ENVIRONMENTS NOTES

🌱 National Bio-Energy Mission (NBEM) –

Updated Prelims Notes
🔹 Launch

 Approved: 2018
 Ministry: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)

🔹 Objective

 Biomass ko use karke clean energy generate karna

 Waste-to-wealth approach
 Fossil fuel dependency kam karna

🔹 Key Focus Areas

1. 🧪 Advanced Biofuels

 2G Ethanol (Second Generation)

o Raw material: agricultural residue (parali, straw)
 Helps reduce stubble burning problem (Punjab-Haryana)

2. 🔥 Biomass Power & Cogeneration

 Bagasse-based power plants (sugar industry)

 Rural energy security

3. ♻️Waste-to-Energy

 Municipal solid waste → electricity / gas

 Gobar, organic waste → biogas

🔹 Sub-schemes / Components
 SATAT Initiative (Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation)
o Compressed Biogas (CBG) production
  National Policy on Biofuels (2018, amended 2022)
o Ethanol blending target → 20% by 2025-26

🔹 Importance
 Reduces:
o Air pollution
o Import bill (oil)
 Supports:
o Farmers (extra income from crop residue)

🔹 Recent Updates (VERY IMPORTANT)

 Ethanol blending program accelerated (E20 rollout)
 Push for Compressed Biogas (CBG) plants
 Linked with:
o Circular economy
o Climate mitigation commitments (NDCs)

🔹 Prelims Traps
❌ Only electricity generation → Wrong
✔ Includes biofuels, gas, waste energy

❌ Only rural mission → Wrong

✔ Covers transport (biofuel blending)

🏥 National Mission on Climate Change and

Human Health (NM-CCHH)
🔹 Launch

 Launched: 2015
 Ministry: Ministry of Health & Family Welfare
🔹 Objective
 Climate change ke health impacts ko address karna
 Build climate-resilient healthcare system

🔹 Key Focus Areas

1. Heat-related Illness

 Heat waves → deaths reduction

 Heat Action Plans (Ahmedabad model)

2. 🦠 Vector-borne Diseases

 Malaria, Dengue, Chikungunya

 Climate change → mosquito spread increase

3. Air Pollution & Respiratory Diseases

 COPD, asthma
 Urban health risk

4. 💧 Water & Food-borne Diseases

 Diarrhea, cholera
 Floods & contamination

🔹 Key Strategies
 Surveillance systems strengthen karna
 Early warning systems
 Health professionals training
 Research & data collection

🔹 Institutions Involved
  National Centre for Disease Control
 Indian Council of Medical Research

🔹 Recent Updates (IMPORTANT)

 Integration with:
o National Health Mission
o Disaster management framework
 Focus on:
o One Health approach (human + animal + environment)
 Heat Action Plans expanded across states

🔹 Prelims Traps
❌ Only pollution-related → Wrong
✔ Covers all climate-health links

❌ Only advisory → Wrong

✔ Includes policy + capacity building + surveillance

🌍 INDC / NDC – Updated Prelims Notes

🔹 Full Form
 INDC = Intended Nationally Determined Contributions
 After ratification → NDC (Nationally Determined Contributions)

👉 India ne apna INDC 2015 me submit kiya tha

🔹 Legal / International Context

 Under: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
 Formalized under: Paris Agreement

👉 INDC → NDC after joining Paris Agreement

🔹 Key Features
 Country-specific climate targets
 Non-binding internationally, but politically binding
 Reviewed every 5 years (ratchet mechanism)

🇮🇳 India’s NDC Targets (UPDATED – 2022

Revision)
🔥 1. Emission Intensity Reduction
 Reduce emission intensity of GDP by 45% by 2030 (from 2005 levels)

⚡ 2. Non-Fossil Fuel Capacity

 Achieve ~50% cumulative electric power capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030

🌳 3. Carbon Sink Creation

 Create additional carbon sink of 2.5–3 billion tonnes CO₂ equivalent
 Through:
o Afforestation
o Tree cover

🔹 Net Zero Target (EXTRA IMPORTANT)

