Stress (normal - sheer)

Deflection
Thermal deflection
Angle oftwist
Torsion

Stress Analysis

Prepared by

Dr. Mohamed Shiba

2
3
 CHAPTER 1
CONCEPT OF STRESS
1.1Introduction
The main objective of the study of mechanics of materials is to provide the future engineer with
the means of analyzing and designing various machines and load bearing structures.

Both the analysis and design of a given structure involve the determination of stresses and
deformations. This chapter is devoted to the concept of stress.

1.2 Stress

Stress is the internal resistance offered by the body to the external load applied to it per unit
cross sectional area. Stresses are normal to the plane to which they act and are tensile or
compressive in nature.

As we know that in mechanics of deformable solids, externally applied forces acts on a body
and body suffers a deformation. From equilibrium point of view, this action should be opposed
or reacted by internal forces which are set up within the particles of material due to cohesion.
These internal forces give rise to a concept of stress. Consider a rectangular rod subjected to
axial pull P. Let us imagine that the same rectangular bar is assumed to be cut into two halves
at section XX. The each portion of this rectangular bar is in equilibrium under the action of load
P and the internal forces acting at the section XX has been shown.
Now stress is defined as the force intensity or force per unit area. Here we use a symbol
σ to represent the stress.

P
σ=
A

Where A is the area of the X –X section

4
Here we are using an assumption that the total force or total load carried by the rectangular bar
is uniformly distributed over its cross – section. But the stress distributions may be for from
uniform, with local regions of high stress known as stress concentrations. If the force carried
by a component is not uniformly distributed over its cross – sectional area, A, we must consider
a small area, ‘δA’ which carries a small load ‘δP’, of the total force ‘P', Then definition of stress
is

As a particular stress generally holds true only at a point, therefore it is defined

mathematically as

1.3 Units:

The basic units of stress in S.I units i.e. (International system) are N / m2 (or Pa)

MPa = 106 Pa

GPa = 109 Pa

KPa = 103 Pa

Sometimes N / mm2 units are also used, because this is an equivalent to MPa. While US
customary unit is pound per square inch psi.

1.4 Types of Stresses:-

Only two basic stresses exists: (1) normal stress and (2) shear stress. Other stresses either are
similar to these basic stresses or are a combination of this e.g. bending stress is a combination
tensile, compressive and shear stresses. Torsional stress, as encountered in twisting of a shaft
is a shearing stress. Let us define the normal stresses and shear stresses in the following
sections.
1.4.1 Normal stresses: We have defined stress as force per unit area. If the stresses are normal
to the areas concerned, then these are termed as normal stresses. The normal stresses are
generally denoted by a Greek letter (σ)

5
This is also known as uniaxial state of stress, because the stresses acts only in one direction
however, such a state rarely exists, therefore we have biaxial and triaxial state of stresses where
either the two mutually perpendicular normal stresses acts or three mutually perpendicular
normal stresses acts as shown in the figures below :

1.4.2 Tensile or compressive Stresses:

The normal stresses can be either tensile or compressive whether the stresses acts out of the
area or into the area

6
Example 1.1

Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded as shown. Knowing
that the average normal stress must not exceed 175 MPa in rod AB and 150 MPa in rod BC,
determine the smallest allowable values of d1 and d2.

1.4.3 Bearing Stress: When one object presses against another, it is referred to a bearing
stress (They are in fact the compressive stresses).

7
• Sign convections for Normal stress
Direct stresses or normal stresses
- Tensile +ve
- Compressive –ve

1.4.4 Shear Stresses:

Let us consider now the situation, where the cross – sectional area of a block of material is
subject to a distribution of forces which are parallel, rather than normal, to the area concerned.
Such forces are associated with a shearing of the material, and are referred to as shear forces.
The resulting stress is known as shear stress.

The resulting force intensities are known as shear stresses, the mean shear stress being equal to

Where P is the total force and A the area over which it acts. As we know that the particular

stress generally holds good only at a point therefore we can define shear stress at a point as

The Greek symbol τ (tau, suggesting tangential) is used to denote shear stress.

• Complementary shear stresses:

The existence of shear stresses on any two sides of the element induces complementary shear
stresses on the other two sides of the element to maintain equilibrium. As shown in the figure
the shear stress τ in sides AB and CD induces a
Complimentary shear stress τ' in
sides AD and BC.

8
 • Sign convections for shear stresses:

- Tending to turn the element C.W +ve.

