The Book of Physics Formula

G. Udhaya Sankar1*, C. Ganesa Moorthy2

1
Independent Researcher, Karaikudi – 630002, Tamilnadu, India
(ORCID: [Link]
2
Retired Professor, Department of Mathematics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi – 630003, Tamilnadu, India
(ORCID: [Link]
*
Corresponding author’s email ID: [Link].20@[Link]

Abstract
A need for a hand book of elementary physics is full filled in this collection. This
collection includes constants in Physics, Greek symbols, basic measurement units, derived
measurement units, and Physics formulas for fundamental mechanics, electric current, fluid
flow, magnetism, gravity, oscillation, waves and optics. This collection also provide some basic
mathematics formulas at the end. This collection would be useful for a quick reference.
Keywords: Physics formulas, Mathematical formulas, Formulas.
Content Inside
I. Constants
II. The Greek Alphabet
III. Prefix for Power of Ten
IV. S.I System of Units
Physical Quantities
a. Fundamental Quantities
b. Supplementary Quantities
Derived Quantities and their Units
V. Useful Conversion Factors in Physics
VI. Dimensions Analysis
VII. Mechanics
VIII. Rotational Motion
IX. Work, Energy, Powers
X. Electric Current
XI. Fluids
XII. Magnetism
XIII. Newton Gravity
 XIV. Oscillation and Waves
XV. Optics
XVI. Basic Mathematics I
a. Powers
b. Radicals
c. Logarithm base
XVII. Basic Mathematics II
a. 2D shapes
b. 3D shapes
XVIII. Other
References

I. Constants

1. Radius of a circle’s circumference to its diameter 𝜋 = 3.14159265

2. Base of natural logarithms e = 2.71828183
3. Gravitational constant G = 6.673 × 10-11 m3/Kg.s2
4. Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.807 m/s2
5. Speed of Light {In Vacuum} c = 299,792,458 (3 × 108 m/s)
6. Avogadro’s constant N or NA = 6.022142 × 1023 mol-1
7. Gas constant R = 8.31447 J/mol.K
8. Boltzmann constant k = 1.3806503 × 10-23 J/k
9. Planck constant h = 6.6260688 × 10-34 J.s
10. Elementary charge e = 1.602176 × 10-19C
11. Electron rest mass me = 9.10938189 × 10-31 Kg
12. Proton rest mass mp = 1.67262158 × 10-27 Kg
13. Newton rest mass mn = 1.6749286 × 10-27 Kg
14. Permittivity of free space 𝜀0 = 8.8541878176 × 10-12 F/m
15. Permeability of free space 𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 107 NA-2
16. Unified atomic mass unit 1U = 931.49 MeV/C2
17. Electron volt 1ev = 1.6 × 10-19C
𝑎
18. Magnetic constant k = 4𝑝 = 10-7 T.m/A
1
19. Coulomb’s law constant Q =(4 𝑃𝑒𝑜) = 8.987 × 109 Nm2C-2
 20. Atmosphere pressure 1 atm = 1 × 105 N/m2 or 1 × 105 Pa
1+ √5
21. The golden ratio Phi Φ = 2

22. Imaginary unit i = √−1

23. Rydberg constant for Hydrogen RH = 1.0968 × 107 m-1
24. Stefan-Boltzmann constant 𝜎 = 5.67 × 10-8 Wm-2K-4
25. Wien’s constant b = 2.898 × 10-3 m.K
26. Bohr radius r1 = 0.53 Å
27. Electron charge to mass ratio e/m = 1.759 × 1011 C/Kg
28. 1 Light year = 9.467 × 1015m
29. 1 Astronomical Unit (A.U) = 1.496 × 1011m

II. The Greek Alphabet

S. Name Caption Symbol

No
1. Alpha Α ∝
2. Beta Β 𝛽
3. Gamma Γ 𝛾
4. Delta ∆ 𝛿
5. Epsilon Ε 𝜀
6. Zeta Ζ 𝜁
7. Eta Η 𝜂
8. Theta Θ 𝜃
9. Lota Ι 𝜄
10. Kappa Κ 𝜅
11. Lamda Λ 𝜆
12. Mu Μ 𝜇
13. Nu Ν 𝜈
14. Xi Ξ 𝜉
15. Omicron Ο 𝜊
16. Pi Π 𝜋
17. Rho Ρ 𝜌
18. Sigma Σ 𝜎
 19. Tau Τ 𝜏
20. Upsilon Υ 𝜐
21. Phi Φ 𝜙
22. Chi Χ 𝜒
23. Psi Ψ 𝜓
24. Omega Ω 𝜔