 India announced Net Zero by 2070
 Announced at: COP26 Glasgow Summit
🔹 Panchamrit Strategy (VERY
IMPORTANT)
Announced by Narendra Modi at COP26:

1. 500 GW non-fossil energy capacity by 2030

2. 50% energy from renewables
3. Reduce emissions by 1 billion tonnes
4. Reduce emission intensity by 45%
5. Net Zero by 2070

🔹 Important Concepts
🌱 Emission Intensity
👉 Emissions per unit of GDP

 Not absolute emissions

🔄 Ratchet Mechanism
 Countries must update targets every 5 years
 Each update → more ambitious

⚖️CBDR Principle
 Common But Differentiated Responsibilities
 Developed countries → more responsibility

🔥 Prelims Traps (VERY IMPORTANT)

❌ NDC is legally binding → Wrong
✔ Only self-determined commitments
❌ India targets absolute emission reduction → Wrong
✔ Focus on emission intensity

❌ NDC only mitigation → Wrong

✔ Includes adaptation + finance needs

🔹 Linkages with Indian Policies

 NAPCC (8 Missions)
 National Solar Mission
 Green India Mission
 National Bio-Energy Mission

🌍 Indian Network on Climate Change

Assessment (INCCA) – Updated Prelims
Notes
🔹 Overview
 Established: 2009
 Ministry: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
 Nature: Network-based scientific initiative

👉 Aim: India ka apna “scientific climate assessment system” develop karna

🔹 Background
 Need felt due to:
o Lack of India-specific climate data
o Over-dependence on global reports like Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change

👉 INCCA is often called “India’s own version of IPCC (informal)”

🔹 Composition (VERY IMPORTANT)
 ~120+ institutions
 ~250+ scientists across India
 Includes:
o IITs, IISc, Universities
o Government agencies
o Research institutions

👉 Multi-disciplinary network

🔹 Objectives
1. Assess drivers & impacts of climate change
2. Develop decision support systems
3. Build capacity for climate risk management
4. Provide scientific inputs for policy-making
5. Prepare periodic climate assessments (every 2 years)

👉 Focus on Measurement, Monitoring, Modelling (3Ms)

🔹 Key Focus Sectors (VERY IMPORTANT)

 🌾 Agriculture
 🌳 Forests
 💧 Water resources
 🏥 Human health

👉 Core climate-sensitive sectors

🔹 Key Regions Studied

 Himalayas
 Western Ghats
 Coastal regions
 North-East India
👉 Region-specific climate vulnerability analysis

🔹 Major Reports (IMPORTANT)

📊 1. GHG Inventory (2007)

 India’s greenhouse gas emissions data

📘 2. “Climate Change and India: 4×4 Assessment”

 Sectoral + regional impacts for 2030s

👉 Covers 4 sectors × 4 regions

🔹 Role in Policy
 Supports:
o NAPCC (8 Missions)
o India’s NDC commitments
 Provides:
o Scientific data
o Vulnerability assessment
o Adaptation strategies

👉 Helps in evidence-based policy making

🔹 Nature of Work
 Climate modelling
 Impact assessment
 Vulnerability analysis
 Adaptation strategies

👉 Covers both:

 Mitigation + Adaptation
🔥 Prelims Traps (VERY IMPORTANT)
❌ INCCA is a statutory body → Wrong
✔ It is a research network / initiative

❌ Works independently of government → Wrong

✔ Under MoEFCC

❌ Only mitigation → Wrong

❌ Same as IPCC → Wrong

✔ National-level, not global

🔹 Current Relevance (2025–26)

 Important for:
o Climate modelling in India
o Supporting updated NDC targets
 Increasing focus on:
o Regional climate vulnerability
o Sectoral adaptation strategies

🌍 National Communication (NC) – Updated

Prelims Notes
🔹 Overview
 National Communication (NC) = Report submitted by countries on climate change
 Submitted to: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

👉 India regularly submits its National Communications

🔹 Legal Basis
  Under UNFCCC (1992) obligations
 Mentioned in Article 12

👉 Applies to all Parties, but with different responsibilities

🔹 Objective
 Provide information on:
o Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
o Climate change impacts
o Mitigation & adaptation measures
o Financial & technological needs