- Tending to turn the element C.C.W – ve.

Example 1.2

Given: Consider the double shear bolted connection at right. The upper and lower plates
have thickness of a = 10 mm. The middle plate has thickness b = 15 mm. The bolt has
diameter d = 10 mm. The system is subjected to a load of P = 5.0 kN as shown at right.

Required:
(a) The Maximum Average Bearing Stress in the bolt.
(b) The Average Shear Stress in the bolt.

Solution: In order to determine the Average Bearing Stress

in the bolt, treat the bolt as a Free-Body Diagram. From the FBD,
the Average Bearing Stresses on the top and bottom surfaces of the bolt are:

9
1.5 Application to the Analysis and Design of Simple Structures
• Analysis and Design example

• Structure Free-Body Diagram

10
• Stress Analysis

11
• Stress Analysis

12
• Rod & Boom Normal Stresses

• Pin Shearing Stresses

13
 • Pin Bearing Stresses

1.6 Factor of Safety

14
Example 1.3

The 150-kg bucket is suspended from end E of the frame.

Determine the average normal stress in the 6-mm, diameter
wire CF and the 15-mm diameter short strut BD.

Solution
The normal force developed in rod BD and cable CF can be
determined by writing the moment equations of equilibrium
about C and A with reference to the free-body diagram of
member CE and the entire frame shown in Figs. a and b, respectively.

15
Example 1.4
Determine the maximum vertical force P that can be
applied to the bell crank so that the average normal
stress developed in the 10-mm diameter rod CD, and the
average shear stress developed in the 6-mm diameter double
sheared pin B not exceed 175 MPa and 75 MPa, respectively.

Solution
Referring to the free-body diagram of the bell crank shown in Fig. a,

16
 SHEET 1
1.1 Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded as shown.
Knowing that the average normal stress must not exceed 175 MPa in rod AB and 150 MPa in
rod BC, determine the smallest allowable values of d1 and d2.

1.2 Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded as shown.
Knowing that d1 = 50 mm and d2 = 30 mm, find the average normal stress at the
midsection of (a) rod AB, (b) rod BC.

1.3 Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded as shown. Determine
the magnitude of the force P for which the tensile stress in rod AB has the same magnitude as the
compressive stress in rod BC.

1.4 In Prob. 1.3, knowing that P = 160 MPa, determine the average normal stress at the midsection of
(a) rod AB, (b) rod BC.

1.5 Two steel plates are to be held together by means of 16-mm-diameter high-strength steel bolts
fitting snugly inside cylindrical brass spacers. Knowing that the average normal stress must not
exceed 200 MPa in the bolts and 130 MPa in the spacers, determine the outer diameter of the
spacers that yields the most economical and safe design.

17
1.6 Two brass rods AB and BC, each of uniform diameter, will be brazed together at B to form a non-
uniform rod of total length 100 m which will be suspended from a support at A as shown. Knowing
that the density of brass is 8470 kg/m3, determine (a) the length of rod AB for which the maximum
normal stress in ABC is minimum, (b) the corresponding value of the maximum normal stress.

1.7 Each of the four vertical links has an 8 x 36-mm uniform rectangular cross section and each of the
four pins has a 16-mm diameter. Determine the maximum value of the average normal stress in
the links connecting (a) points B and D, (b) points C and E.

1.8 A couple M of magnitude 1500 N. m is applied to the crank of an engine. For the position shown,
determine (a) the force P required to hold the engine system in equilibrium, (b) the average normal
stress in the connecting rod BC, which has a 450-mm2 uniform cross section.

1.9 When the force P reached 8 kN, the wooden specimen shown failed in shear along the surface
indicated by the dashed line. Determine the average shearing stress along that surface at the time
of failure .

18
1.10 The wooden members A and B are to be joined by plywood splice plates that will be fully
glued on the surfaces in contact. As part of the design of the joint, and knowing that the clearance
between the ends of the members is to be 6 mm. determine the smallest allowable length L if the
average shearing stress in the glue is not to exceed 700 kPa.

1.11 A load P is applied to a steel rod supported as shown by an aluminum plate into which a 12
mm.-diameter hole has been drilled. Knowing that the shearing stress must not exceed 180 MPa
in the steel rod and 700 kPa in the aluminum plate, determine the largest load P that can be applied
to the rod.