III. Prefix for Power of Ten

Power of ten Prefix Abbreviation

10-15 femto f
10-12 pico p
10-9 nano n
10-6 micro µ
10-3 milli m
10-2 centri c
10-1 deci d
101 deca da
102 hecto h
103 kilo k
106 mega M
109 giga G
1012 tera T
1015 peta P

IV. S.I System of Units

Physical Quantities

a. Fundamental Quantities
b. Supplementary Quantities
a. Fundamental Quantities

Length – Meter (m)

Mass – Kilogram (Kg)

Time – Second (s)

Electric Current – ampere (A)

Temperature – Kelvin (K)

Luminous Intensity – Candela (Cd)

Amount of Substance – mole (mol)

b. Supplementary Quantities

Plane Angle – radian (rad)

Solid Angle – Ste-radian (Sr)

Derived Quantities and their Units

1) Area = Length × Breadth

[Unit = m2]

2) Volume = Area × Height

[Unit = m3]
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
3) Velocity = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

[Unit = m/s]
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
4) Speed = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

[Unit = m/s]
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
5) Acceleration = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
2
[Unit = m/s ]
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
6) Angular Velocity = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

[Unit = rad/s]
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
7) Angular Acceleration = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
 [Unit = rad/s2]
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
8) Density = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

[Unit = Kg/m3]
9) Momentum = mass × velocity
[Unit = Kg/m.s]
10) Moment of Inertia = mass × (distance)2
[Unit = Kg.m2]
11) Force = mass × acceleration
[Unit = Kg.m/s2 or Newton: N]
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
12) Pressure = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

[Unit = N/m2 or Pa]

13) Energy (work) = Force × Distance
[Unit = N.m or J]
14) Impulse = Force × Time
[Unit = N.s]
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
15) Surface tension = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

[Unit = N/m]
16) Moment of force (torque) = Force × Distance
[Unit = N.m]
17) Weber = Volt × Second
𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑚𝑏
18) Farad (𝜀) = 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

19) Henry (µ) = Ohm × Second

20) Power = Current × Volt
[Unit = Watt] = Volt × Ampere
21) Electric charge = Current × Time
[Unit = A.s]
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
22) Charge Density = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
2
[Unit = A/m ]
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
23) Magnetic Induction = [𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ]

[Unit = N/A.m]
V. Useful Conversion Factors in Physics

Length: Volume: Area:

1 meter = 3.28 ft 1 liter = 1.056 qts 1 acre = 4046.87 m2
1mile = 5280 ft 1 gal = 3.785 liters 1 ft2 = 0.836 m2
1 mile = 1.61 Km 1 [Link] = 29.57 ml 1 m2 = 10,000 cm2
1 meter = 1.093 yards 1 ml = 1 cm3 1 acre = 43,538 ft2
1 inch = 2.54 cm 1 ft2 = 144 inches2
1 ft = 30.48 cm
1 mile = 25.4 Km
Mass/Weight: Pressure: Energy:
1 Kg = 0.0688 Slugs 1 PSI = 6880 N/m2 1 BTC = 1055 Joules
1 Oz = 0.278 Newtons 1 atm = 14.7 psi 1 BTC/hr = 0.293 watts
1 lb =4.45 Newtons 1 atm = 101,000 Pa 1 therm = 100,000 BTU
1 ton = 2000 lbs 1 ft-lb = 1.36 Joules
1 metric ton = 1000 Kg 1 H.P = 746 watts
1 H.P = 550 ft-lb/s
1 Calorie = 4.18 Joules
1 Joule = 1 Watt

VI. Dimensions Analysis

S. No Quantity Dimension
1. Mass [M]
2. Length [L]
3. Time [T]
4. Current [I]
5. Area [L2]
6. Volume [L3]
7. Density [ML-3]
8. Speed [LT-1]
9. Acceleration [LT-2]
10. Momentum [MLT-1]
11. Force [MLT-2]
 12. Pressure [ML-1T-2]
13. Energy, Work [ML2T-2]
14. Power [ML2T-3]
15. Electric Charge [IT]
16. Electric potential difference [ML2T-3I-1]
17. Charge [Q] or [I]
18. Electric resistance [ML2T-3I-2]