🔹 Key Components (VERY IMPORTANT)

1. GHG Inventory
 Sector-wise emissions:
o Energy
o Agriculture
o Industry
o Waste

2. 🌍 Vulnerability & Adaptation Assessment

 Impact on:
o Agriculture
o Water
o Health
o Coastal regions

3. ⚡ Mitigation Actions
 Policies & programmes:
 o Renewable energy
o Energy efficiency

4. 💰 Finance & Technology Needs

 Requirement of:
o Climate finance
o Technology transfer

🔹 Types of National Communication

1. Developed Countries (Annex I)
 Submit regularly (every 4 years)
 Detailed reporting

2. Developing Countries (Non-Annex I like India)

 Submit periodically (not fixed interval)
 Less stringent

👉 India = Non-Annex I country

🔹 India’s National Communications

 1st NC: 2004
 2nd NC: 2012
 3rd NC (TCN): 2023 (Latest)

🔹 BUR (Biennial Update Report) –

IMPORTANT LINK
👉 Separate but related reporting system

 Submitted every 2 years

 Focus:
o GHG inventory updates
o Mitigation actions

👉 BUR complements National Communication

Difference: NC vs BUR (VERY

IMPORTANT)
Feature National Communication BUR

Detail Comprehensive Short & focused

Frequency Irregular Every 2 years

Scope All aspects Mainly emissions & mitigation

🔹 Importance
 Ensures transparency in climate action
 Helps track:
o NDC progress
 Builds:
o International trust

🔥 Prelims Traps (VERY IMPORTANT)

❌ Only for developed countries → Wrong
✔ All countries submit

❌ Same as NDC → Wrong

✔ NDC = target, NC = reporting
❌ Legally binding report → Partially Wrong
✔ Reporting obligation exists, but targets are self-determined

❌ BUR replaces NC → Wrong

✔ Both exist separately

🔹 Current Relevance (2025–26)

 India’s 3rd National Communication (2023)
 Linked with:
o Paris Agreement transparency framework
o Global Stocktake

🧠 Quick Revision Table

Feature Detail
Under UNFCCC
Article 12
India status Non-Annex I
Latest NC 3rd (2023)
Related report BUR

🧠 Memory Trick
👉 “NC = Nation’s Climate Report Card”

🏢 GRIHA – Updated Prelims Notes

🔹 Full Form
 GRIHA = Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment
🔹 Overview
 India ka national green building rating system
 Focus: energy-efficient + environment-friendly buildings

🔹 Developed By
 The Energy and Resources Institute

🔹 Endorsed By
 Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

👉 MNRE = Nodal ministry

🔹 Launched
 Around 2007 (formal national adoption)

🔹 Objective
 Promote:
o Sustainable buildings
o Energy efficiency
o Resource conservation

🔹 Key Features
🌱 1. Lifecycle Approach
 Covers:
o Design → Construction → Operation
⚡ 2. Resource Efficiency
 Energy use
 Water conservation
 Waste management

🌍 3. Environmental Impact Reduction

 Reduce:
o Carbon emissions
o Pollution

4. Climate Responsiveness
 Building design based on:
o Local climate
o Natural ventilation

🔹 Rating System (VERY IMPORTANT)

 Star-based rating:
⭐ 1 to 5 Star Rating

👉 Based on:

 Energy efficiency
 Water use
 Materials
 Indoor environment quality

🔹 Variants of GRIHA
1. SVAGRIHA
 For small buildings (<2500 sq m)
o
2. GRIHA for Large Developments
o Townships, campuses
3. GRIHA for Cities
o Urban sustainability

India’s Policy Structure Relevant to GHG Mitigation

1.

Integrated Energy Policy (2006)

 Purpose: Establishes a detailed policy, regulatory, and legislative framework specifically

for Greenhouse Gas (GHG) mitigation.
 Key Provisions:
o Promotes energy efficiency across all sectors.
o Focuses on mass transport and renewable energy (including biofuel plantations).
o Accelerates the development of hydropower and nuclear energy for clean power.
o Prioritizes R&D for clean energy technologies.

