste it on the cardboard, (see Fig.
13.1)
 3. Now, produce the side BC of ΔABC to the point D. (see Fig. 13.2)

4. Cut out the pair of angles, ∠A and ∠B from the glazed paper by using a tracing
paper, (see Fig. 13.3).

5. Now, arrange the cut out angles as shown in Fig. 13.4.

Demonstration

From Fig. 13.4,

1. ∠ACD is an exterior angle.

2. ∠A and ∠B are its two interior opposite angles.
3. The two cut out angles, ∠A and ∠B together completely cover ∠ACD. So, ∠ACD =
∠A + ∠B.
Observation
Measure of ∠A = ……… , and ∠B = ……… ,
Sum of (∠A + ∠B) = ……… , and measure of ∠ACD = ……… ,
Therefore, ∠ACD = ∠A + ∠B.

Result
We have verified the exterior angle property of a triangle.

Application
Many geometrical problems may be easily done, using this property of a triangle.

Viva Voce
Question 1:
What do you mean by the linear pair axiom?
Answer:
If a ray stands on a line, then the sum of the two adjacent angles so formed is 180° and
vice-versa. This property is known as linear pair axiom.

Question 2:
What would be the measure of exterior angle for each vertex of equilateral triangle?
Answer:
120° (=60°+ 60°).

Question 3:
Does an exterior angle of a triangle is smaller than either of its interior opposite angles?
Answer:
No, an exterior angle of a triangle is greater than either of its opposite interior angles.

Question 4:
If the exterior angle of a triangle is 90°, then what would be the opposite interior angles,
supplementary or complementary?
Answer:
Complementary.

Question 5:
How would you define an exterior angle property of a triangle?
Answer:
An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to sum of opposite interior angles.

Question 6:
If the sum of interior opposite angles of a triangle is 130°, then what would be the
measure of its exterior angle?
Answer:
Sum of interior opposite angles = Exterior angle Exterior angle = 130°.

Question 7:
What is the angle form by straight line?
Answer:
The straight line always form a angle of 180°.

Question 8:
What is the condition of exterior angle of a triangle?
Answer:
The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of opposite interior angles.

Question 9:
What is the sum of exterior angles of a triangle?
Answer:
We know that the sum of exterior angles of a polygon is always 360°. The sum of
exterior angles of a triangle is 360°.

Suggested Activity

To verify that the exterior angle of a triangle is greater than either of its opposite interior
angles.
 Verify that In a Triangle, Longer Side Has the Greater Angle

OBJECTIVE

To verify experimentally that in a triangle, the longer side has the greater angle opposite
to it.

Materials Required

1. Cardboard
2. Coloured glazed papers
3. White paper
4. Tracing paper
5. Scissors
6. Geometry box
7. Sketch pens
8. Adhesive

Prerequisite Knowledge
Concept of triangle and its properties.

Theory
For concept of triangle and its properties refer to Activity 12.

Procedure

1. Take a cardboard of suitable size and by using adhesive, paste a white paper on
it.
2. Cut out a ΔABC from a glazed paper and by using adhesive, paste it on
cardboard, (see Fig. 15.1)

3. Measure the lengths of all the three sides of ΔABC and identify that which of them
is longest.
 4. All the three angles of a triangle are to be marked, (see Fig. 15.2)

5. Using a tracing paper, make the cut out of the angle opposite to the longest side
SC, i.e. ∠A. (see Fig. 15.3)

6. Compare the cut out of the angle with remaining angles. (see Fig. 15.4)

Demonstration
We came to know that ∠A > ∠B and ∠A > ∠C , BC > AC,
So, we get since ∠A > ∠B
Also, BC > AB, since ∠A > ∠C
Thus, we observe that the angle belongs to longer side is greater than the angle
opposite to other side.
Observation
Length of side AB = ……….. , Length of side BC = ………. , Length of side CA =
………… ,
Measure of the angle opposite to the longest side = …………. ,
Measure of the other two angles = …………… and ………. ,
The angle opposite to the …………. side ……….. is than either of the other two angles.

Result
We have verified experimentally that in a triangle, the longest side has the greater angle
opposite to it.

Application
The result can be useful in different geometrical problems.

Viva Voce
Question 1:
In the right angled triangle, which one is the longest side?
Answer:
Hypotenuse

Question 2:
Does sum of any two sides of a triangle is always smaller than the third side?
Answer:
No, because the sum of any two sides of a triangle is always greater than the third side.

Question 3:
Is it possible to draw a triangle having sides 7 cm, 3 cm and 10 cm?
Answer:
No, because the sum of any two sides of a triangle is always greater than the third side.