VII. Mechanics

1. First equation of motion v = u + at

𝟏
2. Second equation of motion s = ut + 𝟐 at2

3. Third equation of motion 2as = v2-u2

Here, u is initial velocity, v is final velocity, t is time taken, a is acceleration and s is
distance travelled.
4. Momentum P = mv
5. Newton’s second law of motion F= ma
Here, m is mass, a is acceleration and v is velocity
6. Impulse I = m(v-u)
Where m is mass, u is initial velocity and v is final velocity
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆
7. Pressure P =
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔
8. Density D = 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆

9. Reduced mass for two interacting body

𝒎 𝒎
µ = 𝒎 𝟏+𝒎𝟐
𝟏 𝟐

10. Motion s(t) = vt

s = V avg t
∆𝑺
11. Average speed V avg = ∆𝒕
∆𝑽
12. Average acceleration a = ∆𝒕
𝟏
13. Accelerated motion s(t) = 𝟐 at2

14. Motion horizontal throw x(t) = vxt

𝟏
y(t) = 𝟐 gt2
 15. Resulting force ⃗𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒔 = ∑ ⃗𝑭
16. Gravity F = mg
17. Potential Energy E = mgh
𝟏
18. Kinetic Energy E = 𝟐mv2

19. Work FScos(𝜶)

20. Power P = F𝝂
21. Uniform circular motion s(t) = 𝚽(t)r
𝚽(t) = 𝝎t

𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝝊 = 𝝎𝒓 = 𝑻

𝒎𝒗𝟐
F= = 𝒎𝝎𝟐 𝒓
𝒓

𝑾𝒐𝒖𝒕
22. Energy conversion efficiency 𝜼 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑬𝒊𝒏
𝑮𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
23. Gravitational force Fg = 𝒓𝟐

24. Moment m = Fr
25. Moment of inertia I = mr2
26. Lever M1+M2=0
∑𝑴 = 𝟎

VIII. Rotational Motion

1. Angular momentum J = radius vector (r) × linear momentum (p)

2. Torque 𝝉 = radius vector (r) × linear force (F)
𝒎𝒗𝟐
3. Centripetal Force F = 𝒓

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 × 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 =
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝒗𝟐
4. Centripetal acceleration a = 𝒓

𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

IX. Work, Energy, Powers

1. Work W = Force (F) × Displacement (D)

2. Potential Energy = mgh
𝑃. 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
 𝟏
3. Kinetic Energy = 𝟐 𝒎𝒗𝟐

4. Power = Force (F) × Velocity (V)

X. Electric Current

1. Ohm’s Law V = IR (𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)

𝑸 (𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆)
2. Current I = 𝑻 (𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆)

𝑽𝟐
3. Power P = 𝑹

V= IR, P = I2R
4. Resistance in series
R = R1 + R2
5. Resistance in parallel
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐
=𝑹 +𝑹 =
𝑹 𝟏 𝟐 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐

6. Induction in series
L = L1 + L2
7. Induction in parallel
𝟏 𝟏
L=𝑳 +𝑳
𝟏 𝟐

XI. Fluids

1. Average Pressure = Force × Area

2. Pascal’s Law ∆𝑷 = 𝑷𝒈(∆𝑯)
3. Stokes law F = 6𝝅𝛍𝐑𝐕
4. Bernoulli’s equation
(𝑽𝟑 ) 𝚸
+ 𝒈𝒛 + = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝟐 𝝆
5. Torricelli’s Law
V = √𝟐𝒈𝒉

XII. Magnetism
𝒒 𝒒𝟐
1. Coulomb’s Law F = 𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟏 𝟐
𝟎𝒓

𝑭
2. Magnetic Field B = 𝒎 (𝑻𝒆𝒔𝒍𝒂)

3. Magnetic Flux 𝝓 = 𝑩. 𝑺. 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽

 4. Magnetic field at the center of current loop
𝝁𝑰
𝑩=
𝟐𝑹
5. Magnetic field inside the solenoid
𝝁𝟎 . 𝑰. 𝑵
𝑩=
𝑳
6. Force acting on moving particle and current carrying wire
𝑭 = 𝑩. 𝒊. 𝒍. 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜷
7. Force on charged particle moving in a magnetic field
𝑭 = 𝒒𝒗𝑩𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜷

XIII. Newton Gravity

𝑮𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
1. F = 𝒓𝟐

𝟐𝑮𝑴
2. Escape velocity 𝝂 = √( )
𝑹

XIV. Oscillation and Waves

𝟏
1. Frequency F = 𝑻
𝟐𝝅𝑨
2. Harmonic Oscillation 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑻
∆𝑻 ∆𝒙
3. Phase shift ∆𝚽 = , ∆𝚽 =
𝑻 𝝀

