SGIT, SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT

Department of Business Administration

(Affiliated To GGSIP University, Delhi-110078)

LAB FILE (Business Research Methods)

Session 2024-2025

Subject Name: Business Research Methods (BRM-Lab)

Subject Code: BBA 213
Year / Semester: Second / Third

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Ms. Noopur Goel Kushagra Mittal

(Asst. Professor) BBA 2 ND YEAR

Roll No: 00224701723

 SGIT, SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
Department of Business Administration

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my
guide [Link] Goel for her exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant
encouragement throughout the course of this project. The blessing, help and
guidance given by her time to time shall carry me a long way in the journey of
life on which I am about to embark.

Last but not least, my sincere thanks to my parents and friends for their
wholehearted support and encouragement.

I also hereby declare that the BRM Lab work entitled “BRM Lab” File is my
original work and it has not been submitted earlier in any other university or
institution.

NAME: Kushagra Mittal

Roll No: 00224701723

Course- Year / Sem: Second/Third

Microsoft Excel
MS Excel is a spreadsheet created by Microsoft, for platforms including Windows,
macOS, Android, iOS, and iPadOS. It is used for Data
Organization, Formatting, Calculation, Data Analysis, and other tasks. If you are
seeking a full guide to MS Excel and its formulas, then this MS Excel tutorial is
designed for beginners and experienced Excel professionals.
Here, we cover all the basic and advanced-level topics to get from zero to mastery of
MS Excel.
The tutorial is divided into three sections: Beginner, Intermediate, and Advanced. In
each segment, you will explore various subjects that will enhance your Excel skills.
You will learn about functions, working with data, sorting, data analysis, advanced
charts and graphs, and many other advantages of using Excel spreadsheets.
As we know, MS Excel is a powerful spreadsheet program that is a branch of its
Office product group for business applications. This Microsoft Office program allows
users to store, organize, analyze, and visualize data in a tabular format.
Its reflexive interface, extensive functionality, and, several formulas make MS Excel
simple for users to handle a huge amount of data . Hence, MS Excel is widely used in
various industries, including finance, marketing, education, and more.

Benefits of Learning Excel

Here in this section, you will get to know why this MS Excel tutorial needed and what
are the benefits.
• Enhanced Data Analysis: Excel empowers users to analyze large datasets,
identify trends, and draw meaningful insights with its powerful functions and tools.
 Increased Efficiency: Excel’s automation features streamline repetitive tasks,
saving time and reducing errors.
• Improved Decision Making: Excel’s clear and visually appealing data
organization enables users to make informed decisions in various contexts.
• Advanced Financial Analysis: Excel’s financial functions and modelling
capabilities are essential for complex calculations and evaluating investment
opportunities.
• Versatility and Integration: Excel seamlessly integrates with other Microsoft
Office applications and external data sources, facilitating data sharing and
analysis.
• Career Advancement: Proficiency in Excel opens doors to job opportunities
requiring data analysis, reporting, and financial management skills, enhancing
professional value.
Excel Features
Anyone can learn how to use and take advantage of the program’s powerful
features.

• Excel users can utilise AutoFormat to use predefined table formatting

settings.
• AutoSum: The AutoSum function allows us to automatically calculate the sum of a
row or column by inputting an addition formula for a range of cells.
• List AutoFill: It creates cell formatting automatically when a new component is
added to the end of a list.
• AutoFill: This function allows us to swiftly fill cells with a repetitive or sequential
record, such as chronological dates or numbers, or documents that are repeated.
Functions can also be copied using AutoFill. This function also allows us to change
text and numbers.
• AutoShapes: The AutoShapes toolbar allows us to design geometrical shapes,
arrows, flowchart items, stars, and other objects. We can create graphs using
these forms.
• Wizard: It assists us in working more effectively by showing many useful
recommendations and approaches based on what we are doing. The Drag and
Drop capability allows us to reposition the record and text by dragging the data
with the mouse.
• Charts: This tool allows you to exhibit data in graphical form by utilising Pie, Bar,
Line, and other charts.
• PivotTable: It flips and sums data in seconds, allowing us to perform data analysis
and generate documents such as periodic financial statements, statistical reports,
and so on. We can also visualise complex data linkages.
• Shortcut Menus: The shortcut menu assists users in completing tasks by using
shortcut commands that need a lengthy process.

