Tutorial :03
Hydrologic Losses
1. The surface area of a reservoir is 2km2. Following are the meteriological parameters during the
month of March of a year.
Average water temperature = 160 C; Relative humidity = 75%; Wind speed at 1m above the ground
= 5km/hour
Estimate the daily average evaporation rate from the reservoir & the volume of water evaporated
from the lake during the month of March. (take Mayer’s constant for large lake= 0.36
2. Calculate the potential evapotranspiration from an area near Birgunj, Parsa in the month of March
by Penmans' formula. The following data are available.
Latitude: 26 º-28′N, Elevation (from msl) : 72m , Mean relative humidity: 75%
Mean monthly temperature: 22.5 ºC, Mean observed sunshine hour: 10 hr
Wind velocity at 2m height: 85km/day, Nature of sunshine cover: closed ground green crop.
Given : ew : 20.44mm of Hg, A: 1.24mm/ ºC Ha =12.00mm of evaporable water per day
mean monthly value of possible sunshine hour (N) : 12hours (Ans: 9.17mm/day)
3. Calculate the potential evapotranspiration from an area near Dharan, Sunsari in the month of april
by Penmans' formula. The following data are available.
Latitude: 26 º-49′ N, Elevation (from msl) : 349.00 m , Mean monthly temperature: 22.5 ºC,
Mean relative humidity: 75%, Mean observed sunshine hour: 10 hr, Wind velocity at 2m height: 85km/day
Psychrometric constant : 0.49mm of Hg/ ºC , Reflection coefficient : 0.20, ew : 20.44mm of Hg,
A: 1.24mm/ ºC , b= 0.52, Ha =14.9 mm of evaporable water per day, Mean monthly value of possible
sunshine hour (N) : 12.7 hours, Nature of sunshine cover: closed ground green crop, where the symbols carry
their usual meanings (Ans : 8.91 mm/day)
4. A reservoir has an average area of 80km2 over a year. The normal annual rainfall at the place is 75cm and the
class A pan evaporation is 250cm. Assuming the land flooded by the reservoir has a run off coeff of 0.4,
estimate the net annual increase or decrease in the stream flow as a result of the reservoir.( Ans : Net
decrease in streamflow 164 million meter cube per year)
5. A reservoir had an average surface area of 25km2 during sept 1992. In that month the mean rate of inflow
=12m3/s, outflow = 16m3/s, monthly rainfall= 12cm and change in storage = 16 million m3. Assuming the
seepage losses to be 1.8cm, calculate the evaporation in that month. ( Ans:23.818 Mm3)
6. The mass curve of an isolated storm over a watershed is given below.
Time from 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
start (hr)
Cumulative 0 0.6 1.4 1.9 2.8 3.7 5.4 6.2 7 7.8 8.2
rainfall
(cm)
If the storm produced a direct run off of 3.7 cm at the outlet of the watershed, estimate the Ø-index of the
storm and duration of rainfall excess. (Ans : Ø-index = 0.567 cm/hr,
Duration of rainfall excess = 3 hours
7. The surface area of fewa lake was 4.43km2. Following are the climatological parameters
during a week. Water temperature = 16oC , Relative humidity= 60%. Wind velocity at 1m
above ground= 15km/hr. Estimate the daily average evaporation rate from the reservoir and
the volume of water evaporated from the lake during the week.
(Ans: Average evaporation rate = 8.17 mm/day,
Volume evaporated during the week = 253,457 m3)
8. The ordinates of a precipitation mass curve over a basin of 750 km2 area measured at 1 hour
interval are as follows.
0, 12, 25, 34, 48, 55, 58, 65, 68 and 72
If the infiltration can be represented by Hortons equation with f0= 6.8mm/hr. fc=
1.6mm/hr and k= 0.15/hr, estimate the resulting run off (Ans:Total runoff depth =
33.53 mm, Total runoff volume= 25.15 Million m3)