1.12 Two wooden planks, each 22 mm thick and 160 mm wide, are joined by the glued mortise
joint shown. Knowing that the joint will fail when the average shearing stress in the glue reaches
820 kPa, determine the smallest allowable length d of the cuts if the joint is to withstand an axial
load of magnitude P = 7.6 kN.

1.13 A 40-kN axial load is applied to a short wooden post that is supported by a concrete footing
resting on undisturbed soil. Determine (a) the maximum bearing stress on the concrete footing,
(b) the size of the footing for which the average bearing stress in the soil is 145 kPa

19
20
Subject: Stress Analysis Term: / /
Examiner: Dr. M. SHIBA Time:15 min.
(Quiz 1)
___________________________________________________________________________
Name: ID: B.N.:

21
22
 CHAPTER 2
STRESS AND STRAIN
AXIAL LOADING
2.1 Introduction
Suitability of a structure or machine may depend on the deformations in the structure as well as the
stresses induced under loading. Statics analyses alone are not sufficient.
• Considering structures as deformable allows determination of member forces and reactions which
are statically indeterminate.
• Determination of the stress distribution within a member also requires consideration of
deformations in the member.
• Chapter 2 is concerned with deformation of a structural member under axial loading. Later
chapters will deal with torsional and pure bending loads.
2.2. Normal Strain

2.3 Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials

23
2.4 Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials

2.5 Deformations Under Axial Loading

24
Example 2.1
Determine the deformation of the steel rod shown under the given loads.

SOLUTION:
• Divide the rod into components at the load
application points.
• Apply a free-body analysis on each
component to determine the internal force
• Evaluate the total of the component deflections.

25
Example 2.2

26
2.6 Thermal Stresses

2.7 Shearing Strain

27
Example 2.3
A rectangular block of material with modulus of rigidity G = 90 ksi is bonded to two rigid horizontal
plates. The lower plate is fixed, while the upper plate is subjected to a horizontal force P. Knowing
that the upper plate moves through 0.04 in. under the action of the force, determine a) the average
shearing strain in the material, and b) the force P exerted on the plate.

SOLUTION:

• Determine the average angular deformation or shearing

strain of the block.

• Use the definition of shearing stress to find the force P.

• Apply Hooke’s law for shearing stress and strain to find the corresponding shearing stress

28
 Example 2.4
The assembly consists of a steel rod CB and an aluminum rod BA, each having a diameter of 12
mm. If the rod is subjected to the axial loadings at A and at the coupling B, determine the
displacement of the coupling B and the end A. The unstretched length of each segment is shown in
the figure. Neglect the size of the connections at B and C, and assume that they are rigid. Est = 200
GPa, Eal = 70 GPa.

Solution

Example 2.5
If P1 = 50 kip and P2 = 150 kip determine the vertical
displacement of end A of the high strength precast concrete
column.

Solution
The normal forces developed in segments AB and BC
are shown on the free-body diagrams of these segments
in Figs. a and b, respectively.

The negative sign indicates that end A is moving towards C.

29
Example 2.6
The assembly has the diameters and material
Makeup indicated. If it fits securely between
its fixed supports when the temperature is T1 = 70°F
determine the average normal stress in each
material when the temperature reaches T2 = 110°F.

30
SHEET 2

31
32
33
34
Subject: Stress Analysis Term: / /
Examiner: Dr. M. SHIBA Time:15 min.
(Quiz 2)
___________________________________________________________________________
Name: ID: B.N.:

35
36
 CHAPTER 3
TORSION
3.1 Torsional Loads on Circular Shafts
• Interested in stresses and strains of circular shafts

subjected to twisting couples or torques

• Generator creates an equal and opposite torque T’

• Shaft transmits the torque to the generator

• Turbine exerts torque T on the shaft

3.2 Net Torque Due to Internal Stresses

3.3 Axial Shear Components

• Torque applied to shaft produces shearing stresses on the faces perpendicular

to the axis.

• The existence of the axial shear components is demonstrated by

considering a shaft made up of axial slats.

• The slats slide with respect to each other when equal and opposite

torques are applied to the ends of the shaft.