Question 4:
Which type of triangle, have any two sides equal?
Answer:
Isosceles triangle

Question 5:
Which type of triangle, have all sides equal?
Answer:
Equilateral triangle
Question 6:
Does the longer side has the smaller angle opposite to it in a triangle?
Answer:
No, the longer side has the greater angle opposite to it in a triangle.

Question 7:
If in ΔABC, ∠A > ∠B, then what can you say about the opposite sides of ∠A and ∠B?
Answer:
BC > AC, because ∠A is greater than ∠B, so side opposite to ∠A will also be greater
than the side opposite to ∠B.

Question 8:
Which type of triangle, have all sides unequal?
Answer:
Scalene triangle

Suggested Activity

Verify experimentally the relation between unequal sides of a triangle and the angles
opposite to them.
 Verify that the Sum Of the Angles Of a Quadrilateral Is 360°

OBJECTIVE

To verify experimentally that the sum of the angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.

Materials Required

1. Cardboard
2. White paper
3. Tracing paper
4. Cutter/scissors
5. Coloured drawing sheets
6. Geometry box
7. Adhesive
8. Sketch pens

Prerequisite Knowledge
Concept of quadrilateral and its properties.

Theory

1. Quadrilateral: A closed figure having four sides, four angles and four vertices is
called a quadrilateral.
Here, the term ‘Quad’ means ‘Four’ and term ‘Lateral’ means ‘Sides’, so that the
term ‘Quadrilateral’ means ‘a figure bounded by four sides’.
In a quadrilateral ABCD, AB, BC, CD and DA are the four sides; A, B, C and D are
the four vertices and ∠A, ∠B, ∠C and ∠D are the four angles formed at the
vertices, (see Fig. 18.1).

2. Terms Related to Quadrilateral

1. Opposite Sides: Two sides of a quadrilateral which do not intersect, i.e.

have no common end point (vertex) are called opposite sides. In
quadrilateral ABCD, AB, CD and BC, AD are two pairs of opposite sides.
 2. Consecutive or Adjacent Sides: Two sides of a quadrilateral which have a
common point, i.e. intersect each other are called consecutive sides. In
quadrilateral ABCD, AB, BC; BC, CD;
CD, DA and DA, AB are four pairs of consecutive sides.

3. Opposite Angles: Two angles of a quadrilateral are said to be opposite

angles, if they do not have common arm. In quadrilateral ABCD, ∠A, ∠C and
∠B, ∠D are two pairs of opposite angles.

4. Consecutive or Adjacent Angles: Two angles of a quadrilateral are said to

be consecutive or adjacent angles, if they have a common arm. In
quadrilateral ABCD, ∠A, ∠B; ∠B, ∠C; ∠C, ∠D and ∠D, ∠A are four pairs of
consecutive angles.

5. Diagonal: In a quadrilateral, the line segment joining the opposite vertices is

called a diagonal of the quadrilateral. In quadrilateral ABCD, AC and BD are
two diagonals.

3. The sum of the four angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.

Procedure

1. Take a piece of rectangular cardboard of suitable size and by using adhesive,

paste a white paper on it.

2. Cut out a quadrilateral from a drawing sheet and name it as ABCD. Now, using
adhesive, paste it on cardboard, (see Fig. 18.2).
 3. Make cut outs of ∠A, ∠B, ∠C & ∠D of Quadrilateral ABCD with the help of tracing
paper.(see in Fig.18.3).

4. Arrange the four cut out angles at a point O. (see Fig.18.4).

Demonstration

1. We came to know that the vertex of each cut out angle coincides at the point O.
2. Such arrangement of cut outs indicates that the sum of the angles of a
quadrilateral forms a complete angle, i.e. 360°.
Observation
Measures of ∠A = ………. ,
∠B = ………. ,
∠C = ………. ,
∠D = ………. ,
Sum of ∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D = ………. .

Result
We have verified that the sum of the angles of a quadrilateral is a complete angle, i.e.
360°.

Application
This property may be useful in solving problems related to many types of quadrilaterals,
such as parallelograms, trapeziums, rhombuses, squares and rectangles, etc.

Viva Voce

Question 1:
What is the angle sum property of a quadrilateral?
Answer:
The sum of all angles of a quadrilateral is a complete angle, i.e. 360°.

Question 2:
The sum of three angles of a quadrilateral is 280°. Find the measure of the fourth angle.
Answer:
Fourth angle = 360° – 280° = 80°

Question 3:
Is it true that every parallelogram is a rectangle?
Answer:
No, only those parallelogram is a rectangle whose all angles are 90°.