4. Spring 𝑭𝒔𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝑪𝓾
𝟏
Emax = 𝟐CA2

𝒎
5. Oscillatory period mass spring T = 2𝝅√ 𝒄

𝒍
6. Oscillatory period pendulum T = 2𝝅√𝒈

7. Wavelength 𝝀 = 𝝂𝑻
8. Speed 𝝂 = 𝑭𝝀
𝒗
9. Doppler Effect 𝒇𝒘 = 𝒇𝒃 𝒗−𝒗
𝟎

𝑰
10. Sound 𝑰𝒑 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝑰 )
𝟎

𝑷𝑺𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆
𝑰=
𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐
XV. Optics

1. Wave frequency and period

𝟏 𝟏
F=𝝀=𝑻

2. Wave speed, wavelength and frequency

𝝊 = 𝝀𝒇
3. Snell’s Law
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒊 𝒏𝟐 𝑽𝟏
= = =𝜼
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒓 𝒏𝟏 𝑽𝟐
4. Total internal reflection angle
𝒏𝟐
𝜽 = 𝑺𝒊𝒏−𝟏 ( )
𝒏𝟏
5. Lens Formula
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
+ =
𝒖 𝒗 𝒇
6. Lens maker’s equation
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅
= (𝒏 − 𝟏) [( ) − ( ) + ]
𝒇 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝒏𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
7. Reflection 𝒊 = 𝒓
𝟏
8. Optical power S = 𝒇
𝒊
9. Magnification 𝑵 = |𝒐|
𝟏
10. Critical angle 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒈 = 𝜼

XVI. Basic Mathematics I

a. Powers
b. Radicals
c. Logarithm base

a. Powers
1. anam = am+n
2. (an)m = anm
1
3. a-n = 𝑎𝑛

4. (ab)n = (an)(bn)
 𝑎 −𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 𝑏𝑛
5. (𝑏) = (𝑎 ) = 𝑎 𝑛
𝑎𝑛 1
6. = 𝑎𝑛−𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
𝑎𝑚
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎𝑛
7. (𝑏) = 𝑏𝑛

8. a0 = 1 (If a ≠ 0)
𝑛 1 𝑛 1
9. 𝑎𝑚 = (𝑎𝑚 ) = (𝑎𝑛 )𝑚
𝑚
𝑛
10. 𝑠 𝑛 = √𝑠 𝑚

b. Radicals
1
𝑛
1. √𝑎 = 𝑎𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
2. √𝑎𝑏 = √𝑎 √𝑏
𝑛
𝑛 𝑎 √𝑎
3. √𝑏 = 𝑛
√𝑏

𝑚 𝑛 𝑛𝑚
4. √ √𝑎 = √𝑎
𝑛
5. √𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 (If n is odd)
𝑛
6. √𝑎𝑛 = |𝑎| (If n is even)

c. Logarithms base
1. Definitions:
Y = logbX

Example: Log5125 =3
[53=125]

2. Special Logarithms:
ln (x) = logeX

log(X) = log10X

3. Logarithm properties:
i. logbb =1
ii. logbbx = x
iii. logb(Xr) = rlogbX
 iv. logb(XY) = logbX + logbY
𝑋
v. logb(𝑌 ) = logbX - logbY

vi. logb1 = 0
vii. blogbX = X
viii. logbXn = n logbX
1
ix. logbx = 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑥𝑏

x. b = alogab
xi. bx = ax logab
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
xii. log bx = logb(100)cx = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑏
𝑐

xiii. ̅ (complex infinity)

log1x = ∞
xiv. logbx = Indeterminate (b≤ 0)

XVII. Basic Mathematics II

a. 2D shapes
b. 3D shapes

a. 2D shapes
1. Area of the square = a2
2. Perimeter of the square = 4a
3. Rectangle Area = l × b
4. Perimeter of the rectangle = 2 (l + b)
5. Area of the parallelogram = b × h
6. Perimeter of the parallelogram = 2 (b + h)
1
7. Area of the rhombus = 2 (𝑑1 × 𝑑2 )