• Conditions of equilibrium require the existence of equal stresses on

the faces of the two planes containing the axis of the shaft

37
3.4 Shaft Deformations

3.5 Shearing Strain

38
3.6 Stresses in Elastic Range

Example 3.1
Shaft BC is hollow with inner and outer diameters of 90 mm and 120 mm, respectively. Shafts
AB and CD are solid of diameter d. For the loading shown, determine (a) the minimum and
maximum shearing stress in shaft BC, (b) the required diameter d of shafts AB and CD if the
allowable shearing stress in these shafts is 65 MPa.
SOLUTION:
• Cut sections through shafts AB and BC and perform

static equilibrium analysis to find torque loadings

• Given allowable shearing stress and applied torque,

invert the elastic torsion formula to find the

required diameter

• Apply elastic torsion formulas to find minimum

and maximum stress on shaft BC

• Cut sections through shafts AB and BC and perform static

equilibrium analysis to find torque loadings

39
3.7 Angle of Twist in Elastic Range

40
Example 3.2

41
Example 3.3

42
Example 3.4

The solid shaft has a diameter of 40 mm.

Determine the absolute maximum shear stress in the shaft
and sketch the shear-stress distribution along a radial line of
the shaft where the shear stress is maximum.

Solution

43
Example 3.5
The shaft is made of A992 steel with the allowable
shear stress of τallow = 75 MPa If gear B supplies 15 kW of
power, while gears A, C, and D withdraw 6 kW, 4 kW, and
5 kW, respectively, determine the required minimum
diameter d of the shaft to the nearest millimeter. Also, find
the corresponding angle of twist of gear A relative to gear D.
The shaft is rotating at 600 rpm.

Solution

44
Example 3.6
The two shafts are made of A992 steel. Each has
a diameter of 1 in., and they are supported by bearings at
A, B, and C, which allow free rotation. If the support at D is
fixed, determine the angle of twist of end A when the
torques are applied to the assembly as shown.

Solution

45
Example 3.7
If the shaft is made of red brass C83400 copper with
an allowable shear stress of τallow = 20 MPa, determine the
maximum allowable torques T1 and T2 that can be applied
at A and B. Also, find the corresponding angle of twist of
end A. Set L = 0.75 m.

Solution

46
SHEET 3

47
48
Subject: Stress Analysis Term: / /
Examiner: Dr. M. SHIBA Time:15 min.
(Quiz 3)
___________________________________________________________________________
Name: ID: B.N.:

49
50
 CHAPTER 4
PURE BENDING
4.1 Pure Bending:
Prismatic members subjected to equal and opposite couples acting in the same longitudinal
plane

4.2 Other Loading Types

• Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which

does not pass through section centroid

produces internal forces equivalent to an

axial force and a couple

• Transverse Loading: Concentrated or

distributed transverse load produces

internal forces equivalent to a shear

force and a couple

• Principle of Superposition: The normal

stress due to pure bending may be combined

with the normal stress due to axial loading

and shear stress due to shear loading to find

the complete state of stress.

51
4.3 Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
• Internal forces in any cross section are equivalent

to a couple. The moment of the couple is the

section bending moment.

• From statics, a couple M consists of two equal

and opposite forces.

• The sum of the components of the forces in any

direction is zero.

• The moment is the same about any axis perpendicular

to the plane of the couple and zero about

any axis contained in the plane.

• These requirements may be applied to the sums

of the components and moments of the statically

indeterminate elementary internal forces.

4.4 Bending Deformations

Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure bending:

• member remains symmetric

• bends uniformly to form a circular arc

• cross-sectional plane passes through arc center

and remains planar

• length of top decreases and length of bottom increases

• a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the upper

and lower surfaces and for which the length does not
change

• stresses and strains are negative (compressive)

above the neutral plane and positive (tension) below it

52
4.5 Strain Due to Bending
Consider a beam segment of length L.

After deformation, the length of the neutral

surface remains L. At other sections,

• For a linearly elastic material,

• For static equilibrium,

First moment with respect to neutral plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral surface must pass through the

section centroid.

53
4.6 Beam Section Properties
• The maximum normal stress due to bending,

A beam section with a larger section modulus

will have a lower maximum stress

• Consider a rectangular beam cross section,

Between two beams with the same cross

sectional area, the beam with the greater depth

will be more effective in resisting bending.

• Structural steel beams are designed to have a

large section modulus.

4.7 Properties of American Standard Shapes

54
4.8 Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section
• Deformation due to bending moment M is

quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface

• Although cross sectional planes remain planar

when subjected to bending moments, in-plane

deformations are nonzero,

• Expansion above the neutral surface and

contraction below it cause an in-plane curvature,

Example 4.1
A cast-iron machine part is acted upon by a 3 kN-m

couple. Knowing E = 165 GPa and neglecting the

effects of fillets, determine (a) the maximum tensile

and compressive stresses, (b) the radius of curvature.