2.

Rural Electrification Policy (2006)

 Focus: Promotes renewable energy technologies in areas where grid connectivity is not
feasible or cost-effective.

3.

New and Renewable Energy Policy (2005)

 Focus: Promotes sustainable, renewable energy sources.

 Strategy: Accelerates deployment through indigenous design, manufacture, and
development.

4.

National Environment Policy (2006) & EIA Notification (2006)

 Impact: Reformed India’s environmental assessment regime.

 Requirement: Economic activities must prepare Environment Impact Assessments (EIA)
and Management Plans for appraisal by authorities before construction.
 Goal: EIA provisions are designed to strongly promote environmental sustainability.

5.
Energy Market Reforms (Electricity Act 2003, etc.)

 Legislation: Includes the Electricity Act 2003, Tariff Policy 2005, and Petroleum &
Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act 2006.
 Objectives:
o Remove entry barriers and increase competition in the energy life cycle
(extraction to distribution).
o Implement price reform via competition at the point of sale.
o Use tax reform to encourage optimal fuel choices.
o Diversify energy sources and infrastructure.
o Provide feed-in tariffs for renewables (solar, wind, biomass).
o Strengthen independent regulation.

Appliance Labelling & Building Codes

Labelling Programme for Appliances (2006)

 Function: Introduced comparative star-based labelling for ACs, refrigerators, fluorescent

tube-lights, and distribution transformers.
 Benefit: Enables informed consumer decisions by providing energy consumption data.
 Status: The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) made energy labels mandatory for
refrigerators and expects to do so for ACs.

Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) (2007)

 Scope: Addresses design for new, large commercial buildings to optimize energy demand
based on climatic zones.
 Impact: Can reduce energy consumption by 30-40% if all new commercial spaces
conform.
 Compliance: Currently voluntary but expected to become mandatory.

Green Buildings & GRIHA

Green Building Principles

 Definition: Addresses pollution issues in an integrated manner, depleting minimal

natural resources during construction and operation.
 Aims: Minimize non-renewable resource demand, maximize recycling/reuse, and utilize
renewable resources.
 Economics: Costs slightly more to construct but costs less to operate with significant
environmental benefits.
GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment)

 Origin: Conceived by TERI and developed with the Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy (MNRE).
 Objective: A voluntary scheme to help design and evaluate the "greenness" of buildings.
 Rating System:
o Consists of 34 criteria (8 mandatory, 4 partly mandatory, others optional).
o Categories: Site Selection, Resource Conservation, Building O&M, and
Innovation.
o Certification: 1 to 5 stars based on points (minimum 50 points required).

Other Sectoral Initiatives

 Energy Audits (2007): Mandatory audits for large industrial units in nine sectors; must
employ "certified energy managers."
 Mass Transport: Emphasis on public transport and non-motorized modes; expansion of
Metro Rail in major cities.
 Clean Air Initiatives: Includes introduction of CNG, retiring old vehicles, and
mandatory electrostatic precipitators for thermal power plants.
 Bachat Lamp Yojana: Households exchange incandescent lamps for CFLs using CDM
credits.
 Biofuels: Mandates for biodiesel procurement and 5% ethanol blending in gasoline (since
2003).
 Indian Solar Loan Programme (2003): UNEP-led credit facility in Southern India to
help rural households finance Solar Home Systems.
 NICRA (2010-11): National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture to enhance
resilience in crops, livestock, and fisheries.

🌾 National Initiative on Climate Resilient

Agriculture (NICRA) – Updated Prelims
Notes
🔹 Overview
 Full Form: National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA)
 Launched: 2011
 Implemented by: Indian Council of Agricultural Research

👉 Funded by: Government of India

🔹 Objective
 Agriculture ko climate change ke impacts se resilient banana
 Focus on:
o Drought
o Flood
o Heat stress
o Extreme weather events

🔹 Key Components (VERY IMPORTANT)

1. 🧪 Strategic Research
 Develop:
o Climate-resilient crop varieties
o Livestock & fisheries adaptation
 Focus on:
o Genetics + biotechnology

