CN de ee eR ee tel cad > Learner's Book answers Unit 1 Photosynthesis and the carbon cycle Topic 1.1 Photosynthesis Getting started Learners should sce that the plant taller aud saeene than the one hep inthe dath They may als see that leaves ofthe plan nthe lit are broader and raore numerous and te stems are thicker, Leurners may remember hit plants rahe food by photosynthesis and cannot do this in the dar, so ney donot have enough ood to be able to gr wel, They may alo know that ehloroptyl is hat makes plants ook green, ind thet this is asd to absorb enerey from light. With no ight the plant doce not make chlor Questions ide and wate lucose and oxygen Photosynthesis transfers energy fro jucose. The plant can use the glucose to make other substances. ‘When the grasshopper eats grass it takes in some of this energy. The lizard gets some of the energy when it ents the grasshopper Pants release oxygen into the tr thesis Animals stich ak respiration, Activity: Words beginning with photo- Easy words include: photograph, photograph, photoco tiso know photostat and likely words for them to think of include photon, photophobia, photocell and photofinish Think like a scientist: Collecting the gas produced in photosynthesis So thal the gas could be collected over water 2 So that the water plant could get energy {0 photosynthesis Think like a scientist: Investigating how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis 1 This will depend on the results that learners bain. They ate ikely to Find thatthe meat number of bubbles is greatest whem th iscloseat to the test tube Cheok that: + the axes ate the right way round, with distance of lamp on the canis td number of bubbles on th broth axes are fully labeled, melding units there are good scales on both axes the points rosses in exactly the right plac Tine has ben drawn; this could be a best fit line. or learner join each point 0 the 4 increases Activity: Photosynthesis and respiration Similarities: They are both chemical reactions They both happen it both involve xy wansfers). They both involve glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water Differences: Respiration happens in but photosynthesis only happens in some plant cells ecmiers may also know that photosynthesis happen in the cytoplasm in bacterin cells, but knowledge is not expected at this level ) Respiration happens in eytoplasm and mitochondria, but photosyathesis bappens in chlotoplast Photosyntinesis needs sunlight, but respiration doesnot The reactants in respiration are the products in photosynthesis, and vice verse {In photosynthesis energy from sunlight is transferred to chemical energy in glacose In respiration, energy in glucose is released for the cll 10 weeCAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY SCIENCE 9: TEACHER'S RESOURCE pic 1.2 More about photosynthesis Getting started 1 in the green partsin the lees and tem 2. because they contain ehtoropl 3) because hey are not yreendlo no receive light Think like a scientist: Planning an investigation into the effect of fertilisers on plant growth 1 The ypothess should state preted effect tht changing one variable has on ancthe ‘arable For example the chord plants have the faster they wil grow The mare fertilize There are many other pessible hypotheses (Chick tht the lypottesis is genuinely testable bby experiment, Answers will depend on the kypothesis being tested, It is advisable to have atleast five ifferent values of the Wurlabla, Learners are likely to suggest eovnting the trumber of leaves, They could cither decide 10 ount each set of duckweed just once, afer a sel period of time, or they could coun each fe at regular intervals stich as every two days This will depend om which variables ane being chased; any other variables tht could alle the rate of growth, such as light incensi temperature should be kept the sams, This will depend oa the learner’ experitnent, They ore likely 0 need Peri dishes, some uekiseod plants some fertiliser and a way of measuring it, and a timer There are few vss in this experiment Fertiliser should be handled With cars, as it ‘woud not be goo for it 40 be ingested. Clean Uupany spills quiet 7 The predictions should mateh the hypothesis, Answers to questions 1 and 2 in part 2 will vary from learner to earner Activity: Which surface of a leaf has most stomata? {Learners shold see more buisbles emerging from surface of the leaf because this is where ‘most stomata are the low. ‘The bubbles contain air, They are likely to contain a Jot of oxygen i the le Phovosynthesiing has been The warm vitor makes the gases inside the ar spaces in the leaf expand, which makes them conte fut of the le Questions 41. “Thecarbon diowide prices have kinetic eneres ‘They arin constants, ravdom motion. By chee, sereof them will goin the leaf through the stonuita, Some will ao come out, But, overall, nore will goin an out because