Question 1
a. Explanation of Key Terms (Using a Café Example)
To explain these terms simply, consider a local café trying to understand what customers prefer:
Statistics is the process of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data. For example,
the café collects information about what drinks customers buy most often (Illowsky et al., 2023).
Population refers to the entire group being studied. In this case, it includes all customers who
visit the café.
Sample is a smaller group selected from the population. For example, the café may survey 50
customers instead of everyone.
Probability is the likelihood that a certain event will occur. For instance, the café may calculate
the probability that a randomly selected customer prefers coffee over tea (Illowsky et al., 2023).
In summary, the café uses a sample to study the population, applies statistics to analyze the data,
and uses probability to make predictions about customer preferences.
b. Simple Random Sampling vs Stratified Sampling
Simple Random Sampling: Every individual in the population has an equal chance of being
selected.
Example: The café randomly selects 50 customers from all visitors.
Stratified Sampling: The population is divided into groups (strata), and samples are taken from
each group.
Example: The café divides customers into groups (students, workers, tourists) and selects some
from each group.
Difference:
Simple random sampling may miss important subgroups, while stratified sampling ensures better
representation of all categories (Illowsky et al., 2023).
Question 2
a. Dot Plot (Text Representation)
Title: Distribution of Family Members per Household
X-axis: Number of Members
Y-axis: Number of Families
b. Families with More Than 4 Members
Families with more than 4 members = families with 5, 6, and 7 members
5 members → 6 families
6 members → 3 families
7 members → 2 families
Total = 6 + 3 + 2 = 11 families
Question 3
a. Students Who Studied Between 10 and 15 Hours
Cumulative frequency:
Up to 10 hours = 18
Up to 15 hours = 30
Number between 10 and 15 hours: 30 − 18 = 12 students
b. Students Who Studied Less Than 20 Hours
Cumulative frequency for 0–20 hours = 45 students
References
Illowsky, B., Dean, S., Birmajer, D., Blount, B., Boyd, S., Einsohn, M., Helmreich, J., Kenyon,
L., Lee, S., & Taub, J. (2023). Introductory statistics 2e. OpenStax.
[Link]
Brief Tutorial Statistics. (2015, November 3). Statistics - terms and definitions: Population,
sample, attributes, data values [Video]. YouTube.
FuseSchool - Global Education. (2017, December 6). Frequency tables | statistics | maths
[Video]. YouTube.
Whats Up Dude. (2019, December 24). What is statistics math - importance of introduction to
elementary statistics [Video]. YouTube.