8. Perimeter of the rhombus = 4a

1
9. Area of the triangle = 2 b × h

10. Perimeter of the triangle = a + b + c

11. Area of circle = 𝜋𝑟 2
12. Perimeter of circle = 2𝜋𝑟
 b. 3D shapes
1. Surface Area of the cuboid = (lb + bh + hl) Sq. Units
2. Volume of the cuboid = (l × b × h) Cu. Units
3. Surface Area of the cube = 6a2 Sq. Units
4. Volume of the cube = a3 Cu. Units
5. Surface Area of the cylinder = 2𝜋𝑟h (curved surface), 2𝜋(𝑟 + ℎ) (Total surface)
Sq. Units
6. Volume of the cylinder = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ Cu. Units
7. Surface Area of the cone = 𝜋𝑟𝑙 (curved surface), 𝜋𝑟(𝑟 + 𝑙) (Total surface) Sq.
Units
1
8. Volume of the cone = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ Cu. Units

9. Surface Area of the sphere = 4 𝜋𝑟 2 Sq. Units

4
10. Volume of the sphere = 𝜋𝑟 3 Cu. Units
3

11. Surface Area of the Hemisphere = 2𝜋𝑟 2 (curved surface), 3𝜋𝑟 2 (Total surface) Sq.
Units
2
12. Volume of the Hemisphere = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 Cu. Units

XVIII. Other

If you are interested in this work, please refer author other research work also [1 to
38].