SOLUTION:

• Based on the cross section geometry, calculate the location

of the section centroid and moment of inertia.

• Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the maximum tensile and compressive stresses.

55
• Calculate the curvature

Based on the cross section geometry, calculate

the location of the section centroid and

moment of inertia.

• Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the

maximum tensile and compressive stresses.

• Calculate the curvature

56
4.9 Bending of Members Made of Several Materials
• Consider a composite beam formed from

two materials with E1 and E2.

• Normal strain varies linearly.

• Piecewise linear normal stress variation.

Neutral axis does not pass through

section centroid of composite section.

• Elemental forces on the section are

• Define a transformed section such that

Example 4.2
Bar is made from bonded pieces of

steel (Es = 29x106 psi) and brass (Eb = 15x106 psi).

Determine the maximum stress in the steel and brass

when a moment of 40 [Link] is applied.

SOLUTION:

• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section made

entirely of brass

• Evaluate the cross sectional properties of the transformed section

• Calculate the maximum stress in the

transformed section. This is the correct maximum stress for the brass pieces of the bar.

• Determine the maximum stress in the steel portion of the bar by multiplying the maximum
stress for the transformed section by the ratio of the moduli of elasticity.

57
• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section

made entirely of brass.

• Evaluate the transformed cross sectional properties

• Calculate the maximum stresses

4.10 Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry

• Eccentric loading

• Stress due to eccentric loading found by superposing

the uniform stress due to a centric load and linear stress

distribution due a pure bending moment

• Validity requires stresses below proportional

limit, deformations have negligible effect on

geometry, and stresses not evaluated near points

of load applications.

58
Example 4.3
An open-link chain is obtained by bending low-carbon

steel rods into the shape shown. For 160 lb load, determine

(a) maximum tensile and compressive stresses,

(b) distance between section centroid and neutral axis

SOLUTION:

• Find the equivalent centric load and bending moment

• Superpose the uniform stress due to the centric load

and the linear stress due to the bending moment.

• Evaluate the maximum tensile and compressive stresses

at the inner and outer edges, respectively, of the

superposed stress distribution.

• Find the neutral axis by determining the location where

the normal stress is zero.

• Equivalent centric load and bending moment

• Normal stress due to a centric load

• Normal stress due to bending moment

59
Example 4.4
The largest allowable stresses for the cast

iron link are 30 MPa in tension and 120

MPa in compression. Determine the largest

force P which can be applied to the link.

SOLUTION:

• Determine an equivalent centric load and

bending moment.

• Superpose the stress due to a centric

load and the stress due to bending

• Evaluate the critical loads for the allowable

, tensile and compressive stresses.

• The largest allowable load is the smallest

of the two critical loads.

From example 5.1

60
 • Determine an equivalent centric and bending loads.

• Superpose stresses due to centric and bending loads

• Evaluate critical loads for allowable stresses.

• The largest allowable load

Example 4.5
The aluminum machine part is subjected to a moment
Of M = 75 kN . m . Determine the maximum tensile and
compressive bending stresses in the part.

Solution

61
Example 4.6
The beam is subjected to a moment of 15 [Link].
Determine the resultant force the bending stress produces
on the top flange A and bottom flange B. Also compute the
maximum bending stress developed in the beam.

Solution

62
SHEET 4

63
64
65
66
Subject: Stress Analysis Term: / /
Examiner: Dr. M. SHIBA Time:15 min.
(Quiz 4)
___________________________________________________________________________
Name: ID: B.N.:

67
68
 CHAPTER 5
SHEAR AND MOMENT IN BEAMS
5.1 Introduction
• The term beam refers to a slender bar that carries transverse loading; that is, the applied
force are perpendicular to the bar.

• In a beam, the internal force system consist of a normal force, shear force and a bending
moment acting on the cross section of the bar. The normal force, shear force and the
bending moment usually vary continuously along the length of the beam.

• The internal forces give rise to two kinds of stresses on a transverse section of a beam: (1)
normal stress that is caused by normal force and bending moment and (2) shear stress due
to the shear force.

• Knowing the distribution of the shear force and the bending moment in a beam is essential
for the computation of stresses and deformations. Which will be investigated in subsequent
chapters.

