DATABASE SYSTEMS
Lecture – 1: Introductory Lecture
Ali Zidane ElQutaany
TEXTBOOK
• Fundamental of Database Systems, Ramez Elmasri,
Shamkant Navathe, Addison-Wesley, 7th edition.
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What you expect to study in the course?
COURSE OVERVIEW
• Introduction to Database Systems
• Theory and the use of relational database
• Focus on:
• Relational Model
• SQL (Structured Query Language)
• Relational Algebra
• The ER (Entity Relationship) Model
• Normalization
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WHAT IS MEANT BY DATA AND
INFORMATION?
Student
ID: 20120023
20120023
16
Age: 20
CS Department: CS
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WHAT IS MEANT BY DATA AND
INFORMATION?
• Data • Information
• Raw facts • Data with context
• No context • Processed data
Accurate, relevant and timely information is key to good decision making
Good decision making is the key to survival in a global environment
WHY WE NEED A DATABASE?
• What kind of data we need to store?
• Examples on DB applications
• Hospital System
• Business Clients
• Car Registration
• Airline Reservation
• Supermarket
• Hotel Reservation
DATABASES EVERYWHERE
FILE SYSTEM: PROBLEM CASE
CUSTOMER file AGENT file SALES file
C_Name (15 char) A_Name (20 char) AGENT (20 char)
Carol Johnson Carol T. Johnson Carol J. Smith
- Inconsistent Field Name, Field Size
- Inconsistent Data Values
- Data Duplication
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DATABASE SYSTEM VS. FILE SYSTEM
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FILE SYSTEMS
• Problems
• Duplication
• Same data may be stored in multiple files
• Inconsistency
• Same data may be stored by different names in different format
• Rigidity
• Requires customized programming to implement any changes
• Cannot do ad-hoc queries
• Implications
• Waste of space
• Data inaccuracies
• High overhead of data manipulation and maintenance
FILE SYSTEM VS DATABASES
• Small Systems • Large systems
• Often single user • Multiple users
• Simple structure • Complex structure
• Isolated data • Shared data
• Redundant data • Reduced redundancy
• Relatively cheap • Relatively expensive
• Less secure • More secure using views
Decision
Making
Resolving customer complaints
Choosing suppliers
Deciding location of new store
Daily operations
Taking orders
Making reservation
Database
WHAT TO DO WITH DATA?
Data
Storage Querying Securing
DEFINITIONS
• Database:
• Collection of related data.
• A database contains a model of something!
• A Database Management System (DBMS): is a
software system designed to store, manage and facilitate
access to the database.
• Database/Application Program: A computer program
that interacts with the database through the DBMS.
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COMPONENTS OF A DATABASE SYSTEM
DBMS
• Data Storage Management
• Data Dictionary
• Data Transformation and Presentation
• Security
• Multi-user Access Control
• Backup and Recovery
• Data Integrity
• Database Access Language
• Database Communication Interface
DATABASE SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT
Users/Programmers
Database
Application Programs/Queries
System
DBMS
Software Software: Query Processing
& Programs
Software: Data Access
Database
Dictionary Database
Metadata
DATABASE PLAYERS
• DB Administrator (DBA)
• Access authorization, coordination & monitoring database usage, problem determination,
performance tuning, etc.
• Designers
• Choose the appropriate structures to represent & store the data.
• System analysts & application programmers
• Users
DATABASE STATES
• Empty State: DB is empty when we first define the DB
schema.
• Initial State: DB is first populated or loaded with data.
• Current State: snapshot in time.