Excel can be used for:

• Analysis
• Data Entry
• Data Validation
• Accounting
• Budgeting
• Data analysis
• Visuals and Graphs
• Programming
• Financial Modelling
Getting started with MS Excel
The easiest way to get started with Excel is to use Office 365. It does not require
downloading or installation of the program.

Parts of the Excel Window

Before you start using it, it’s really important to understand what is where in the
window. Some parts of the Excel window (like the Ribbon and Scroll bars) are
standard in most Microsoft programs. However, there are other features that are more
specific to spreadsheets, such as the formula bar, name box, and worksheet tabs.

What are Workbooks?

A collection of worksheets is referred to as a workbook(spreadsheet). Workbooks are
your Excel files. There are various ways to begin working with an Excel workbook.
Excel files are called workbooks. There are various ways to begin working with an
Excel workbook.

Creating and Opening Workbooks

Steps to Create a new blank workbook:

Step 1: Select the File tab
Step 2: Click new
Step 3: Click blank Workbook
Step 4: A new blank workbook will appear.
You can also use Templates. A template is a predesigned spreadsheet you can use
to create a new workbook quickly. Templates often include custom formatting and
predefined formulas.
Saving Workbook

Whenever we create a new workbook in Excel and insert the data into it, then we
must save our workbook so that our data is not lost. As in previous versions of Excel,
you can save files locally to your computer You can also save your workbook to the
cloud and also export your workbook with others.
Save: When you save a file, you’ll only need to choose a file name and location the
first time. Then you can just use the save command to save it with the same name
and location.
Save As: When you use Save As, you’ll need to choose a different name and /or
location for the copied version.
Excel Automatically saves your workbooks to a temporary folder while you are
working on them. If you forget to save your changes or if Excel crashes, you can
restore the file using AutoRecover.

Worksheets in Excel
A Worksheet is a collection of cells(basic data unit in the worksheet). Where you can
store and manipulate data. Adding information to multiple worksheets simultaneously
is also easily accomplished by grouping worksheets. In Excel, Worksheets can be
easily added, renamed, and deleted.

Working with Worksheets

When you open an Excel Workbook, there are three sheets by default and the name
on them is sheet1, sheet2, and sheet3 you can change the name. You can perform
multiple functions in Worksheets such as View a Worksheet, Select a Worksheet,
Insert a Worksheet, Rename a Worksheet, and Delete a Worksheet.

Modifying Columns, Rows, and Cells

Every row and column of a new workbook is set with the same height and width.
Excel allows you to modify column width and row height in different ways including
wrapping text and merging cells.

Inserting, Deleting, Moving, and Hiding

After working with a workbook for a while, you may want to Insert new columns or
rows, Delete certain rows and columns, Move them to a different location in the
worksheet, or even Hide them.
You can easily search your workbook using the Find feature, which also allows you to
modify using the Replace feature.
Excel included a Spell-check tool that ensures everything is spelled correctly in your
workbook.
Data Formatting
All cell content uses the same Formatting by default, which can make it difficult to
read a workbook with a lot of information. Data Formatting can be used to Change
the font size, To change the font, To change the font color, and many more.

MS Excel Formulas and Functions

The most important and useful feature of Micosoft Excel is to Calculate numerical
information using formulas. Excel can perform different calculations using
mathematical operators (Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division) We can Insert
a formula, Create a Formula, and Edit a Formula. Also, values can be modified on
the basis of Cell References.

A function is a predefined formula that is used to perform calculations using specific

values in a sequence. Excel has many common functions that can be used to quickly
find the Sum, Average, Count, Maximum Value, and Minimum Value of a range of
cells.

Basic Functions in Excel

We have data on Vegetables used in 1 week in a house, and we find the total cost of
vegetables. Now, we’ll apply basic Excel Functions on the data.

• Sum(): It adds all the values in a range of cells.



Max(): It will find the maximum value in the given range of values.