Question 4:
In which quadrilateral(s), diagonals are perpendicular to each other?
Answer:
Rhombus

Question 5:
Is it true that diagonals of a rhombus are equal?
Answer:
No
Question 6:
What are the conditions that any quadrilateral be a square?
Answer:

1. All four sides of a quadrilateral are equal.

2. Each angle of a quadrilateral is 90°.
3. Diagonals are equal and bisect each other.

Question 7:
Is it true that parallelogram is always a trapezium but a trapezium is not always a
parallelogram?
Answer:
True

Question 8:
How many vertices a quadrilateral has?
Answer:
A quadrilateral has 4 vertices.

Question 9:
Can all the angles of a quadrilateral be right angles? Give reason.
Answer:
Yes, all the angles of a quadrilateral can be right angles, e.g. Square and rectangle.

Suggested Activity

Verify experimentally the angle sum property for other types quadrilateral.
 Find the Formula For the Area Of a Trapezium

OBJECTIVE

To find the formula for the area of a trapezium experimentally.

Materials Required

1. Cardboard
2. Thermocol
3. Geometry box
4. Drawing sheets
5. Scissors
6. Adhesive

Prerequisite Knowledge

1. Concept of a trapezium.
2. Area of a parallelogram.

Theory

1. A quadrilateral in which one pair of opposite sides are parallel and one pair of
opposite sides are non-parallel, is called a trapezium. In Fig. 19.1, ABCD is a
trapezium, in which AB||CD and AD, BC are non-parallel.

Area of trapezium = ½ (Sum of parallel sides) x Distance between parallel sides

(Altitude) = ½(AB + CD) x DE

If two non-parallel sides of a trapezium are equal, then it is called an isosceles

trapezium.
 2. Area of parallelogram = Base x Height
1. Parallelograms on the same base and between the same parallels are equal
in area.
2. If a triangle and a parallelogram are on the same base and between the
same parallels, then the area of the triangle is equal to half the area of the
parallelogram.

Procedure

1. Take a cardboard piece of suitable size and by using adhesive, paste a drawing
sheet on it.
2. By using thermocol sheet, cut out two congruent trapeziums of parallel sides x and
y units with h units altitude.(see Fig. 19.2)

3. Now, place both trapeziums on cardboard, (see Fig. 19.3)

Demonstration

1. In Fig. 19.3, figure formed by placing, both trapeziums together is a parallelogram.

2. Base of parallelogram = (x + y) units and corresponding altitude = h units
3. Now, Area of trapezium = ½ (Area of parallelogram)
= ½ (Base of parallelogram x Corresponding altitude)
 = ½[(x + y) x h]
Hence, area of trapezium = ½ x (x + y) x h .
= ½ x (Sum of parallel sides) x Altitude Here, area is in square units.

Observation
Lengths of parallel sides of the trapezium = ………….. , ……………
Length of altitude of the parallelogram = ……………
Area of the parallelogram = ……………
Area of the trapezium = ½ (Sum of …… sides) x ………….

Result
We have verified experimentally the formula for the area of a trapezium.

Application
This concept is used in

1. finding the formula for area of a triangle, in coordinate geometry.

2. deriving the area of a field which can be split into different trapeziums and right
triangles.

Viva Voce

Question 1:
How will you define a trapezium?
Answer:
Trapezium is a quadrilateral in which one pair of opposite sides are parallel and the
other pair of sides are non-parallel.

Question 2:
In a trapezium ABCD, if AB||CD, then which pair of angles are supplementary?
Answer:
∠A and ∠D, ∠B and ∠C are supplementary pairs of angles.

Question 3:
Are the opposite angles of trapezium supplementary?
Answer:
No, the opposite angles of a trapezium are not supplementary.

Question 4:
“Congruent trapeziums have unequal area”. Is this statement true?
Answer:
No, because they have equal area.
Question 5:
How will you find the area of a parallelogram?
Answer:
Area of parallelogram = Base x Altitude to the base

Question 6:
Write the condition that any trapezium should be an isosceles trapezium.
Answer:
The condition that any trapezium should be an isosceles trapezium if and only if non-
parallel sides of a trapezium are equal.

Question 7:
If we take any two points E and F on the line AS of trapezium ABCD such that AB||CD,
then check whether the area of ΔCED and ΔCFD are equal.
Answer:
We know that the area of two triangles on the same base and between two parallel
lines’are equal. Here, CD is base, points E and F are on the parallel line AB, then area
of triangles, ΔCED and ΔCFD are equal.

Question 8:
Is it correct that every parallelogram is a trapezium?
Answer:
No

Question 9:
Is it true that sum of all the angles of a parallelogram and trapezium are equal?
Answer:
Yes, we know that the sum of all angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.
Here, parallelogram and trapezium are quadrilateral.

Suggested Activity

Using the above activity, find the area of an isosceles trapezium, if one of its non-
parallel side is 5 cm and lengths of two parallel sides are 4 cm and 10 cm.