CHAPTER 1 DEVELOPMENT
Introduction:
Development - “The process, by which economic well being and quality of life are
improved as per targeted goals and
objectives, is called development.”
Economic development - All round development of a country is called economic
development.
• Where people earn higher income and can satisfy all their needs, we can say that
country is a developed country and it
has developed economy.
Human development - Development of a person according to his full capacity is
called Human development.
What development pr omises – differ ent people, differ ent goals:
• All persons don't have the same notion of development or progress.
• Each one of them seeks different things.
• They seek things that are most important for them, ie, that which can fulfill their
aspirations or desires.
• In fact, at times, two persons or groups of persons may seek things which are
conflicting.
• A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother and that he also
shares in the household work.
• Her brother may not like this.
• Similarly, to get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams.
• But this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced
such as tribals.
• They might resent this and may prefer small check dams or tanks to irrigate their
land.
So, two things ar e quite clear :
(i) Different persons can have different developmental goals.
(ii) What may be developed for one may not be developed for the other. It may even
be destructive for the other
Income and Other Goals :-
Income is considered as the most important component of development as it can
be material goods and services
Earning high income is a goal for development. But it is not the only goal. Apart
from income, people also consider other goals for development like equal treatment,
freedom, security and respect of others. Thus, for development they look at a mix of
goals.
National development :-
National development refers to the ability of a nation to improve the lives of its
citizens. Measures of improvement may be material, such as availability of
healthcare etc.
How to compare different countries or states :-
To compare two different countries or states, National Income and Per Capital
Income are two important pillars. These are as follows:
1. Comparison through National Income
2. Comparison through Per Capita Income
Comparison Through National Income :-
National Income refers to the income earned by the residents of that particular
country over a period of time.
Countries with higher national income are considered as developed countries for
e.g. USA, Germany and France. However, national income may not be a true
indicator to compare different countries because of population factor.
To overcome this drawback, per capita income is a better indicator to compare
different nations.
Comparison Through Per Capita Income :-
Average or per capita income is obtained by dividing the total income by the
population of the country to compare different countries.
World Bank Publishes World Development Report (WDR) every year to compare
the nations and the basis of per capita income.
World Bank classifies countries on the basis of per capita income :-
Rich countries except middle East countries are called developed countries.
India is in category of low middle income country.
Classifying countries (per capita income criteria of World Bank)
1. Rich countries :- Countries with per capita income of US$ 49,300 per annum and
above in 2019, are called high income or rich countries
2. Low income countries :- Countries with per capita income of US$ 2500 or less are
called low-income countries.
3. Low middle income countries :- India comes in the category of low middle income
countries because its per capita income in 2019 was just US$ 6700 per
annum.
Income and other criteria :-
The development level should not be judged only on the income level, other
criteria should also be taken into consideration. e.g. Three states, Haryana, Kerala
and Bihar are compared as follows:
Per Capita Income is highest in Haryana and lowest in Bihar which simply indicates
that earning opportunities are quite less in Bihar.
Infant mortality rate is lowest in Kerala which shows that better medical facilities
are present in Kerala in comparison to other two states.
Literacy rate is highest in Kerala and lowest in Bihar which shows that better
education opportunities are available in Kerala.
Net attendance ratio is also highest in Kerala and lowest in Bihar.
Infant Mortality Rate :-
Infant Mortality Rate can be defined as total number of children that die before
reaching the age of 1 year. Literacy rate can be defined as proportion of literate
population in the age group
of 7 years & above.
Net attendance Ratio :-
Net attendance Ratio can be defined as the total number of children of 6-10 years
age group attending school out of total no. of children in the same age group.
Public Facilities :-
Income is a good tool of development but it is not everything. E.g., more income
may not give a pollution free area or protection from total diseases etc. So public
facilities like primary and secondary education, health facilities, cleanliness and
pollution free area also important to sustain life.
Money in your pocket why cannot buy all the goods and services that you may
need to live well ?
Money cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well.
Money cannot buy us pollution-free environment.
Money cannot buy us a disease-free life and might not be able to get protection from
infectious disease. Beside money, people also like to have equal treatment in the
society, freedom, dignity and honor in their lives, which money cannot buy them.
Public Distribution System :-
Public Distribution System (PDS) is a system in which the poor people are
provided or supplied food grains at lower price compared to market price.
Some areas like Tamil Nadu has well functioning PDS while some states like
jharkhand and bihar don’t have efficient Public Distribution System.
Human Development Index ( HDI ) :-
Human Development Index is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education
and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries in four tires of
human development.
HDI (Human Development Index) Rank of India in the World is 136.
Best method to measure Development ( Human Development Report ) :-
Human Development Index or Human Development Report published by UNDP is
one of the best methods to measure the development of a nation.
The Human Development report is based on three pillars and these pillars are as
follws:
Living Standard (Per Capita Income)
Health Status (Life Expectancy)
Educational levels of the people (Literacy rate and Enrolment Ratio)
Body Mass Index (BMI) :-
BMI can be calculated by taping the weight of a person (kgs) & height (mtr) then
divide the weight by the square of the height of a person. If the result is less than 18.5
then person in under nourished & if more than 25, then person is over weight.
Sustainable Development :-
Sustainable Development is development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Environment Degradation and Sustainable Development :-
Environmental degradation refers to the destruction of natural environment by
human activities to fulfil the greediness of the human.
The mismanagement of natural resources has resulted into the environmental
degradation in the form of air pollution, water pollution, depletion of natural
resources etc. It has also threatened the dream of the sustainable development because
it has created such type of environment which is harmful for the existence of future
generations