• Min(): It will find the minimum value in the given range of values.


Average(): It calculates the average value in a range of cells.

• Count(): It will count the number of cells in a range of cells.



Len(): It will return the number of characters in a string text.

• Sum if(): It Adds all the values in a range of cells that meet a specified condition. =
SUMIF(range ,criteria,[sum_ range]).


Average If():- It Calculates the average value in a range of cells that meet the
specified criteria. =AVERAGEIF(range, criteria,[average range]).


Basic Guidelines For Working with Data

Excel Workbooks are designed to store a lot of information no matter you are working
with 10 cells or 10,000 cells. Excel has many features to help you Organize your
data and Find what you need.
Sometimes you may want to see certain rows and columns all the time in your
worksheet, mainly Header cells. By freezing rows and Columns in place, you’ll able
to scroll through your content.

1. Sorting Data
You can quickly reorganize your data in a sequence you want in your worksheet by
sorting your data. You can sort your data alphabetically, numerically, and in many
other ways.

2. Filtering Data
Filters can be applied to data in your worksheet allowing you to view only the
information you need. Formatting Data as a Table can improve the overall look of
your workbook and help you to organize your content and make your data easier to
use.

3. Groups and Subtotals

Worksheets with a lot of content can sometimes feel overwhelming. Excel provides
you with the feature of organizing data into Groups, allowing you to easily show and
hide different sections of your worksheet. The Subtotal command allows you to
quickly summarize data. Below are some functions that you can learn in Groups and
subtotal.  To group rows or columns  To hide and show groups
Tables

After entering your data in the worksheet you may want to format your data as a table.
They will help to organize your data content and make your data easier to use and
understand. Excel has many predefined table styles, allowing you to create tables
quickly and easily.

Formatting Data as a Table

Step 1: Select the cells you want to format as a table
Step 2: Click the Format as Table in the styles group from the Home tab
Step 3: Now select Table Style from the drop-down menu
Step 4: Confirm the cell range for the table
Step 5: Click ok if your table has headers
Step 6: The cell range will be formatted in the selected table style.

Modifying Tables
It is easy to modify the look of the table after adding it to a worksheet. Excel includes
several options for customizing a table, including adding rows or columns,
changing the table style, Modifying the table style options, and removing a
table.

What are Charts?

It is difficult to examine Excel workbooks that contain a lot of data. Charts help you to
illustrate your workbook data graphically, which makes it easy to examine and
compare the Excel workbook and make better decisions.
You can learn how to insert and modify Excel Charts to visualize comparisons in
your data. There are many options to change the chart and layout style.

Understanding Conditional Formatting

Similar to charts Conditional formatting provides a way to visualize data and make
worksheets easier to understand. It allows you to automatically apply formatting- such
as formatting, and data bars to one or more cells. You can use Conditional
formatting by using the below steps.
How to use Conditional Formatting in Excel

Step 1: Select desired cells

Step 2: Click on the Conditional formatting command from the Home Tab
Step 3: Select the desired rule from the menu that appears
Step 4: Enter the desired values in the dialog box Step 5:
Select Formatting styles.
You can also use Conditional Formatting presets and Remove the Conditional
Formatting.

What are Pivot Tables?

If your workbook contains lots of data, it can sometimes be difficult to analyze all the
information in your worksheet. PivotTables can help to make worksheets more
manageable by summarizing data and allowing you to manipulate it in different ways.

How to Create Pivot Tables

Step1: Select the Create or cells

Step 2: From the Insert tab click on the PivotTable
Step 3: Choose your settings in the Create PivotTable Dialog box and click ok Step
4: A blank PivotTable and Field List will appear in a new worksheet.

Advanced Excel
Advanced Excel provides a good insight into the latest and advanced features
available in Microsoft Excel.
In order to execute complicated data analysis, reporting, and visualization tasks in
Microsoft Excel, users must employ a collection of tools, functions, and features called
“Advanced Excel.” Pivot tables, lookup features, data validation, macros, and other
features are among its features. Data analysts, accountants, and financial experts
among others utilize advanced Excel to swiftly and accurately analyze data and
produce insightful results.