there are mone cof them outside the lea thm inside Some of the oxygen diffuses ou of the eal Some of the oxygen is used in respiration, Plants ve their protein by wsing the ‘carbohydrates they miake in photosynthesis ‘nd adding nitrogen to them to make proteins Animals get thelr protein by feeding on plans ‘andlor other animals Nitrate and magnesium are both nosed for imaking chlorophyl, so shoriaye of either cof them makes leaves go yellow Nitrate is also needed fae making proteins, hat without ‘magnesium the plant cannot photosynthesie so it hus fewer es bohydrates to make proteins from, A lack of either nitrate or magnesium reduces growth festing a leaf for Starch is stored in the chloroplasts b Boiling trcaks don the cll mem! so the iodine ca reach the starch, ‘This makes it easier to see the colour change when iodine solution is added, Most learners will get a positive tst reel showing that the leaf docs contain starch, Thi ‘was produced (rom the glaeose that was mide by photosynthesis in the chloroplasts ‘Only the gween parts contained: white parts huve ne chloropiyll, which ay trom sunlight a without which photosynthesis cannot happen, pic 1.3 The carbon cycle Getting started Inearbon dioxide ia the wt the garbow atom is pat ‘of compounik in photosynthesis it becomes part buts stlla carbon atom ‘of a ghicose mole:Cate Ese ese em eee ol cad Questions 1 a The food chain should have a correct sequence of organisms. with one plant and three animals. Arrows should go in the correct direetion, For example tree + wasp spider zoe. Yes the arrows could also indicate how carbon atoms are transferred. Carbon is contained in the food that animals cat, i the forma of corapounds such ts ‘carbohydrates and proteins. Learners ticular compounds, Proteins, carbohydrate cond also suggest animalsdo not contain starch.) There would be no (or very litle) combustion of fossil fucks They take a very fong time to form. Weare ras them up much faster than they are being replenished Think like a scientist: How do plants and animals affect carbon dioxide concentration? Leamers will probably find these results: Tube A: yellow, high carbon dioxide Tube B: purple. no carbon dioxide Tube C: yellow, high carbom dioxide Tube D: yellow, high carbon dioxide ‘Tube F: yellows, high carhon dioxide Tube F: red, some carbon dioxi ‘Onanisms were respiring in all the tubes. Plants were photosynthesisng in tubes B and F. 8 Crbon dioside wold be wsed up in tbe B. Carbon dioside would be given out in tubes A, C, D and E Tube A: No photosyntlesis Because no light; plant respires giving out carbon dioxide ‘Tube B: Plant photosynthesiscs and respires but photosynthesisas more than i respires: cetrhon dioxide is axed up, Tube C: M dioxide ts respira, giving out carbon Tube D: Maguots respire, giving out carbon dioxide. Tube F: No photosynthesis heca use no light plant respires, giving out carbon dionide. Maggots respire, giving out carbon dioxide Tube F: Plant photosynthesises and respises, but photosynthesises more than it respires and therefore uses up carbon dioxide. Maggots respire, giving out carbon dioxide The two are likely to balance out. To make st having platform in place did not eause the differences between the results in the different tubes Activity: Modelling the carbon cycle 1 No, jn the real catboa cycle only some carbon atoms will move at any one poit in time. Leimers could suggest having only one of two atoms moving on each occasion, Learners should find that stopping combustion results in fewer eatbon stoms fending up in the ar Topic 1.4 Climate change Questions AXBLC3:D2 Questions 1 An asteroid is a roek, smaller than a planet. which orbits the Sun 1 produced a lot of heat, which killed plants and animals close te the collision site It proxloced! huge tsunami, which killed plants and animals on land that were swamped by sea water, 11 sent dust high into the atmosphere, so plants died because they coukl not phote Animals then died because there was no foos for them to eat. The temperature fell by 0.3°C between 1880 and 1910 Te rose by |.6°C between 1910 and 2016, Multiply the number of years until the end of the csntary by 3mm. As the mean global temperature increases more lun ice melis snd adds extra water 10 the oceans. Also. higher temperatures cause sea water to expand Think like a scientist: How do rising temperatures affect sea level? 