2. 🌾 Technology Demonstration
 Field-level demonstration in villages
 Location-specific solutions

👉 Known as Climate Resilient Villages

3. 🌍 Capacity Building
 Training of:
o Farmers
o Scientists
 Awareness on climate adaptation
4. ⚡ Sponsored / Competitive Research
 Research grants to institutions
 Focus on innovative climate solutions

🔹 Key Features
Climate Smart Agriculture
 Adaptation + mitigation together

Focus on Rainfed Areas

 Most vulnerable regions
 Water stress management

🔬 Multi-disciplinary Approach
 Crops + livestock + fisheries + natural resources

🔹 Technologies Promoted
 Drought-resistant crop varieties
 Flood-tolerant rice
 Efficient irrigation (drip, sprinkler)
 Weather-based agro-advisories

🔹 Institutional Role
 Nodal agency: ICAR India
 Works with:
 o Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs)
o State Agricultural Universities

🔹 Relation with Other Schemes (VERY

IMPORTANT)
Scheme Focus
NICRA Research + adaptation
NMSA Policy + implementation
PMKSY Irrigation
PMFBY Insurance

🔹 Recent Updates (2025–26 Relevance)

 Expansion of climate-resilient villages
 Integration with:
o Digital agriculture
o Weather forecasting systems
 Focus on:
o Extreme climate events
o Sustainable farming

🔥 Prelims Traps (VERY IMPORTANT)

❌ NICRA is a scheme under Ministry of Agriculture → Wrong (Directly)
✔ Implemented by ICAR (autonomous body)

BSE GREENEX
The S&P BSE GREENEX is India's first carbon-efficient live index, launched in
2012 by the Bombay Stock Exchange in collaboration with IIM Ahmedabad
and gTrade. It tracks 25 high-performing, energy-efficient companies based
on Greenhouse Gas emissions, waste reduction, and renewable energy
usage, focusing on sustainability. [1, 2]
 Key Details About BSE GREENEX:

 Objective: To promote sustainable, energy-efficient business practices and

encourage impact investing in India.
 Methodology: It utilizes a modified market-cap-weighted methodology to
measure the "carbon performance" of companies, with constituent weights
capped at 6% at each rebalancing.
 Composition: Comprises 25 top-ranking companies from various sectors,
including power, steel, and cement, chosen for their low carbon footprint.
 Performance: The index has shown consistent returns, often displaying
high CAGR (50.1% 1Yr, 24.8% 5Yr) and strong post-COVID performance,
indicating that green initiatives align with positive financial returns

🐾 National Wildlife Action Plan (NWAP) –

Updated Prelims Notes
🔹 Overview
 India ka blueprint for wildlife conservation
 Prepared by: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

🔹 Phases (VERY IMPORTANT)

1. First NWAP (1983–2001)

 Focus: Protected Areas (National Parks, Sanctuaries)

2. Second NWAP (2002–2016)

 Shift towards:
o Landscape approach
o Community participation
3. Third NWAP (2017–2031) (CURRENT)

 Aligned with:
o Convention on Biological Diversity targets

🔹 Key Features of NWAP (2017–31)

🌿 1. Landscape Approach

 Conservation beyond protected areas

 Includes corridors

🐅 2. Species Conservation

 Focus on:
o Endangered species
 Recovery programmes

🌍 3. Climate Change Integration

 Wildlife conservation + climate adaptation

👥 4. Community Participation

 Involvement of:
o Local communities
o Tribals

5. Technology Use

 GIS, remote sensing

 Wildlife monitoring
🌊 6. Coastal & Marine Biodiversity

 Protection of:
o Coral reefs
o Mangroves

🔹 Important Focus Areas

 Human-wildlife conflict mitigation
 Wildlife crime control
 Eco-tourism regulation

🔥 Prelims Traps
❌ Only protected areas → Wrong
✔ Landscape + corridors

❌ Static plan → Wrong

✔ Updated periodically

🌳 National Afforestation and Eco-

Development Board (NAEB)
🔹 Overview
 Established under: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
 Established: 1992