Instant Data Analysis

Instant data analysis is a feature of advanced excel. Users can easily analyze and
visualize data from many sources in a single worksheet thanks to this feature of
Excel. Users can connect to data sources, leverage strong analytics, and get
insights immediately. Users of this feature can make data-driven choices, easily
spot patterns and outliners, and display data using graphs and charts. The following is
the list of Instant data analysis tools provided by advanced excel.
1. Formatting: By including elements like data bars and colors, formatting enables
you to emphasize specific portions of your data. This, among other things,
enables you to readily see high and low quantities.
2. Charts: Data is visually represented using charts. To fit various sorts of data,
there are several chart types.
3. Totals: It is used to perform different types of calculations of the values stored
in columns and rows. Like Sum, Count, Average, and others.
4. Tables: You can filter, sort, and summarize your data using tables. Forex:
Table and Pivot Table.
5. Sparklines: Sparklines, you can display alongside your data in the cells, which
resemble little charts. They give easy access to the trends of the data.

Steps to Apply Instant Data Analysis

Step 1: Select the cells containing the data that you wish to analyze. Now a button
will appear on the bottom right of the selected data called the Quick Analysis
Button.

Step 2: Click on the Quick Analysis Button, now you will see Formatting, Charts,
Totals, Tables, and Sparklines toolbar choices available in the Quick Analysis
Button.
Steps to Apply Formatting

The rules are used by conditional formatting to emphasize the data. Although this
option is also on the home tab at the top of the ribbon, it may be used quickly and
conveniently with a little bit of investigation. Additionally, you may apply many
settings to get a preview of the data before choosing the one you want. There are
many types of formatting, For example, Data Bars, Icon Sets, Color Scale, Greater
Than, Top 10%, and Clear Formatting.

Step 1: Click on the Formatting button and then click on Data Bars.

The colored data bars that correspond to the data’s value are displayed.
Step

Step 2: Click on Color Scale.

According to the data they hold, the cells will be colored according to their respective
values.
Step 3: Click on Icon Set.
Step

The cell value-associated icons will be displayed.

Step 4: Click on Greater than.

A dialog box will appear when you click on Greater than, there you can enter your
own value.
Step

Step 5: Click on Top 10%.

The top 10% of values will be highlighted with color.

Step 6: Click on Clear Formatting.
Step

It will clear all the applied formatting. That’s all about Formatting, now let’s see how to
apply Charts.
Steps to Apply Charts

Charts make it easier to visualize your Data stored in an Excel worksheet. Step
1: Click on Charts. You can see different kinds of charts available.

You can hover over all types of charts, see how data is displayed in each chart,
and choose one according to you.

Click on more to see more available charts.

That’s all about Charts. Let’s see how to apply Totals.

Steps to Apply Totals

It is used to perform different types of calculations of the values stored in columns
and rows. Like Sum, Count, Average, and others.

Step 1: Click on Totals. You can see different functionality offered by Totals
displayed. You can see more functionality offered by Totals by clicking the right
arrow key.
Step Click on

2: Sum. This will give the total sum of all the numbers stored in a
column.

The numbers in the columns are added using this option. Similarly, there is an option
to find the total sum of all the numbers stored in the row.

Step 3: Click on Average. The average of the values in the columns is determined
using this parameter.

Now it will show the average of all the subjects.

Step Click on

4: Count. The number of values present in the columns is determined using

this parameter.

Now, it will show the count of all the subjects.

Step 5: Click on %Total. This option calculates the percentage of the column
that corresponds to the entire sum of the specified data values.
Step Click on

Now, it will show the %Total of all the subjects.

6: Running Total. This shows each column’s running total.

Now, it will show the running column of all the subjects. That’s all about Totals. Let’s
see how to apply Tables.
Steps to Apply Tables

You can filter, sort, and summarize your data using tables.
Step 1: Click on Tables. You will see different options inside “Tables”.

You can hover over each option and see their preview and then choose the one
according to you.
Step 2: Click on Table.
Step Click on

That’s all about Tables. Let’s see how to apply Sparklines.