1 Learners shoud find that melting ice on land ond mnreasing water temperature both increase the water level. Melt docs nt inrease the water level 2 They indicate how seat kvel is expected fo riseCN eee on ee aa eel ad Activity: The carbon cycle and “The wht plans se the nitrate to make proteins The proteins canbe used to ke new coll, some of which ml be tsed to produce the grins tu a diferent place eve might be a different concentration of itratein the Soil before he eitgr is added, There + Phat mow tees cause they wil agit be ack of ther miners in the pholosyathesise snd lake carbon dioxide out of SiTaid bactieie goa theair at holding water. There might be more + Stop deforestation (same reason dtade i ane place than mother The Stop burning fs! el, to reduce combustion feupelchird aight be dneht + Stop using 30 mich enersy so that we do Ht ned to use as mich fel dimate change Respiration and combustion increase the level of carbon dioaide in the atmosphere, Photosynthesis socreases it Learners could suzass Magnesium is needed for making chlorophyll io ie WA Lensxgzs ty ala bo avace of ibe junc coped hen ch areatigles mon feccaie peoditlon cud wunapor of mea tsa bt a Thera) ard product tof ert Oe) or reduc vel ae Check your progress wa wt se ucose, starch, carbohydrate, protein, fa callowe er enloropt atl 49y ehloropinylt Sea level will se, There will be more stomata jentreme weather events, such as het : Iyphoons and hurricanes yak: carla i Many species of organisms ars completely destroyed ii Look for the ides of long-term Ay thse fron the temperature the light intensitys the size of the pises of seaweeds the time for meh ction in photosymthesie fhe apparatus et bevause of dust thrown up into the tho volume of ps callected (aero set tmsphere, which redaces hg period of time). penetration “This in tr sedaoes food for ther reasons ae the iramedtiote results ofthe impact, inching the heat and pressure wave the vicinity of the impact, snd 4 tonnes per hectare Adding more than 6Ok« per ha xives ‘only very small increase in piel. Tt likely thatthe cost of the esta fertiliser ‘sould Unit 2 Properties of materials ray be able to give facts such as the charges on the particles: protons - positive, neuirons ~no eharge andelectuons negative They may be able to Getting started recall the relative masses of the particles: protons land ncutrons having more mass than elzetnons Topic 2.1 Atomic structure a the Periodic Table Ansvers will depen! on whet learners & You should use this as. form of assessment for learning, Learners shoul! mage to name clecteons, ncutvons, protons aud the aucleus, Some They may be able to recall the trruagement of The particles asin the Rutherfoed model, Se eet ee Prout tectebenneetsCN nc to ese ese) e te Diagram should have thice shells, with clectrons structure 28:2. and a nucleus with 1p and 12h in the entre Aturinom ve two shells, with electrons ‘ancleus with 9p and 10m in Diagram should b he contre The miccus is made up of proms ara peatrons in both modsl. Tn the Ruhefond nthe eet are al shown one cho around the ouclens Inthe mods! Ws use today he electrons are shown arranged dien theleor enctgy le anand the wecke he model we toe vd. each shel ca contain Dp toa parila eaber of eletoone. Topic 2.2 Trends in groups within the Periodic Table Getting started Metals in the same gronp as magnesinm: beryllium or calcium. (Accept cther metals in this group if you are using a full Periodic Table) “Metals in the same period as magnesitm: soditim or aluminium. Non-nictallis solid in the same period as ‘magnesium: silicon, phosphorus or sulfur. (Gas inthe same period 2s magnesium: chlorine orargon. Questions The metals (except Alumni the left side of the table i) are found on The boiling points deorea the group. Its lower than 777°C cisht more electro The size of the atoms inereases as you down this groun. All have an outer shell containing one electron and an inner shell containing Iwo electrons. This group of metals could be called Group 1 because there is one electron inthe outer shell The atoms get ver gets more violent anger and the reaction with the size of the: er ea elt ed now-metals Mehta the group, points increase as you go down The colour gets darker as you go down is group. Boiling points increase as you go down the group, ‘The melting point of iodine would be higher ‘and being point highex than 59°C. 1 be less reactive than bromine The size of the atoms denen this group. slenlar in that they all have 7 electrons in their outer shell The atom: Because the atoms of each element bas 7 electrons in its omter shell ‘The melting points increas this group. as you go down O The size of the atoms increases as down this group The outer electron shells are all fll and have W electrons (other than helium, which only has The atoms of each elemen have § electrons in their outer shell The melting: and bosling points of krypton will be higher than those of a1gon, Think like a scientist: Observation of the reactions of Group 1 metals with water 41 These might include the use of safety glasses snd safety screen handling the metals with forceps: using only a small pixcsof cach metal and warning students about theit positon in the room, across the water: change inthe solid: zing. any Mame and colour ofthe Asm wn water im Iydroxide sodium hydroxide vin + hydrogen sodium + water = + Iydrogen potassium + water» PO'SSU™ hydrogen