👉 Focus: Afforestation + eco-restoration

🔹 Objective
 Increase:
o Forest cover
 o Tree cover
 Promote:
o Eco-development in forest fringe areas

🔹 Key Functions
🌱 1. Afforestation

 Degraded forest land restoration

🌿 2. Eco-Development

 Sustainable livelihood for:

o Forest-dependent communities

👥 3. Community Participation

 Joint Forest Management (JFM)

🌍 4. Environmental Stability

 Soil conservation
 Water conservation

🔹 Major Programmes under NAEB

🌳 National Afforestation Programme (NAP)

 Largest afforestation programme

 Implemented through:
o Forest Development Agencies (FDAs)
🔹 Institutional Structure
 Works through:
o State Forest Departments
o Local committees

🔹 Recent Relevance (2025–26)

 Supports:
o Green India Mission
o India’s carbon sink target (NDC)

🌳 CAMPA – Updated Prelims Notes

🔹 Full Form
 CAMPA = Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority

🔹 Background
 Origin from T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad v. Union of India case
 Supreme Court ne forest diversion ke badle compensatory afforestation fund create
karne ko kaha

🔹 Legal Status
 CAMPA Act, 2016
 Rules notified: 2018

🔹 Ministry
 Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
🔹 Objective
 Forest diversion (for mining, infra etc.) ke badle:
o Compensatory afforestation karna
o Forest ecosystem restore karna

🔹 Key Concept
👉 Compensatory Afforestation

 Jab forest land divert hota hai → user agency ko:

o Equivalent land par plantation karna
o Ya double degraded land par plantation

🔹 Fund Structure (VERY IMPORTANT)

1. National CAMPA

 Central level fund

2. State CAMPA

 State-level implementation

👉 Fund = Compensatory Afforestation Fund (CAF)

🔹 Utilization of Funds
 Afforestation & reforestation
 Wildlife protection
 Forest fire control
 Soil & moisture conservation

🔹 Key Features
  User agencies (like mining companies) pay money
 Fund kept in public account
 Not part of Consolidated Fund

🔹 Recent Updates (IMPORTANT)

 Focus on:
o Quality plantations
o Forest fire management
 Integration with:
o Green India Mission

🔥 Prelims Traps
❌ CAMPA = only plantation → Wrong
✔ Includes wildlife + forest management

❌ Fund in Consolidated Fund → Wrong

✔ In Public Account of India

❌ Only central body → Wrong

✔ Both national + state

🌾 National Commission on Agriculture

(NCA) – Updated Prelims Notes
🔹 Overview
 Set up: 1971
 By Government of India
🔹 Chairman
 M. S. Swaminathan

🔹 Objective
 Agriculture sector ka comprehensive review
 Suggest reforms for:
o Productivity
o Rural development

🔹 Key Recommendations (VERY IMPORTANT)

🌾 1. Green Revolution Expansion

 High-yielding varieties (HYV seeds)

 Fertilizer + irrigation use

🌳 2. Social Forestry

👉 Major contribution

 Tree plantation on:

o Community land
o Roadsides
 Reduce pressure on forests

🌱 3. Land Reforms

 Better land use planning

 Consolidation of holdings

💧 4. Irrigation Development
  Expansion of irrigation facilities

🐄 5. Livestock & Dairy Development

 Integrated farming approach

🔹 Importance
 Basis for:
o Modern agricultural policy
o Forestry programmes (social forestry concept)

CEPI – Updated Prelims Notes

🔹 Full Form
 CEPI = Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index

🔹 Developed By
 Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)

👉 Under: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

🔹 Launch / Introduction
 Introduced: 2009
 Revised methodology: 2016

🔹 Objective
 Industrial areas ka overall pollution level measure karna
  Identify:
o Critically polluted areas (CPAs)
o Severely polluted areas (SPAs)

🔹 Key Concept
👉 CEPI = Composite index based on:

 Air pollution
 Water pollution
 Land (soil) pollution

🔹 Components (VERY IMPORTANT)

1. Air Pollution Index
2. 💧 Water Pollution Index
3. 🌍 Land Pollution Index

👉 Final CEPI score = combined impact

🔹 Scoring System (VERY IMPORTANT)

