How the microprocessors work?
What the microprocessors consist of?
How they are organized internally?
How they interact with the external world?
What micro-computer consists of?
What are the design tradeoffs?
How design affects programming and applications?
Describe the general organization and architecture of computers.
Identify computers’ major components and study their functions.
Introduce basic Microprocessor (the 8085) architecture.
Introduce assembly language programming.
Introduce microprocessor based system peripherals.
Introduce interfacing issues of peripherals.
Introduce memory interfacing.
• The word comes from the combination micro and
processor.
– Processor means a device that processes whatever. In
this context processor means a device that processes
numbers, specifically binary numbers, 0’s and 1’s.
• To process means to manipulate. It is a general term that
describes all manipulation. Again in this context, it means to
perform certain operations on the numbers that depend on
the microprocessor’s design.
The history of computers can be divided into “generations”.
Each generation is marked by a major turning point in the
development of modern computer technology.
The table below shows such a categorization based on the advances
in the technology used to build the computer systems.
Generation Date Range Technology Speed (OPS)*
1st 1946 – 1957 Vacuum Tubes 40,000
2nd 1958 – 1964 Transistor 200K
3rd 1965 – 1971 SSI / MSI 1M
4th 1972 – 1977 LSI 10 M
5th 1978 – 1990 VLSI 100 M
6th 1990 - ULSI 1G
* OPS = operations per second.
• Micro is a new addition.
– In the late 1960’s, processors were built using discrete
elements.
• These devices performed the required operation, but were too large
and too slow.
– In the early 1970’s the microchip was invented. All of the
components that made up the processor were now placed on
a single piece of silicon. The size became several thousand
times smaller and the speed became several hundred times
faster. The “Micro”Processor was born.
• No.
– It went directly from discrete elements to a single
chip. However, comparing today’s microprocessors
to the ones built in the early 1970’s you find an
extreme increase in the amount of integration.
• So, What is a microprocessor?
“…computing machine that accepts digitized input information,
processes it according to a list of internally stored instructions,
and produces the resulting output information.
Computing Machine
(processes input according to
Input Output
instructions & produces output)
Organization of Memory system, bus structure, and the design of
the internal CPU
Control
Memory
Unit
Processor
Arithmetic
& Logic Input /
Unit Output
Peripherals
Registers
“Big Iron” Computers:
Used vacuum tubes, electric relays and bulk magnetic
storage devices. No microprocessors. No memory.
Example: ENIAC (1945), IBM Mark 1 (1944)
Von Newmann:
Invented EDSAC (1949).
First Stored Program Computer. Uses
Memory.
Importance:
We are still using The same basic design.
• Introduced in 1970
– First microprocessor
• 2,250 transistors
• 12 mm2
• 108 KHz
• 29,0000 transistors
• 33 mm2
• 5 MHz
• Introduced in 1979
– Basic architecture of
the IA32 PC
• 1,200,000 transistors
• 81 mm2
• 25 MHz
• Introduced in 1989
– 1st pipelined
implementation of IA32
• 3,100,000 transistors
• 296 mm2
• 60 MHz
• Introduced in 1993
– 1st superscalar
implementation of IA32
• 9,50,00,000 transistors
• 125 mm2
• 450 MHz
• Introduced in 1999