5.2 Reactions
Structural components are usually held in equilibrium by being secured to rigid fixing points;
these are often other parts of the same structure. The fixing points or supports will react against
the tendency of the applied forces (loads) to cause the member to move. The forces generated
in the supports are called reactions.

In general, a structural member has to be held or supported at a minimum of two points (an
exception to this is the cantilever). Anyone who has tried ‘balancing’ a long pole or a similar
object will realize that, although only one support is theoretically necessary, two are needed to
give satisfactory stability.

69
 5.3 Supports and Loads
Beams are classified according to their supports. A simply supported beam, shown in Fig. 4.1 (a).
The pin support prevents displacement of the end of the beams, but not its rotation. The term roller
support refers to a pin connection that is free to move parallel to the axis of the beam; this type of
support suppresses only the transverse displacement.

Figure 4.1 Statically determinate beams

• A cantilever beam is built into a rigid support at one end, with the other end being free, as shown in
Fig.4.1(b). The built-in support prevents displacements as well as rotations of the end of the beam.

70
• An overhanging beam, illustrated in Fig.4.1(c), is supported by a pin and a roller support, with one
or both ends of the beam extending beyond the supports.

• The three types of beams are statically determinate because the support reactions can be found from
the equilibrium equations.

Figure 4.1 Statically determinate beams

• A concentrated load, such as P in Fig. 4.1(a). In contrast a distributed load is applied over a finite
area. If the distributed load acts on a very narrow area, the load may be approximated by a line load.

• The intensity w of this loading is expressed as force per unit length (lb/ft, N/m, etc.) The load
distribution may be uniform, as shown in Fig.4.1(b), or it may vary with distance along the beam,
as in Fig.4.1(c).

• The weight of the beam is an example of distributed loading, but its magnitude is usually small
compared to the loads applied to the beam.

• Figure 4.2 shows other types of beams. These beams are over supported in the sense that each beam
has at least one more reaction than is necessary for support. Such beams are statically indeterminate;
the presence of these redundant supports requires the use of additional equations obtained by
considering the deformation of the beam.

Figure 4.2 Statically indeterminate beams

71
 5.4 Shear- Moment Equations and Shear-Moment Diagrams
• The determination of the internal force system acting at a given section of a beam: draw a
free-body diagram that expose these forces and then compute the forces using equilibrium
equations.

• The goal of the beam analysis －determine the shear force V and the bending moment M
at every cross section of the beam.

• To derive the expressions for V and M in terms of the distance x measured along the beam.
By plotting these expressions to scale, obtain the shear force and bending moment
diagrams for the beam.

• The shear force and bending moment diagrams are convenient visual references to the
internal forces in a beam; in particular, they identify the maximum values of V and M.

5.4.1 Sign conventions

Figure 4.3 shows the widely accepted deformation sign conventions for normal and shear forces
and bending moments. The deformation conventions are focused on the way the forces and
moments deform the material, not on their directions.

• Positive normal forces act normal to the face and are tensile forces (pointing away from the
face) -stretching the material. Their directions can be upward, downward, leftward, or
rightward.

• Positive shear forces slice the material in a downward direction and have negative
directional signs. They tend to turn the material in a clockwise direction. Positive shear forces
are plotted on the positive y-axis.

• Positive bending moments act to bend the material in upwardly concave –creating “smiley
faces”. Positive bending moments are plotted on the positive y-axis.

Figure 4.3 Positive Norma, Shear and Moment Signs.

72
5.4.2 Procedure for determining shear force and bending moment diagrams
• Compute the support reactions from the free-body diagram (FBD) of the entire beam. ٠

• Divide the beam into segment so that the loading within each segment is continuous. Thus,
the end-points of the segments are discontinuities of loading, including concentrated loads
and couples.

 Perform the following steps for each segment of the beam:

• Introduce an imaginary cutting plane within the segment, located at a distance x from the
left end of the beam, that cuts the beam into two parts.

• Draw a FBD for the part of the beam lying either to the left or to the right of the cutting
plane, whichever is more convenient. At the cut section, show V and M acting in their
positive directions.

• Determine the expressions for V and M from the equilibrium equations obtainable from the
FBD. These expressions, which are usually functions of x, are the shear force and bending
moment equations for the segment.

• Plot the expressions for V and M for the segment. It is visually desirable to draw the V-
diagram below the FBD of the entire beam, and then draw the M- diagram below the V-
diagram.