CEPI Score Category
≥ 70 Critically Polluted Area (CPA)
60–69 Severely Polluted Area (SPA)
< 60 Moderate / Less polluted

🔹 Basis of Calculation
 Pollutant concentration
 Health impacts
 Ecosystem damage
 Compliance status

👉 Includes risk assessment approach

🔹 Use / Importance
 Helps government:
o Identify polluted industrial clusters
o Take regulatory action
 Basis for:
o Industrial restrictions
o Environmental clearance decisions

🔹 Recent Updates (IMPORTANT)

 CEPI 2016 methodology:
o More scientific & transparent
 Used for:
o Monitoring industrial pollution hotspots
 Linked with:
o National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)

🔹 Key Facts
 Covers industrial clusters across India
 Used for environmental governance

🔥 Prelims Traps (VERY IMPORTANT)

❌ Only air pollution → Wrong
✔ Air + water + land

❌ Only urban cities → Wrong

✔ Industrial clusters
❌ WHO index → Wrong
✔ Developed by CPCB (India)

❌ Based only on emissions → Wrong

✔ Includes impact + risk assessment

1. National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF) –

Updated Prelims Notes
🔹 Overview
 Established: 2010–11 (Union Budget)
 Ministry: Initially Finance → later Ministry of Finance / MNRE linkage

🔹 Objective
 Fund clean energy projects & innovation
 Promote:
o Renewable energy
o Energy efficiency

🔹 Source of Fund (VERY IMPORTANT)

👉 Clean Energy Cess (Coal Cess)

 Levied on:
o Coal
o Lignite
o Peat

🔹 Key Features
 Supports:
o R&D in clean energy
 o Pilot projects
 Focus on:
o Technology development

🔹 Major Change (VERY IMPORTANT)

 2017: Clean Energy Cess replaced by GST Compensation Cess

👉 Result:

 NCEF ka role reduce ho gaya

 Funds diverted for GST compensation

🔹 Prelims Traps
❌ Still fully active → Partially Wrong
✔ Role significantly reduced after GST

❌ Funded by general taxes → Wrong

✔ Coal cess specific

🚗 2. National Mission for Electric Mobility

(NMEM) – Updated Prelims Notes
🔹 Overview
 Launched: 2011
 Ministry: Ministry of Heavy Industries

🔹 Objective
  Promote:
o Electric Vehicles (EVs)
o Reduce oil import dependence
o Lower emissions

🔹 Key Initiative
👉 NEMMP 2020 (National Electric Mobility Mission Plan)

 Target:
o Large-scale EV adoption

🔹 Implementation Scheme
⚡ FAME India Scheme

 FAME I (2015)
 FAME II (2019–ongoing)

👉 Incentives for:

 EV purchase
 Charging infrastructure

🔹 Key Features
 Demand incentives
 Charging stations development
 Public transport electrification

🔹 Recent Updates (2025–26)

 Push for:
o Electric buses
o EV ecosystem
 Focus on:
 o Battery manufacturing (PLI schemes)

🔹 Prelims Traps
❌ Only transport ministry → Wrong
✔ Ministry of Heavy Industries

❌ Only private vehicles → Wrong

✔ Includes public transport

🌿 3. National Environment Awareness

Programme (NEAP)
🔹 Overview
 Launched: 1986
 Ministry: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

🔹 Objective
 Promote:
o Environmental awareness
o Public participation

🔹 Key Features
 Awareness campaigns:
o Schools
o NGOs
o Local communities
🔹 Activities
 Seminars
 Workshops
 Training programmes
 Environmental campaigns

🔹 Theme-Based Approach
 Every year:
o Specific environmental theme

🔹 Importance
 Builds:
o Environmental consciousness
 Supports:
o Sustainable development

🔹 Recent Status (IMPORTANT)

 Largely subsumed / merged into other awareness programmes
 Still relevant conceptually for:
o Environmental education

🔹 Prelims Traps
❌ Regulatory programme → Wrong
✔ Awareness programme

❌ Only schools → Wrong

✔ NGOs + public also