References

[1] Moorthy, C. G., Sankar, G. U., & Kumar, G. (2017). What Is The Polarity Of An
Electromagnetic Wave?. Indian J. Sci. Res, 13(1), 255-256.
[2] Moorthy, C. G., Sankar, G. U., & Rajkumar, G. (2017). Two Expressions for
Electrostatic Forces and For Magnetic Forces to Classify Electromagnetic Waves.
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 3(10), 706-709.
[3] Moorthy, C. G., & Sankar, G. U. (2019). Planck’s constant and equation for magnetic
field waves. Natural and Engineering Sciences, 4(2), 107-113.
[4] Moorthy, C. G., Sankar, G. U., & RajKumar, G. (2017). LIGOs Detected Magnetic
Field Waves; not Gravitational Waves. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research,
3(8), 268-269.
[5] Moorthy, C. G., Sankar, G. U., & Rajkumar, G. (2016). Rotating bodies do have
magnetic field. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering
and Technology, 2(6), 155-156.
[6] Moorthy, C. G., Sankar, G. U., & RajKumar, G. (2018). Temperature of Black Holes
and Minimum Wavelength of Radio Waves. International Journal of Scientific
Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 4(4), 1104-1107.
[7] Vallikkodi, M., Sankar, G. U., & Vishnukumar, P. (2017). An Innovative
Interpretation for Parallel Universe. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research,
3(5), 1422-1424.
[8] UdhayaSankar, G., GanesaMoorthy, C., & RajKumar, G. (2016). Global Magnetic
Field Strengths of Planets From A Formula. International Journal of Scientific
Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2(6), 366-367.
[9] Sankar, G. U. (2016). Climate change challenge–photosynthesis vs. hydro-electrolysis
principle. Climate Change, 3, 128-131.
[10] Udhaya Sankar, G., Ganesa Moorthy, C., & RajKumar, G. (2018). A suggestion for a
good anode material synthesized and characterized. Discov, 54, 249-253.
[11] Sankar, G. U. (2007). A survey on wavelength based application of ultraviolet LED.
computing.
[12] Moorthy, C. G., & Sankar, G. U. (2024). Analysis on electromagnetic waves of ct
scanners and mri scanners for applications. World Scientific News, 188, 1-14.
[13] Moorthy, C. G., Sankar, G., & Rajkumar, G. (2017). Simplified Interpretation for
Einstein’s Energy Mass Relation. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 3(9),
538-539.
[14] MOORTHY, C. G., SANKAR, G. U., & KUMAR, G. R. A VELOCITY INDEX
FOR EXISTENCE OF ATMOSPHERE IN A PLANET. Mercury, 4(47.4), 10-8937.
[15] Sankar, G. U., & Moorthy, C. G. (2025). Assumption Related to Formation of
Gravitational Attractive Force. World Scientific News, 210, 11-20.
[16] Sankar, G. U., Yuvakkumar, R., Ravi, G., RajKumar, G., & Moorthy, C. G. (2021,
May). Preparation of CuO1-x-Mnx (x= 0.03, 0.05, 0.07) and MATLAB modelling for
sustainable energy harvesting applications. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series
(Vol. 1850, No. 1, p. 012025). IOP Publishing.
[17] Sankar, G. U., Moorthy, G., & Ramasamy, C. T. (2021). A review on recent
opportunities in MATLAB software based modelling for thermoelectric applications.
International Journal of Energy Applications and Technologies, 8(2), 70-79.
[18] Sankar, G. U., & Moorthy, C. G. (2020). Network Modelling on Tropical Diseases vs.
Climate Change. In Climate Change and Anthropogenic Impacts on Health in
Tropical and Subtropical Regions (pp. 64-92). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[19] Moorthy, C. G., Sankar, G. U., & Kumar, G. R. Why Do Distant Planets Have Speedy
Winds. Mercury, 3, 0-24055556.
[20] RajKumar, G., Udhaya Sankar, G., Ravi, G., Moorthy, C. G., & Sekar, S. (2020).
Portable Network Graphics Approach to the Authentication of Halftone Images with
Henon Map Encryption. Smart Science, 8(2), 50-60.
[21] Ganesamoorthy, U. S. (2023). Generalized Programming Idea for Making the
Thermoelectric Device Using MATLAB Software for Cu2Bi2Te3 and Cu2Sb2Te3.
International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 15(2), 52-59.
[22] Moorthy, C. G., & Sankar, G. U. (2023). The temperature of electromagnetic waves
and bounds for wavelengths of electromagnetic waves. World Scientific News, 183,
90-103.
[23] Moorthy, C. G., & Sankar, G. U. (2023). Planck’s distribution and definition for
temperature of electromagnetic waves. World Scientific News, 181, 18-31.
[24] Udhaya Sankar, G., Ganesa Moorthy, C., & Ramasamy, C. T. (2022). Mathematical
Analysis on Power Generation—Part I. Artificial Intelligence for Renewable Energy
and Climate Change, 53-86.
[25] Udhaya Sankar, G., Ganesa Moorthy, C., & Ramasamy, C. T. (2022). Mathematical
Analysis on Power Generation—Part II. Artificial Intelligence for Renewable Energy
and Climate Change, 87-115.
[26] Udhaya Sankar, G. (2022). Sustainable Energy Materials. Artificial Intelligence for
Renewable Energy and Climate Change, 117-136.
[27] Ganesamoorthy, U. S., & Moorthy, C. G. (2023). A brief study on history and
evolution of time. Indian Journal of History of Science, 58(2), 103-110.
[28] Sankar, G. U., & Moorthy, C. G. (2020). Les mathématiques dans la science des
matériaux: pour les études en classe. Éditions universitaires européennes.
[29] Moorthy, C. G., Sankar, G. U., & RajKumar, G. (2017). A Design for Charging
Section of Electrostatic Precipitators by Applying a Law for Electric Field Waves.
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 3(6), 842-844.
[30] Udhaya Sankar, G., Ganesa Moorthy, C., & RajKumar, G. J. E. S. (2018).
Synthesizing graphene from waste mosquito repellent graphite rod by using
 electrochemical exfoliation for battery/supercapacitor applications. Energy Sources,
Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 40(10), 1209-1214.
[31] Udhaya Sankar, G., Ganesa Moorthy, C., & RajKumar, G. (2019). Smart storage
systems for electric vehicles–a review. Smart Science, 7(1), 1-15.
[32] Udhaya Sankar, G., Ganesa Moorthy, C., & Ramasamy, C. T. (2022). Supplementary
- Mathematical Analysis on Power Generation – Part I. Artificial Intelligence for
Renewable Energy and Climate Change.
[33] Udhaya Sankar, G., Ganesa Moorthy, C., & Ramasamy, C. T. (2022). Supplementary
- Mathematical Analysis on Power Generation – Part II. Artificial Intelligence for
Renewable Energy and Climate Change.
[34] Sankar, G. U., & Moorthy, C. G. (2021). Mathematics in Material Science. Lambert
Academic Publishing. Germany. ISBN: 9786200084248, 6200084246.
[35] Sankar, G. U., & Moorthy, C. G. (2021). Planets And Electromagnetic waves. IDEA
PUBLISHING. ISBN: 9789386518835, 938651883X.
[36] Sankar, G. U., & Moorthy, C. G. (2021). Numerical Methods for Calculus Student.
Lambert Academic Publishing. Germany. ISBN: 9786139909865, 6139909864.
[37] Moorthy C. G., & Sankar G. U. (2023). Mean displacement law for black
bodyradiations and temperature of electromagnetic waves. Discovery, 59, 1-4.
[38] Asaithambi, S., Sakthivel, P., Karuppaiah, M., Sankar, G. U., Balamurugan, K.,
Yuvakkumar, R., Thambidurai, M. & Ravi, G. (2020). Investigation of
electrochemical properties of various transition metals doped SnO2 spherical
nanostructures for supercapacitor applications. Journal of energy storage, 31, 101530.