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Biomolecules Notes

The document outlines exam notes on the chemistry of biomolecules, divided into five units covering carbohydrates, proteins and peptides, nucleic acids, lipids, and vitamins, minerals, and hormones. Each unit details the structure, classification, properties, and functions of various biomolecules, including specific examples such as monosaccharides, proteins like insulin, and vitamins. Key concepts such as the levels of protein structure, DNA forms, and the roles of hormones are also highlighted.

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12 views2 pages

Biomolecules Notes

The document outlines exam notes on the chemistry of biomolecules, divided into five units covering carbohydrates, proteins and peptides, nucleic acids, lipids, and vitamins, minerals, and hormones. Each unit details the structure, classification, properties, and functions of various biomolecules, including specific examples such as monosaccharides, proteins like insulin, and vitamins. Key concepts such as the levels of protein structure, DNA forms, and the roles of hormones are also highlighted.

Uploaded by

novivino2005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chemistry of Biomolecules – Exam Notes

UNIT I – CARBOHYDRATES

• Definition, classification (mono-, di-, oligo-, polysaccharides).

• Monosaccharides: structure, properties (mutarotation, isomerism), functions.

• Disaccharides: Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose – structure & functions.

• Polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose – structure & biological roles.

• Heteropolysaccharides: Hyaluronic acid, Chondroitin sulfate, Heparin.

• Blood group substances.

• Chitin, mannans, xylans, galactans.

UNIT II – PROTEINS & PEPTIDES

• Amino acids: structure, classification, properties.

• Proteins: levels of structure (primary → quaternary).

• Determination of peptide sequence – Sanger’s method.

• Peptides: Insulin, Oxytocin, Vasopressin, Glutathione.

• Myoglobin & Hemoglobin: structure, function.

• Muscle contraction mechanism.

• Antibodies – structure & function.

• Ramachandran plot.

• Metallo-proteins.

UNIT III – NUCLEIC ACIDS

• Purines & Pyrimidines – structure.

• Nucleosides & Nucleotides.

• DNA: A, B, Z forms; denaturation/renaturation.

• RNA types and unusual bases.

• DNA as genetic material.


• Hybridization techniques (Southern, Northern, Western).

UNIT IV – LIPIDS

• Definition, classification.

• Fatty acids, fats, oils – structure & properties.

• Chemical properties: hydrogenation, rancidity, saponification.

• Phospholipids & glycolipids (cerebrosides, gangliosides).

• Waxes, steroids, bile salts.

• Prostaglandins – functions.

UNIT V – VITAMINS, MINERALS, HORMONES

• Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K): sources, structure, functions.

• Water-soluble vitamins (B-complex, C).

• Minerals: macro & micro – functions & deficiencies.

• Hormones: classification, mechanisms, physiological roles.

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