Steps to Apply Sparklines

Sparklines, you can display alongside your data in the cells, which resemble
little charts. They give easy access to the trends of the data. Step 1: Click on
Sparklines.

Step 2: Choose Line.

For each row, a line chart is displayed.

Step 3: Choose Column.

For each row, a column is displayed.

Step 4: Choose Win/Loss.
For each row, a win/loss is displayed.
Advanced Excel – Chart Design
The charts are the visual representation of data in both rows and columns. They are
used to analyse the trends and patterns in the datasets. For example, If we want to
analyse the sales of different courses for a specific period of time we can easily do this
with the help of charts and get the result of queries such as months having a
maximum number of sales etc. The following are the uses of charts:
• Allows visualizing the data graphically.
• Easy to compare and interpret the data in datasets.
• Provide easier and more convenient analysis for trends and patterns in data over a
period.

Advance Chart
Advanced charts are used to visualize and analyze consolidated information in a
single chart for more than one dataset. For example, if we have more than one
dataset, we can use one dataset to create a chart and after that, we can add another
dataset also on the same chart while formatting the chart.

Examples of Top Advance Charts

Following are the examples of top advance charts,

 Conditional Doughnut Progress Chart

Conditional doughnut progress chart display percentage(%) change with
conditional colors for different levels of completion of the task.
 Column Chart with Percentage Change
Column chart with percentage change displays the percentage(%) change
between a time period for an event or task.  Interactive Waterfall Chart
Waterfall chart displays the change in a number(quantity, amount, etc.) over a
time span.
 Actual Vs. Multiple Targets Chart
Actual vs. multiple chart display multiple goals compared to the actual goals.
Example:
In this example, we will work on some random dataset for the number of articles
published on geeksforgeeks in 6 different months and the number of monthly visitors
who visited the site. We will try to find the relationship between them.
Step By Step Implementation

Step 1: Create a Dataset.

In this step, we will create a random dataset for our example. We will need 3 different
columns Month, No. Of Articles Published, No. Of Visitors.

Step 2: Create A Column Chart.

In this step, we will create a basic column chart using our random dataset. For this
Select Dataset > Insert > Charts > Insert Column / Bar Chart. Excel will
automatically insert a chart depending on chart basics.
Step 3: Formatting Chart.
In this step, we will format the chart in order to make it a little more advanced. As we
can see in the above chart we are able to visualize the number of visitors who visited
the website and the articles published but in order to make it more enhanced we will
also show the relationship between the two curves we will format the chart. For this
Select Any Visitor Curve > Chart Design > Change Chart Type.
Step 4: Adding Secondary Curve.
Once we click on the Change Chart Type, it will open a window where we will add
change the Visitors curve as a secondary curve this will enable us to easily visualize
the relationship between the articles published and the number of visitors on the
website. For this Select Combo > Click On Clustered Column Drop-Down > Select
Line Cure.
Once we select the Line curve for our visitor’s axis, we need to click on the OK button.

Once we click on the OK button we will get the following chart as an outcome.
Step 5: Adding Secondary Axis.

In this step, we will add a secondary axis to our chart. For this, we need to repeat the
same thing. For this Select Chart > Chart Design > Change Chart Type.
It will open a popup window where we need to Secondary Axis checkbox for the
Visitors curve, this will add the secondary axis to the chart.
Once we click on the OK button, we will get the output.
Step 6: Adding Data Table.
In this step, we will try to add a data table to our chart. For this Click Chart Element >
Data Table.

Step 7: Output.
Once we click on the Data Table Checkbox Excel will automatically add a data table to
our chart.
Microsoft Excel Keyboard Shortcuts
• Ctrl + N: Open a workbook
• Ctrl + O: Open a saved workbook
• Ctrl + X: Cut the selected cells
• Ctrl + W: Close the workbook
• Ctrl + P: Print the workbook
• Ctrl + C: Copy selected cells
• Ctrl + V: Paste copied cells
• Ctrl + Z: Undo the last action
• Ctrl + S: Save the workbook
• Ctrl + F: Open the Find dialog box
• Ctrl + B: Apply bold formatting
• Ctrl + Shift + L: Apply filters to a table
• Delete: Remove all the contents from the cell