Module no.
4
Contents:
The Resistance
The Effect of Temperature on the Resistance
Resistor Color Coding
Work, Power, and Energy
Topic Objectives:
To define the meaning of resistance
To explain the effect of temperature on the resistance
of the wire
To identify the values of resistor using color codes
To solve problems dealing resistor color coding
To differentiate energy from work and power
RESISTANCE = the opposition to the flow of current (charge)
opposition due to collisions and friction between free
electrons
collision and friction converts electrical energy into HEAT!
FACTORS affecting resistance of material
1. Type of material (ρ)
L_
2. Length (L) R =ρ
3. Cross sectional Area (A) A
4. Temperature of the material (T)
where:
ρ = CM Ω / ft at T = 20oC (room temp)
= resistivity constant
L = length in feet
A = area in circular mils (CM)
CIRCULAR MILS (CM)
mil = a unit of measurement for length
1 mil = 1__ inch (or 0.001inch)
1000
1000 mils = 1 inch
Circular mil vs. Square mil
By definition;
1 mil d = 1 mil
A wire with a diameter
1 mil A = 1CM of 1 mil has an area
of 1 CM.
Applying the definition to a wire having a diameter of 1 mil,
A = π d 2
= π (1) 2
= π sq. mil = 1 CM
4 4 4
Since 1 CM = π sq. mils
4
4
Therefore; 1 sq. mil = CM
π
So for a wire with a diameter of N mils,
π
A = (N)2 sq. mils
4
π
= (N)2 [ 4 CM ]
4 π
A = N2 CM since d = N or ACM = (dmils)2
Sample Problem:
1. Find the area of a wire with a diameter of 1/8 inch.
2. What is the resistance of a 100ft length of copper wire of
0.020 inch diameter at 20oC? ( ρat 20o = 10.37 CM Ω / ft )
3. An undetermined number of feet of wire have been used
with a diameter of 1/16 inch and the resistance is 0.5Ω.
What is the length of the wire? (same ρ)
4. What is the diameter of a wire in inch, with an area of
6925CM?
Temperature Effects on the Resistance of a copper wire
For good conductors, an
increase in temperature
will result in an increase in
the resistance level
R
(+) Temperature
coefficient
Temp
R
(-)Temperature
coefficient
Temp
[Link]
Resistance Curve R
R2
R1
X
(Absolute Zero)
-273.15oC
-234.5oC 0C
o
T1 T2
(Inferred Absolute Zero)
Y
Using Similar Triangles
X = Y /234.5/ + T1 /234.5/ + T2
=
R1 R2 R1 R2
Note: Inferred absolute temp varies depending on material
Initial Temperature (Ti) of selected materials in oC
Silver - 234
Copper - 234.5
Gold - 274
Aluminum - 236
Tungsten - 204
Nickel - 147
Iron - 162
General Equation:
/Ti / + T1 /Ti / + T2
=
R1 R2
Sample Problems:
1. If the resistance of a copper wire is 50Ω at 20oC, what is its
resistance at 100oC?
2. If the resistance of a copper wire at freezing temperature is
30Ω, what is its resistance at -40 o C?
3. If the resistance of an aluminum at room temperature
(20 oC) is 100mΩ, at what temperature will it become
120mΩ?
Temperature coefficient of resistance
Example: Observe how wire temperature affect wire
resistance
[Link]
At 20o Celsius, we get 12.5 volts across the load and a total of 1.5
volts (0.75 + 0.75) dropped across the wire resistance.
If the temperature were to rise to 35o Celsius, we could easily
determine the change of resistance for each piece of wire. Assuming
the use of copper wire (α = 0.004041) we get:
[Link]
[Link]
TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF RESISTANCE, AT 20 DEGREES C
Material Element/Alloy "alpha" per degree Celsius
==========================================================
Nickel -------- Element --------------- 0.005866
Iron ---------- Element --------------- 0.005671
Molybdenum ---- Element --------------- 0.004579
Tungsten ------ Element --------------- 0.004403
Aluminum ------ Element --------------- 0.004308
Copper -------- Element --------------- 0.004041
Silver -------- Element --------------- 0.003819
Platinum ------ Element --------------- 0.003729
Gold ---------- Element --------------- 0.003715
Zinc ---------- Element --------------- 0.003847
Steel* --------- Alloy ---------------- 0.003
Nichrome ------- Alloy ---------------- 0.00017
Nichrome V ----- Alloy ---------------- 0.00013
Manganin ------- Alloy ------------ +/- 0.000015
Constantan ----- Alloy --------------- -0.000074
Resistor Color Coding
Scheme
There are three types of resistor color coding. They have different
number of color bands and hence provide different information.
This is illustrated by the next table. You can calculate the value of
an unknown resistor by entering its color code in the fields below
the table.
4-band color code 5-band color code 6-band color code
2 digits, multiplier, 3 digits, multiplier, 3 digits, multiplier,
tolerance tolerance tolerance,
thermal coefficient
[Link]
How to read Resistor Color Codes
Black Brown Red OrangeYellow Green Blue Violet Gray White
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
THE MNEMONIC Tolerance%
B - Bad 0 (Black) Gold - 5%
B - Boy 1 (Brown) Silver - 10%
R - Ravish 2 (Red) No color - (20%)
O - Our 3 (Orange)
Y - Young 4 (Yellow)
G - Girls 5 (Green)
B - But 6 (Blue)
V- Violeta 7 (Violet)
G - Gave 8 (Gray)
W - Willingly 9 (White)
[Link]
[Link]
Sample Problems:
Find the resistance value in ohms and the percent
tolerance of:
a) Red, Violet, Orange, Silver
b) Brown, Black, Brown, Silver
c) Green, Blue, Green, Gold
d) Red, Violet, Gold, Silver
e) Red, Violet, Black, Gold, Red
f) Yellow, Black, Red, Black, Brown
g) Orange, Orange, Red, Orange, Green
Give the color code for each value of resistor
a) 330±5%
b) 2.2kΩ±10%
c) 100kΩ±5%
d) 5Ω±10%
WORK, POWER AND ENERGY
The Equation:
[Link]
POWER = an indication of how much work (energy) can be
accomplished amount of time.
= rate of doing work
= product of voltage and current
1 Watt = One joule of work that is either absorbed or
delivered at a constant rate of 1 second
P = V x I
= W x Q
Q t
Power Equation:
W (Joules) (Watts, W)
P = t (sec)
ENERGY = Power that must be used over a period of time
= lost or gained by the system
Energy Equation:
W = (P) x (t) ( Watt-seconds or Joules)
Power (W) x time (hr)
Energy (kilowatt-hour, kWh) =
1000
POWER RATING OF RESISTORS
If Pin > PR
Pin
resistor will be damaged!
PR ( Excessive HEAT!)
Check whether the resistor in each circuit has possibly been
damaged.
+ ¼W
_ 100Ω _ 1W
9V 10Ω
+ 5V
(a)
(c)
+ ½ W
_ 1.5kΩ
24V
(b)
EFFICIENCY - the ratio of output to input power
Pout
η = x 100%
Pin
Sample Problems:
1. A 2Hp motor operates at an efficiency of 75%. What is the
power input in watts? If the applied voltage is 220V, what
is the input current?
2. What is the output in horsepower of a motor with an
efficiency of 80% and an input current of 8A at 120V?
3. How long can a 12-V car battery supply 40A to a starter
motor if the battery has 4x106 J of chemical energy that
can be converted to electric energy?
4. What is the operating efficiency of a fully loaded 2Hp dc
electric motor that draws 19A at 100V?