 The bending moment and shear force diagrams of the beam are composites of the V and M
diagrams of the segments. These diagrams are usually discontinuous, or have discontinuous
slopes. At the end-points of the segments due to discontinuities in loading

Example 5.1
The simply supported beam in Fig. (a) Carries two concentrated loads. (1) Derive the expressions
for the shear force and the bending moment for each segment of the beam. (2) Sketch the shear force
and bending moment diagrams. Neglect the weight of the beam. Note that the support reactions at
A and D have been computed and are shown in Fig. (a).

Solution
❖ Part 1

The determination of the expressions for V and M

for each of the three beam segments (AB,BC,

and CD) is explained below

73
74
 ❖ Part 2

• The V-diagram reveals that the largest

shear force in the beam is -24 kN : segment CD

• The M-diagram reveals that the maximum

bending moment is +48 kN·m :

the 28-kN load at C.

• Note that at each concentrated force the V

diagram “jumps” by an amount equal to the force.

• There is a discontinuity in the slope of the

• M-diagram at each concentrated force.

Example 5.2
The overhanging beam in Fig. (a) carries two uniformly distributed loads and a concentrated
load Using the area method. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam.

75
Example 5.3 Example 5.4

76
77
 SHEET 5
4.1 Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam AB. The distributed load of 40
lb/in. extends over 12 in. of the beam, from A to C, and the 400 lb load is applied at E

4.2 Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and loading shown.

4.3 Sketch the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the cantilever beam and loading shown.

4.4 through 4.9 for the beam and loading shown, (a) draw the shear and bending-moment
diagrams, (b) determine the equations of the shear and bending-moment curves.

4.10 and 4.12 Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and loading shown,
and determine the maximum absolute value (a) of the shear, (b) of the bending moment.

78
Subject: Stress Analysis Term: / /
Examiner: Dr. M. SHIBA Time:15 min.
(Quiz 5)
___________________________________________________________________________
Name: ID: B.N.:

79
80
 CHAPTER 6
SHEARING STRESSES IN BEAMS
6.1 Introduction
• Transverse loading applied to a beam results in
normal and shearing stresses in transverse
sections.
• Distribution of normal and shearing stresses
satisfies

• When shearing stresses are exerted on the

vertical faces of an element, equal stresses
must be exerted on the horizontal faces
• Longitudinal shearing stresses must exist
in any member subjected to transverse
loading.

6.2 Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element

81
Example 6.1
A beam is made of three planks, nailed together. Knowing that
the spacing between nails is 25 mm and that the vertical shear
in the beam is V = 500 N, determine the shear force in each nail.

SOLUTION:
• Determine the horizontal force per unit length or shear flow
q on the lower surface of the upper plank.
• Calculate the corresponding shear force in each nail.
• Determine the horizontal force per unit length or shear
flow q on the lower surface of the upper plank.

• Calculate the corresponding shear force in each nail

for a nail spacing of 25 mm.

82
6.3 Determination of the Shearing Stress in a Beam
• The average shearing stress on the horizontal face of the
element is obtained by dividing the shearing force on the
element by the area of the face.

• On the upper and lower surfaces of the beam, τyx= 0.

It follows that τxy= 0 on the upper and lower edges of

the transverse sections.
• If the width of the beam is comparable or large relative
to its depth, the shearing stresses at D1and D2 are
significantly higher than at D.

6.4 Shearing Stresses τxy in Common Types of Beams

• For a narrow rectangular beam,

• For American Standard (S-beam)

and wide-flange (W-beam) beams

83
Example 6.2
A timber beam is to support the three concentrated
loads shown. Knowing that for the grade of timber used,

determine the minimum required depth d of the beam.

SOLUTION:
• Develop shear and bending moment diagrams.
Identify the maximums.
• Determine the beam depth based on allowable
normal stress.
• Determine the beam depth based on allowable
shear stress.
• Required beam depth is equal to the larger of the
two depths found.
• Develop shear and bending moment diagrams.
Identify the maximums.

• Determine the beam depth based on allowable

normal stress.

• Determine the beam depth based on allowable

shear stress.

• Required beam depth is equal to the larger of the two.

d =10.71in.

84
SHEET 6

85
86
Subject: Stress Analysis Term: / /
Examiner: Dr. M. SHIBA Time:15 min.
(Quiz 6)
___________________________________________________________________________
Name: ID: B.N.:

87